Therapies for Parkinson’s diseases: alternatives to current pharmacological interventions

go back to reference Acquarone M, de Melo TM, Meireles F, Brito-Moreira J, Oliveira G, Ferreira ST, Castro NG, Tovar-Moll F, Houzel JC, Rehen SK (2015) Mitomycin-treated undifferentiated embryonic stem cells as a safe and effective therapeutic strategy in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. Front Cell Neurosci 9:97PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Acquarone M, de Melo TM, Meireles F, Brito-Moreira J, Oliveira G, Ferreira ST, Castro NG, Tovar-Moll F, Houzel JC, Rehen SK (2015) Mitomycin-treated undifferentiated embryonic stem cells as a safe and effective therapeutic strategy in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. Front Cell Neurosci 9:97PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Albuquerque L, Coelho M, Martins M, Guedes LC, Rosa MM, Ferreira JJ, Cattoni MB, Carvalho H, Ferreira AG, Martins IP (2014) STN-DBS does not change emotion recognition in advanced Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 20:166–169PubMedCrossRef Albuquerque L, Coelho M, Martins M, Guedes LC, Rosa MM, Ferreira JJ, Cattoni MB, Carvalho H, Ferreira AG, Martins IP (2014) STN-DBS does not change emotion recognition in advanced Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 20:166–169PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Ambasudhan R, Dolatabadi N, Nutter A, Masliah E, Mckercher SR, Lipton SA (2014) Potential for cell therapy in Parkinson’s disease using genetically programmed human embryonic stem cell-derived neural progenitor cells. J Comp Neurol 522:2845–2856PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Ambasudhan R, Dolatabadi N, Nutter A, Masliah E, Mckercher SR, Lipton SA (2014) Potential for cell therapy in Parkinson’s disease using genetically programmed human embryonic stem cell-derived neural progenitor cells. J Comp Neurol 522:2845–2856PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Anandhan A, Tamilselvam K, Vijayraja D, Ashokkumar N, Rajasankar S, Manivasagam T (2010) Resveratrol attenuates oxidative stress and improves behaviour in 1 -methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) challenged mice. Ann Neurosci 17:113–119PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Anandhan A, Tamilselvam K, Vijayraja D, Ashokkumar N, Rajasankar S, Manivasagam T (2010) Resveratrol attenuates oxidative stress and improves behaviour in 1 -methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) challenged mice. Ann Neurosci 17:113–119PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Anastasía A, Torre L, de Erausquin GA, Mascó DH (2009) Enriched environment protects the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system and induces astroglial reaction in the 6-OHDA rat model of Parkinson’s disease. J Neurochem 109:755–765PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Anastasía A, Torre L, de Erausquin GA, Mascó DH (2009) Enriched environment protects the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system and induces astroglial reaction in the 6-OHDA rat model of Parkinson’s disease. J Neurochem 109:755–765PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Ascherio A, Chen H, Schwarzschild MA, Zhang SM, Colditz GA, Speizer FE (2003) Caffeine, postmenopausal estrogen, and risk of Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 60:790–795PubMedCrossRef Ascherio A, Chen H, Schwarzschild MA, Zhang SM, Colditz GA, Speizer FE (2003) Caffeine, postmenopausal estrogen, and risk of Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 60:790–795PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Baizabal-Carvallo JF, Jankovic J (2014) Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus for peripherally induced parkinsonism. Neuromodulation 17(1):104–106PubMedCrossRef Baizabal-Carvallo JF, Jankovic J (2014) Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus for peripherally induced parkinsonism. Neuromodulation 17(1):104–106PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Baizabal-Carvallo JF, Jankovic J (2016) Movement disorders induced by deep brain stimulation. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 25:1–9PubMedCrossRef Baizabal-Carvallo JF, Jankovic J (2016) Movement disorders induced by deep brain stimulation. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 25:1–9PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Bartus RT, Johnson EM Jr (2016a) Clinical tests of neurotrophic factors for human neurodegenerative diseases, part 1: where have we been and what have we learned? Neurobiol Dis. doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2016.03.027 Bartus RT, Johnson EM Jr (2016a) Clinical tests of neurotrophic factors for human neurodegenerative diseases, part 1: where have we been and what have we learned? Neurobiol Dis. doi:10.​1016/​j.​nbd.​2016.​03.​027

go back to reference Bartus RT, Johnson EM Jr (2016b) Clinical tests of neurotrophic factors for human neurodegenerative diseases, part 2: where do we stand and where must we go next? Neurobiol Dis. doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2016.03.026 Bartus RT, Johnson EM Jr (2016b) Clinical tests of neurotrophic factors for human neurodegenerative diseases, part 2: where do we stand and where must we go next? Neurobiol Dis. doi:10.​1016/​j.​nbd.​2016.​03.​026

go back to reference Bartus RT, Baumann TL, Siffert J, Herzog CD, Alterman R, Boulis N, Turner DA, Stacy M, Lang AE, Lozano AM, Olanow CW (2013) Safety/feasibility of targeting the substantia nigra with AAV2-neurturin in Parkinson patients. Neurology 80:1698–1701PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Bartus RT, Baumann TL, Siffert J, Herzog CD, Alterman R, Boulis N, Turner DA, Stacy M, Lang AE, Lozano AM, Olanow CW (2013) Safety/feasibility of targeting the substantia nigra with AAV2-neurturin in Parkinson patients. Neurology 80:1698–1701PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Beal MF, Oakes D, Shoulson I, Henchcliffe C, Galpern WR, Haas R, Juncos JL, Nutt JG, Voss TS, Ravina B, Shults CM, Helles K, Snively V, Lew MF, Griebner B, Watts A, Gao S, Pourcher E, Bond L, Kompoliti K, Agarwal P, Sia C, Jog M, Cole L, Sultana M, Kurlan R, Richard I, Deeley C, Waters CH, Figueroa A, Arkun A, Brodsky M, Ondo WG, Hunter CB, Jimenez-Shahed J, Palao A, Miyasaki JM, So J, Tetrud J, Reys L, Smith K, Singer C, Blenke A, Russell DS, Cotto C, Friedman JH, Lannon M, Zhang L, Drasby E, Kumar R, Subramanian T, Ford DS, Grimes DA, Cote D, Conway J, Siderowf AD, Evatt ML, Sommerfeld B, Lieberman AN, Okun MS, Rodriguez RL, Merritt S, Swartz CL, Martin WR, King P, Stover N, Guthrie S, Watts RL, Ahmed A, Fernandez HH, Winters A, Mari Z, Dawson TM, Dunlop B, Feigin AS, Shannon B, Nirenberg MJ, Ogg M, Ellias SA, Thomas CA, Frei K, Bodis-Wollner I, Glazman S, Mayer T, Hauser RA, Pahwa R, Langhammer A, Ranawaya R, Derwent L, Sethi KD, Farrow B, Prakash R, Litvan I, Robinson A, Sahay A, Gartner M, Hinson VK, Markind S, Pelikan M, Perlmutter JS, Hartlein J, Molho E, Evans S, Adler CH, Duffy A, Lind M, Elmer L, Davis K, Spears J, Wilson S, Leehey MA, Hermanowicz N, Niswonger S, Shill HA, Obradov S, Rajput A, Cowper M, Lessig S, Song D, Fontaine D, Zadikoff C, Williams K, Blindauer KA, Bergholte J, Propsom CS, Stacy MA, Field J, Mihaila D, Chilton M, Uc EY, Sieren J, Simon DK, Kraics L, Silver A, Boyd JT, Hamill RW, Ingvoldstad C, Young J, Thomas K, Kostyk SK, Wojcieszek J, Pfeiffer RF, Panisset M, Beland M, Reich SG, Cines M, Zappala N, Rivest J, Zweig R, Lumina LP, Hilliard CL, Grill S, Kellermann M, Tuite P, Rolandelli S, Kang UJ, Young J, Rao J, Cook MM, Severt L, Boyar K (2014) A randomized clinical trial of high-dosage coenzyme Q10 in early Parkinson disease: no evidence of benefit. JAMA Neurol 71:543–552PubMedCrossRef Beal MF, Oakes D, Shoulson I, Henchcliffe C, Galpern WR, Haas R, Juncos JL, Nutt JG, Voss TS, Ravina B, Shults CM, Helles K, Snively V, Lew MF, Griebner B, Watts A, Gao S, Pourcher E, Bond L, Kompoliti K, Agarwal P, Sia C, Jog M, Cole L, Sultana M, Kurlan R, Richard I, Deeley C, Waters CH, Figueroa A, Arkun A, Brodsky M, Ondo WG, Hunter CB, Jimenez-Shahed J, Palao A, Miyasaki JM, So J, Tetrud J, Reys L, Smith K, Singer C, Blenke A, Russell DS, Cotto C, Friedman JH, Lannon M, Zhang L, Drasby E, Kumar R, Subramanian T, Ford DS, Grimes DA, Cote D, Conway J, Siderowf AD, Evatt ML, Sommerfeld B, Lieberman AN, Okun MS, Rodriguez RL, Merritt S, Swartz CL, Martin WR, King P, Stover N, Guthrie S, Watts RL, Ahmed A, Fernandez HH, Winters A, Mari Z, Dawson TM, Dunlop B, Feigin AS, Shannon B, Nirenberg MJ, Ogg M, Ellias SA, Thomas CA, Frei K, Bodis-Wollner I, Glazman S, Mayer T, Hauser RA, Pahwa R, Langhammer A, Ranawaya R, Derwent L, Sethi KD, Farrow B, Prakash R, Litvan I, Robinson A, Sahay A, Gartner M, Hinson VK, Markind S, Pelikan M, Perlmutter JS, Hartlein J, Molho E, Evans S, Adler CH, Duffy A, Lind M, Elmer L, Davis K, Spears J, Wilson S, Leehey MA, Hermanowicz N, Niswonger S, Shill HA, Obradov S, Rajput A, Cowper M, Lessig S, Song D, Fontaine D, Zadikoff C, Williams K, Blindauer KA, Bergholte J, Propsom CS, Stacy MA, Field J, Mihaila D, Chilton M, Uc EY, Sieren J, Simon DK, Kraics L, Silver A, Boyd JT, Hamill RW, Ingvoldstad C, Young J, Thomas K, Kostyk SK, Wojcieszek J, Pfeiffer RF, Panisset M, Beland M, Reich SG, Cines M, Zappala N, Rivest J, Zweig R, Lumina LP, Hilliard CL, Grill S, Kellermann M, Tuite P, Rolandelli S, Kang UJ, Young J, Rao J, Cook MM, Severt L, Boyar K (2014) A randomized clinical trial of high-dosage coenzyme Q10 in early Parkinson disease: no evidence of benefit. JAMA Neurol 71:543–552PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Benedetti MD, Bower JH, Maraganore DM, McDonnell SK, Peterson BJ, Ahlskog JE, Schaid DJ, Rocca WA (2000) Smoking, alcohol, and coffee consumption preceding Parkinson’s disease: a case-control study. Neurology 55:1350–1358PubMedCrossRef Benedetti MD, Bower JH, Maraganore DM, McDonnell SK, Peterson BJ, Ahlskog JE, Schaid DJ, Rocca WA (2000) Smoking, alcohol, and coffee consumption preceding Parkinson’s disease: a case-control study. Neurology 55:1350–1358PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Bieschke J, Russ J, Friedrich RP, Ehrnhoefer DE, Wobst H, Neugebauer K, Wanker EE (2010) EGCG remodels mature alpha-synuclein and amyloid-beta fibrils and reduces cellular toxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107:7710–7715PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Bieschke J, Russ J, Friedrich RP, Ehrnhoefer DE, Wobst H, Neugebauer K, Wanker EE (2010) EGCG remodels mature alpha-synuclein and amyloid-beta fibrils and reduces cellular toxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107:7710–7715PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Bjorklund LM, Sánchez-Pernaute R, Chung S, Andersson T, Chen IY, McNaught KS, Brownell AL, Jenkins BG, Wahlestedt C, Kim KS, Isacson O (2002) Embryonic stem cells develop into functional dopaminergic neurons after transplantation in a Parkinson rat model. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:2344–2349PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Bjorklund LM, Sánchez-Pernaute R, Chung S, Andersson T, Chen IY, McNaught KS, Brownell AL, Jenkins BG, Wahlestedt C, Kim KS, Isacson O (2002) Embryonic stem cells develop into functional dopaminergic neurons after transplantation in a Parkinson rat model. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:2344–2349PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Boulgarides LK, Barakatt E, Coleman-Salgado B (2014) Measuring the effect of an eight-week adaptive yoga program on the physical and psychological status of individuals with Parkinson’s disease. A pilot study. Int J Yoga Therapy 24:31–41 Boulgarides LK, Barakatt E, Coleman-Salgado B (2014) Measuring the effect of an eight-week adaptive yoga program on the physical and psychological status of individuals with Parkinson’s disease. A pilot study. Int J Yoga Therapy 24:31–41

go back to reference Burini D, Farabollini B, Iacucci S, Rimatori C, Riccardi G, Capecci M, Provinciali L, Ceravolo MG (2006) A randomised controlled cross-over trial of aerobic training versus qigong in advanced Parkinson’s disease. Eur Medicophys 42:231–238 Burini D, Farabollini B, Iacucci S, Rimatori C, Riccardi G, Capecci M, Provinciali L, Ceravolo MG (2006) A randomised controlled cross-over trial of aerobic training versus qigong in advanced Parkinson’s disease. Eur Medicophys 42:231–238

go back to reference Camilleri A, Zarb C, Caruana M, Ostermeier U, Ghio S, Hogen T, Schmidt F, Giese A, Vassallo N (2013) Mitochondrial membrane permeabilisation by amyloid aggregates and protection by polyphenols. Biochim Biophys Acta 1828:2532–2543PubMedCrossRef Camilleri A, Zarb C, Caruana M, Ostermeier U, Ghio S, Hogen T, Schmidt F, Giese A, Vassallo N (2013) Mitochondrial membrane permeabilisation by amyloid aggregates and protection by polyphenols. Biochim Biophys Acta 1828:2532–2543PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Canning CG, Sherrington C, Lord SR, Close JC, Heritier S, Heller GZ, Howard K, Allen NE, Latt MD, Murray SM, O’Rourke SD, Paul SS, Song J, Fung VS (2015) Exercise for falls prevention in Parkinson disease: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology 84:304–312PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Canning CG, Sherrington C, Lord SR, Close JC, Heritier S, Heller GZ, Howard K, Allen NE, Latt MD, Murray SM, O’Rourke SD, Paul SS, Song J, Fung VS (2015) Exercise for falls prevention in Parkinson disease: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology 84:304–312PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Caruana M, Vassallo N (2015) Tea polyphenols in Parkinson’s disease. Adv Exp Med Biol 863:117–137PubMedCrossRef Caruana M, Vassallo N (2015) Tea polyphenols in Parkinson’s disease. Adv Exp Med Biol 863:117–137PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Castagnoli KP, Steyn SJ, Petzer JP, Van der Schyf CJ, Castagnoli N Jr (2001) Neuroprotection in the MPTP parkinsonian C57BL/6 mouse model by a compound isolated from tobacco. Chem Res Toxicol 14:523–527PubMedCrossRef Castagnoli KP, Steyn SJ, Petzer JP, Van der Schyf CJ, Castagnoli N Jr (2001) Neuroprotection in the MPTP parkinsonian C57BL/6 mouse model by a compound isolated from tobacco. Chem Res Toxicol 14:523–527PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Chae Y, Lee H, Kim H, Kim CH, Chang DI, Kim KM, Park HJ (2009) Parsing brain activity associated with acupuncture treatment in Parkinson’s diseases. Mov Disord 24:1794–1802PubMedCrossRef Chae Y, Lee H, Kim H, Kim CH, Chang DI, Kim KM, Park HJ (2009) Parsing brain activity associated with acupuncture treatment in Parkinson’s diseases. Mov Disord 24:1794–1802PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Chan DK, Woo J, Ho SC, Pang CP, Law LK, Ng PW, Hung WT, Kwok T, Hui E, Orr K, Leung MF, Kay R (1998) Genetic and environmental risk factors for Parkinson’s disease in a Chinese population. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 65:781–784PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Chan DK, Woo J, Ho SC, Pang CP, Law LK, Ng PW, Hung WT, Kwok T, Hui E, Orr K, Leung MF, Kay R (1998) Genetic and environmental risk factors for Parkinson’s disease in a Chinese population. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 65:781–784PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Chanda ML, Levitin DJ (2013) The neurochemistry of music. Trends Cogn Sci 17:179–193PubMedCrossRef Chanda ML, Levitin DJ (2013) The neurochemistry of music. Trends Cogn Sci 17:179–193PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Checkoway H, Powers K, Smith-Weller T, Franklin GM, Longstreth WT, Swanson PD (2002) Parkinson’s disease risks associated with cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and caffeine intake. Am J Epidemiol 155:732–738PubMedCrossRef Checkoway H, Powers K, Smith-Weller T, Franklin GM, Longstreth WT, Swanson PD (2002) Parkinson’s disease risks associated with cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and caffeine intake. Am J Epidemiol 155:732–738PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Chen R, Classen J, Gerloff C, Celnik P, Wassermann EM, Hallett M, Cohen LG (1997) Depression of motor cortex excitability by low-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neurology 48:1398–1403PubMedCrossRef Chen R, Classen J, Gerloff C, Celnik P, Wassermann EM, Hallett M, Cohen LG (1997) Depression of motor cortex excitability by low-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neurology 48:1398–1403PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Chen JF, Xu K, Petzer JP, Staal R, Xu YH, Beilstein M, Sonsalla PK, Castagnoli K, Castagnoli N Jr, Schwarzschild MA (2001) Neuroprotection by caffeine and A(2A) adenosine receptor inactivation in a model of Parkinson’s disease. J Neurosci 21:RC 143 Chen JF, Xu K, Petzer JP, Staal R, Xu YH, Beilstein M, Sonsalla PK, Castagnoli K, Castagnoli N Jr, Schwarzschild MA (2001) Neuroprotection by caffeine and A(2A) adenosine receptor inactivation in a model of Parkinson’s disease. J Neurosci 21:RC 143

go back to reference Chen M, Wang T, Yue F, Li X, Wang P, Li Y, Chan P, Yu S (2014) Tea polyphenols alleviate motor impairments, dopaminergic neuronal injury, and cerebral α-synuclein aggregation in MPTP-intoxicated parkinsonian monkeys. Neuroscience 286:383–392PubMedCrossRef Chen M, Wang T, Yue F, Li X, Wang P, Li Y, Chan P, Yu S (2014) Tea polyphenols alleviate motor impairments, dopaminergic neuronal injury, and cerebral α-synuclein aggregation in MPTP-intoxicated parkinsonian monkeys. Neuroscience 286:383–392PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Chiken S, Nambu A (2016) Mechanism of deep brain stimulation: inhibition, excitation, or disruption? Neuroscientist 22:313–322PubMedCrossRef Chiken S, Nambu A (2016) Mechanism of deep brain stimulation: inhibition, excitation, or disruption? Neuroscientist 22:313–322PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Cho SY, Shim SR, Rhee HY, Park HJ, Jung WS, Moon SK, Park JM, Ko CN, Cho KH, Park SU (2012) Effectiveness of acupuncture and bee venom acupuncture in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 18:948–952PubMedCrossRef Cho SY, Shim SR, Rhee HY, Park HJ, Jung WS, Moon SK, Park JM, Ko CN, Cho KH, Park SU (2012) Effectiveness of acupuncture and bee venom acupuncture in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 18:948–952PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Chou YH, Hickey PT, Sundman M, Song AW, Chen NK (2015) Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on motor symptoms in Parkinson disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol 72:432–440PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Chou YH, Hickey PT, Sundman M, Song AW, Chen NK (2015) Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on motor symptoms in Parkinson disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol 72:432–440PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Chung CL, Mak MK (2016) Effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on physical function and motor signs in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Stimul 9:475–487PubMedCrossRef Chung CL, Mak MK (2016) Effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on physical function and motor signs in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Stimul 9:475–487PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Ciechanover A, Kwon YT (2015) Degradation of misfolded proteins in neurodegenerative diseases: therapeutic targets and strategies. Exp Mol Med 47:e147PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Ciechanover A, Kwon YT (2015) Degradation of misfolded proteins in neurodegenerative diseases: therapeutic targets and strategies. Exp Mol Med 47:e147PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Conrad GD (2014) Is Ginkgo biloba and/or a multivitamin-multimineral supplement a therapeutic option for Parkinson’s disease? A case report. Glob Adv Health Med 3:43–44PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Conrad GD (2014) Is Ginkgo biloba and/or a multivitamin-multimineral supplement a therapeutic option for Parkinson’s disease? A case report. Glob Adv Health Med 3:43–44PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Contarino MF, Bour LJ, Verhagen R, Lourens MA, de Bie RM, van den Munckhof P, Schuurman PR (2014) Directional steering: a novel approach to deep brain stimulation. Neurology 83:1163–1169PubMedCrossRef Contarino MF, Bour LJ, Verhagen R, Lourens MA, de Bie RM, van den Munckhof P, Schuurman PR (2014) Directional steering: a novel approach to deep brain stimulation. Neurology 83:1163–1169PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Craig LH, Svircev A, Haber M, Juncos JL (2006) Controlled pilot study of the effects of neuromuscular therapy in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 21:2127–2133PubMedCrossRef Craig LH, Svircev A, Haber M, Juncos JL (2006) Controlled pilot study of the effects of neuromuscular therapy in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 21:2127–2133PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Cruickshank TM, Reyes AR, Ziman MR (2015) A systematic review and meta-analysis of strength training in individuals with multiple sclerosis or Parkinson disease. Medicine (Baltimore) 94:e411CrossRef Cruickshank TM, Reyes AR, Ziman MR (2015) A systematic review and meta-analysis of strength training in individuals with multiple sclerosis or Parkinson disease. Medicine (Baltimore) 94:e411CrossRef

go back to reference Darlot F, Moro C, El Massri N, Chabrol C, Johnstone DM, Reinhart F, Agay D, Torres N, Bekha D, Auboiroux V, Costecalde T, Peoples CL, Anastascio HD, Shaw VE, Stone J, Mitrofanis J, Benabid AL (2016) Near-infrared light is neuroprotective in a monkey model of Parkinson disease. Ann Neurol 79:59–75PubMedCrossRef Darlot F, Moro C, El Massri N, Chabrol C, Johnstone DM, Reinhart F, Agay D, Torres N, Bekha D, Auboiroux V, Costecalde T, Peoples CL, Anastascio HD, Shaw VE, Stone J, Mitrofanis J, Benabid AL (2016) Near-infrared light is neuroprotective in a monkey model of Parkinson disease. Ann Neurol 79:59–75PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference de Bruin N, Doan JB, Turnbull G, Suchowersky O, Bonfield S, Hu B, Brown LA (2010) Walking with music is a safe and viable tool for gait training in Parkinson’s disease: the effect of a 13-week feasibility study on single and dual task walking. Parkinsons Dis 2010:483530PubMedPubMedCentral de Bruin N, Doan JB, Turnbull G, Suchowersky O, Bonfield S, Hu B, Brown LA (2010) Walking with music is a safe and viable tool for gait training in Parkinson’s disease: the effect of a 13-week feasibility study on single and dual task walking. Parkinsons Dis 2010:483530PubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference de Lau LM, Koudstaal PJ, Witteman JC, Hofman A, Breteler MM (2006) Dietary folate, vitamin B12, and vitamin B6 and the risk of Parkinson disease. Neurology 67:315–318PubMedCrossRef de Lau LM, Koudstaal PJ, Witteman JC, Hofman A, Breteler MM (2006) Dietary folate, vitamin B12, and vitamin B6 and the risk of Parkinson disease. Neurology 67:315–318PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Decressac M, Ulusoy A, Mattsson B, Georgievska B, Romero-Ramos M, Kirik D, Bjorklund A (2011) GDNF fails to exert neuroprotection in a rat alpha-synuclein model of Parkinson’s disease. Brain 134:2302–2311PubMedCrossRef Decressac M, Ulusoy A, Mattsson B, Georgievska B, Romero-Ramos M, Kirik D, Bjorklund A (2011) GDNF fails to exert neuroprotection in a rat alpha-synuclein model of Parkinson’s disease. Brain 134:2302–2311PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Decressac M, Kadkhodaei B, Mattsson B, Laguna A, Perlmann T, Bjorklund A (2012) alpha-Synuclein-induced down-regulation of Nurr1 disrupts GDNF signaling in nigral dopamine neurons. Sci Transl Med 4:163ra156PubMedCrossRef Decressac M, Kadkhodaei B, Mattsson B, Laguna A, Perlmann T, Bjorklund A (2012) alpha-Synuclein-induced down-regulation of Nurr1 disrupts GDNF signaling in nigral dopamine neurons. Sci Transl Med 4:163ra156PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Diamond A, Jankovic J (2005) The effect of deep brain stimulation on quality of life in movement disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 76(9):1188–1193PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Diamond A, Jankovic J (2005) The effect of deep brain stimulation on quality of life in movement disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 76(9):1188–1193PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Dibble LE, Hale T, Marcus RL, Gerber JP, Lastayo PC (2006) The safety and feasibility of high-force eccentric resistance exercise in persons with Parkinson’s disease. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 87:1280–1282PubMedCrossRef Dibble LE, Hale T, Marcus RL, Gerber JP, Lastayo PC (2006) The safety and feasibility of high-force eccentric resistance exercise in persons with Parkinson’s disease. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 87:1280–1282PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Dibble LE, Addison O, Papa E (2009) The effects of exercise on balance in persons with Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review across the disability spectrum. J Neurol Phys Ther 33:14–26PubMedCrossRef Dibble LE, Addison O, Papa E (2009) The effects of exercise on balance in persons with Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review across the disability spectrum. J Neurol Phys Ther 33:14–26PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Dissanayaka NN, Idu Jion F, Pachana NA, O’Sullivan JD, Marsh R, Byrne GJ, Harnett P (2016) Mindfulness for motor and nonmotor dysfunctions in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsons Dis 2016:7109052PubMedPubMedCentral Dissanayaka NN, Idu Jion F, Pachana NA, O’Sullivan JD, Marsh R, Byrne GJ, Harnett P (2016) Mindfulness for motor and nonmotor dysfunctions in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsons Dis 2016:7109052PubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Doi H, Sakakibara R, Sato M, Hirai S, Masaka T, Kishi M, Tsuyusaki Y, Tateno A, Tateno F, Takahashi O, Ogata T (2014) Dietary herb extract rikkunshi-to ameliorates gastroparesis in Parkinson’s disease: a pilot study. Eur Neurol 71:193–195PubMedCrossRef Doi H, Sakakibara R, Sato M, Hirai S, Masaka T, Kishi M, Tsuyusaki Y, Tateno A, Tateno F, Takahashi O, Ogata T (2014) Dietary herb extract rikkunshi-to ameliorates gastroparesis in Parkinson’s disease: a pilot study. Eur Neurol 71:193–195PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Dong J, Cui Y, Li S, Le W (2016a) Current pharmaceutical treatments and alternative therapies of Parkinson’s disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 14:339–355PubMedCrossRef Dong J, Cui Y, Li S, Le W (2016a) Current pharmaceutical treatments and alternative therapies of Parkinson’s disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 14:339–355PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Dong J, Li S, Mo JL, Cai HB, Le WD (2016b) Nurr1-based therapies for Parkinson’s disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 22:351–359PubMedCrossRef Dong J, Li S, Mo JL, Cai HB, Le WD (2016b) Nurr1-based therapies for Parkinson’s disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 22:351–359PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Donoyama N, Ohkoshi N (2012) Effects of traditional Japanese massage therapy on various symptoms in patients with Parkinson’s disease: a case-series study. J Altern Complement Med 18:294–299PubMedCrossRef Donoyama N, Ohkoshi N (2012) Effects of traditional Japanese massage therapy on various symptoms in patients with Parkinson’s disease: a case-series study. J Altern Complement Med 18:294–299PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Donoyama N, Suoh S, Ohkoshi N (2014) Effectiveness of anma massage therapy in alleviating physical symptoms in outpatients with Parkinson’s disease: a before–after study. Complement Ther Clin Pract 20:251–261PubMedCrossRef Donoyama N, Suoh S, Ohkoshi N (2014) Effectiveness of anma massage therapy in alleviating physical symptoms in outpatients with Parkinson’s disease: a before–after study. Complement Ther Clin Pract 20:251–261PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference El Massri N, Johnstone DM, Peoples CL, Moro C, Reinhart F, Torres N, Stone J, Benabid AL, Mitrofanis J (2016) The effect of different doses of near infrared light on dopaminergic cell survival and gliosis in MPTP-treated mice. Int J Neurosci 126:76–87PubMedCrossRef El Massri N, Johnstone DM, Peoples CL, Moro C, Reinhart F, Torres N, Stone J, Benabid AL, Mitrofanis J (2016) The effect of different doses of near infrared light on dopaminergic cell survival and gliosis in MPTP-treated mice. Int J Neurosci 126:76–87PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Elahi B, Elahi B, Chen R (2009) Effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation on Parkinson motor function—systematic review of controlled clinical trials. Mov Disord 24:357–363PubMedCrossRef Elahi B, Elahi B, Chen R (2009) Effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation on Parkinson motor function—systematic review of controlled clinical trials. Mov Disord 24:357–363PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Esch T, Duckstein J, Welke J, Braun V (2007) Mind/body techniques for physiological and psychological stress reduction: stress management via Tai Chi training—a pilot study. Med Sci Monit 1:CR488–CR497 Esch T, Duckstein J, Welke J, Braun V (2007) Mind/body techniques for physiological and psychological stress reduction: stress management via Tai Chi training—a pilot study. Med Sci Monit 1:CR488–CR497

go back to reference Faherty CJ, Raviie Shepherd K, Herasimtschuk A, Smeyne RJ (2005) Environmental enrichment in adulthood eliminates neuronal death in experimental Parkinsonism. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 134:170–179PubMedCrossRef Faherty CJ, Raviie Shepherd K, Herasimtschuk A, Smeyne RJ (2005) Environmental enrichment in adulthood eliminates neuronal death in experimental Parkinsonism. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 134:170–179PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Fahn S (2003) Description of Parkinson’s disease as a clinical syndrome. Ann N Y Acad Sci 991:1–14PubMedCrossRef Fahn S (2003) Description of Parkinson’s disease as a clinical syndrome. Ann N Y Acad Sci 991:1–14PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Ferretta A, Gaballo A, Tanzarella P, Piccoli C, Capitanio N, Nico B, Annese T, Di Paola M, Dell’aquila C, De Mari M, Ferranini E, Bonifati V, Pacelli C, Cocco T (2014) Effect of resveratrol on mitochondrial function: implications in parkin-associated familiar Parkinson’s disease. Biochim Biophys Acta 1842:902–915PubMedCrossRef Ferretta A, Gaballo A, Tanzarella P, Piccoli C, Capitanio N, Nico B, Annese T, Di Paola M, Dell’aquila C, De Mari M, Ferranini E, Bonifati V, Pacelli C, Cocco T (2014) Effect of resveratrol on mitochondrial function: implications in parkin-associated familiar Parkinson’s disease. Biochim Biophys Acta 1842:902–915PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Fitzpatrick L, Simpson J, Smith A (2010) A qualitative analysis of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) in Parkinson’s disease. Psychol Psychother 83:179–192PubMedCrossRef Fitzpatrick L, Simpson J, Smith A (2010) A qualitative analysis of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) in Parkinson’s disease. Psychol Psychother 83:179–192PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Follett KA, Torres-Russotto D (2012) Deep brain stimulation of globus pallidus interna, subthalamic nucleus, and pedunculopontine nucleus for Parkinson’s disease: which target? Parkinsonism Relat Disord 18:S165–S167PubMedCrossRef Follett KA, Torres-Russotto D (2012) Deep brain stimulation of globus pallidus interna, subthalamic nucleus, and pedunculopontine nucleus for Parkinson’s disease: which target? Parkinsonism Relat Disord 18:S165–S167PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Fowler JS, Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Pappas N, Logan J, MacGregor R, Alexoff D, Shea C, Schlyer D, Wolf AP, Warner D, Zezulkova I, Cilento R (1996) Inhibition of monoamine oxidase B in the brains of smokers. Nature 379:733–736PubMedCrossRef Fowler JS, Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Pappas N, Logan J, MacGregor R, Alexoff D, Shea C, Schlyer D, Wolf AP, Warner D, Zezulkova I, Cilento R (1996) Inhibition of monoamine oxidase B in the brains of smokers. Nature 379:733–736PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Frazzitta G, Balbi P, Maestri R, Bertotti G, Boveri N, Pezzoli G (2013) The beneficial role of intensive exercise on Parkinson disease progression. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 92:523–532PubMedCrossRef Frazzitta G, Balbi P, Maestri R, Bertotti G, Boveri N, Pezzoli G (2013) The beneficial role of intensive exercise on Parkinson disease progression. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 92:523–532PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Fregni F, Simon DK, Wu A, Pascual-Leone A (2005) Non-invasive brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 76:1614–1623PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Fregni F, Simon DK, Wu A, Pascual-Leone A (2005) Non-invasive brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 76:1614–1623PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Gonzalez C, Bonilla S, Flores AI, Cano E, Liste I (2015a) An update on human stem cell-based therapy in Parkinson’s disease. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther. doi:10.2174/1574888X10666150531172612 Gonzalez C, Bonilla S, Flores AI, Cano E, Liste I (2015a) An update on human stem cell-based therapy in Parkinson’s disease. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther. doi:10.​2174/​1574888X10666150​531172612

go back to reference Gonzalez R, Garitaonandia I, Crain A, Poustovoitov M, Abramihina T, Noskov A, Jiang C, Morey R, Laurent LC, Elsworth JD, Snyder EY, Redmond DE Jr, Semechkin R (2015b) Proof of concept studies exploring the safety and functional activity of human parthenogenetic-derived neural stem cells for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Cell Transplant 24:681–690PubMedCrossRef Gonzalez R, Garitaonandia I, Crain A, Poustovoitov M, Abramihina T, Noskov A, Jiang C, Morey R, Laurent LC, Elsworth JD, Snyder EY, Redmond DE Jr, Semechkin R (2015b) Proof of concept studies exploring the safety and functional activity of human parthenogenetic-derived neural stem cells for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Cell Transplant 24:681–690PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference González-Burgos E, Fernandez-Moriano C, Gómez-Serranillos MP (2015) Potential neuroprotective activity of Ginseng in Parkinson’s disease: a review. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 10:14–29PubMedCrossRef González-Burgos E, Fernandez-Moriano C, Gómez-Serranillos MP (2015) Potential neuroprotective activity of Ginseng in Parkinson’s disease: a review. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 10:14–29PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference González-García N, Armony JL, Soto J, Trejo D, Alegría MA, Drucker-Colín R (2011) Effects of rTMS on Parkinson’s disease: a longitudinal fMRI study. J Neurol 258:1268–1280PubMedCrossRef González-García N, Armony JL, Soto J, Trejo D, Alegría MA, Drucker-Colín R (2011) Effects of rTMS on Parkinson’s disease: a longitudinal fMRI study. J Neurol 258:1268–1280PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Goodwin VA, Richards SH, Taylor RS, Taylor AH, Campbell JL (2008) The effectiveness of exercise interventions for people with Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mov Disord 23:631–640PubMedCrossRef Goodwin VA, Richards SH, Taylor RS, Taylor AH, Campbell JL (2008) The effectiveness of exercise interventions for people with Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mov Disord 23:631–640PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Gorell JM, Rybicki BA, Johnson CC, Peterson EL (1999) Smoking and Parkinson’s disease: a dose–response relationship. Neurology 52:115–119PubMedCrossRef Gorell JM, Rybicki BA, Johnson CC, Peterson EL (1999) Smoking and Parkinson’s disease: a dose–response relationship. Neurology 52:115–119PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Grandinetti A, Morens DM, Reed D, MacEachern D (1994) Prospective study of cigarette smoking and the risk of developing idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Am J Epidemiol 139:1129–1138PubMed Grandinetti A, Morens DM, Reed D, MacEachern D (1994) Prospective study of cigarette smoking and the risk of developing idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Am J Epidemiol 139:1129–1138PubMed

go back to reference Hackney ME, Earhart GM (2009) Effects of dance on movement control in Parkinson’s disease: a comparison of Argentine tango and American ballroom. J Rehabil Med 41:475–481PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Hackney ME, Earhart GM (2009) Effects of dance on movement control in Parkinson’s disease: a comparison of Argentine tango and American ballroom. J Rehabil Med 41:475–481PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Hackney ME, Kantorovich S, Levin R, Earhart GM (2007) Effects of tango on functional mobility in Parkinson’s disease: a preliminary study. J Neurol Phys Ther 31:173–179PubMedCrossRef Hackney ME, Kantorovich S, Levin R, Earhart GM (2007) Effects of tango on functional mobility in Parkinson’s disease: a preliminary study. J Neurol Phys Ther 31:173–179PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Hallett PJ, Cooper O, Sadi D, Robertson H, Mendez I, Isacson O (2014) Long-term health of dopaminergic neuron transplants in Parkinson’s disease patients. Cell Rep 7:1755–1761PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Hallett PJ, Cooper O, Sadi D, Robertson H, Mendez I, Isacson O (2014) Long-term health of dopaminergic neuron transplants in Parkinson’s disease patients. Cell Rep 7:1755–1761PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Halliwell B (2006) Oxidative stress and neurodegeneration: where are we now? J Neurochem 97:1634–1658PubMedCrossRef Halliwell B (2006) Oxidative stress and neurodegeneration: where are we now? J Neurochem 97:1634–1658PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Han F, Wang W, Chen B, Chen C, Li S, Lu X, Duan J, Zhang Y, Zhang YA, Guo W, Li G (2015) Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons improve motor asymmetry in a 6-hydroxydopamine-induced rat model of Parkinson’s disease. Cytotherapy 17:665–679PubMedCrossRef Han F, Wang W, Chen B, Chen C, Li S, Lu X, Duan J, Zhang Y, Zhang YA, Guo W, Li G (2015) Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons improve motor asymmetry in a 6-hydroxydopamine-induced rat model of Parkinson’s disease. Cytotherapy 17:665–679PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Hatano T, Hattori N, Kawanabe T, Terayama Y, Suzuki N, Iwasaki Y, Fujioka T, Yokukansan Parkinson’s Disease Study Group (2014) An exploratory study of the efficacy and safety of yokukansan for neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with Parkinson’s disease. J Neural Transm 121:275–281PubMedCrossRef Hatano T, Hattori N, Kawanabe T, Terayama Y, Suzuki N, Iwasaki Y, Fujioka T, Yokukansan Parkinson’s Disease Study Group (2014) An exploratory study of the efficacy and safety of yokukansan for neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with Parkinson’s disease. J Neural Transm 121:275–281PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Healy DG, Falchi M, O’Sullivan SS, Bonifati V, Durr A, Bressman S, Brice A, Aasly J, Zabetian CP, Goldwurm S, Ferreira JJ, Tolosa E, Kay DM, Klein C, Williams DR, Marras C, Lang AE, Wszolek ZK, Berciano J, Schapira AH, Lynch T, Bhatia KP, Gasser T, Lees AJ, Wood NW, International LRRK2 Consortium (2008) Phenotype, genotype, and worldwide genetic penetrance of LRRK2-associated Parkinson’s disease: a case-control study. Lancet Neurol 7:583–590PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Healy DG, Falchi M, O’Sullivan SS, Bonifati V, Durr A, Bressman S, Brice A, Aasly J, Zabetian CP, Goldwurm S, Ferreira JJ, Tolosa E, Kay DM, Klein C, Williams DR, Marras C, Lang AE, Wszolek ZK, Berciano J, Schapira AH, Lynch T, Bhatia KP, Gasser T, Lees AJ, Wood NW, International LRRK2 Consortium (2008) Phenotype, genotype, and worldwide genetic penetrance of LRRK2-associated Parkinson’s disease: a case-control study. Lancet Neurol 7:583–590PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Hegarty SV, O’Keeffe GW, Sullivan AM (2014) Neurotrophic factors: from neurodevelopmental regulators to novel therapies for Parkinson’s disease. Neural Regen Res 9:1708–1711PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Hegarty SV, O’Keeffe GW, Sullivan AM (2014) Neurotrophic factors: from neurodevelopmental regulators to novel therapies for Parkinson’s disease. Neural Regen Res 9:1708–1711PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Hernán MA, Takkouche B, Caamaño-Isorna F, Gestal-Otero JJ (2002) A meta-analysis of coffee drinking, cigarette smoking, and the risk of Parkinson’s disease. Ann Neurol 52:276–284PubMedCrossRef Hernán MA, Takkouche B, Caamaño-Isorna F, Gestal-Otero JJ (2002) A meta-analysis of coffee drinking, cigarette smoking, and the risk of Parkinson’s disease. Ann Neurol 52:276–284PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Hernandez-Reif MFT, Largie S, Cullan C, Beutler J, Sanders C, Weiner W, Rodriguez-Bateman D, Zelaya L, Schanber S, Kuhn C (2002) Parkinson’s disease symptoms are differently affected by massage therapy vs. progressive muscle relaxation: a pilot study. J Bodyw Mov Ther 6:177–182CrossRef Hernandez-Reif MFT, Largie S, Cullan C, Beutler J, Sanders C, Weiner W, Rodriguez-Bateman D, Zelaya L, Schanber S, Kuhn C (2002) Parkinson’s disease symptoms are differently affected by massage therapy vs. progressive muscle relaxation: a pilot study. J Bodyw Mov Ther 6:177–182CrossRef

go back to reference Hirsch MA, Toole T, Maitland CG, Rider RA (2003) The effects of balance training and high-intensity resistance training on persons with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 84:1109–1117PubMedCrossRef Hirsch MA, Toole T, Maitland CG, Rider RA (2003) The effects of balance training and high-intensity resistance training on persons with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 84:1109–1117PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Hirsch EC, Jenner P, Przedborski S (2013) Pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 28:24–30PubMedCrossRef Hirsch EC, Jenner P, Przedborski S (2013) Pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 28:24–30PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Houston S, McGill A (2013) A mixed-methods study into ballet for people living with Parkinson’s. Arts Health 5:103–119PubMedCrossRef Houston S, McGill A (2013) A mixed-methods study into ballet for people living with Parkinson’s. Arts Health 5:103–119PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Huang YZ, Edwards MJ, Rounis E, Bhatia KP, Rothwell JC (2005) Theta burst stimulation of the human motor cortex. Neuron 45:201–206PubMedCrossRef Huang YZ, Edwards MJ, Rounis E, Bhatia KP, Rothwell JC (2005) Theta burst stimulation of the human motor cortex. Neuron 45:201–206PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Huang R, Ma H, Guo Y, Liu S, Kuang Y, Shao K, Li J, Liu Y, Han L, Huang S, An S, Ye L, Lou J, Jiang C (2013) Angiopep-conjugated nanoparticles for targeted long-term gene therapy of Parkinson’s disease. Pharm Res 30:2549–2559PubMedCrossRef Huang R, Ma H, Guo Y, Liu S, Kuang Y, Shao K, Li J, Liu Y, Han L, Huang S, An S, Ye L, Lou J, Jiang C (2013) Angiopep-conjugated nanoparticles for targeted long-term gene therapy of Parkinson’s disease. Pharm Res 30:2549–2559PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Javed H, Menon SA, Al-Mansoori KM, Al-Wandi A, Majbour NK, Ardah MT, Varghese S, Vaikath NN, Haque ME, Azzouz M, El-Agnaf OM (2016) Development of nonviral vectors targeting the brain as a therapeutic approach for Parkinson’s disease and other brain disorders. Mol Ther 24:746–758PubMedCrossRef Javed H, Menon SA, Al-Mansoori KM, Al-Wandi A, Majbour NK, Ardah MT, Varghese S, Vaikath NN, Haque ME, Azzouz M, El-Agnaf OM (2016) Development of nonviral vectors targeting the brain as a therapeutic approach for Parkinson’s disease and other brain disorders. Mol Ther 24:746–758PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Jeon S, Kim YJ, Kim ST, Moon W, Chae Y, Kang M, Chung MY, Lee H, Hong MS, Chung JH, Joh TH, Lee H, Park HJ (2008) Proteomic analysis of the neuroprotective mechanisms of acupuncture treatment in a Parkinson’s disease mouse model. Proteomics 8:4822–4832PubMedCrossRef Jeon S, Kim YJ, Kim ST, Moon W, Chae Y, Kang M, Chung MY, Lee H, Hong MS, Chung JH, Joh TH, Lee H, Park HJ (2008) Proteomic analysis of the neuroprotective mechanisms of acupuncture treatment in a Parkinson’s disease mouse model. Proteomics 8:4822–4832PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Johns C, Blake D, Sinclair A (2010) Can reflexology maintain or improve the well-being of people with Parkinson’s disease? Complement Ther Clin Pract 16:96–100PubMedCrossRef Johns C, Blake D, Sinclair A (2010) Can reflexology maintain or improve the well-being of people with Parkinson’s disease? Complement Ther Clin Pract 16:96–100PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Johnstone DM, el Massri N, Moro C, Spana S, Wang XS, Torres N, Chabrol C, De Jaeger X, Reinhart F, Purushothuman S, Benabid AL, Stone J, Mitrofanis J (2014) Indirect application of near infrared light induces neuroprotection in a mouse model of parkinsonism—an abscopal neuroprotective effect. Neuroscience 274:93–101PubMedCrossRef Johnstone DM, el Massri N, Moro C, Spana S, Wang XS, Torres N, Chabrol C, De Jaeger X, Reinhart F, Purushothuman S, Benabid AL, Stone J, Mitrofanis J (2014) Indirect application of near infrared light induces neuroprotection in a mouse model of parkinsonism—an abscopal neuroprotective effect. Neuroscience 274:93–101PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Kabat-Zinn J (2009) Full catastrophe living: using the wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain, and illness. Delta, New York Kabat-Zinn J (2009) Full catastrophe living: using the wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain, and illness. Delta, New York

go back to reference Kang JM, Park HJ, Choi YG, Choe IH, Park JH, Kim YS, Lim S (2007) Acupuncture inhibits microglial activation and inflammatory events in the MPTP-induced mouse model. Brain Res 1131:211–219PubMedCrossRef Kang JM, Park HJ, Choi YG, Choe IH, Park JH, Kim YS, Lim S (2007) Acupuncture inhibits microglial activation and inflammatory events in the MPTP-induced mouse model. Brain Res 1131:211–219PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Kansara S, Trivedi A, Chen S, Jankovic J, Le W (2013) Early diagnosis and therapy of Parkinson’s disease: can disease progression be curbed? J Neural Transm 120:197–210PubMedCrossRef Kansara S, Trivedi A, Chen S, Jankovic J, Le W (2013) Early diagnosis and therapy of Parkinson’s disease: can disease progression be curbed? J Neural Transm 120:197–210PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Kasture S, Pontis S, Pinna A, Schintu N, Spina L, Longoni R, Simola N, Ballero M, Morelli M (2009) Assessment of symptomatic and neuroprotective efficacy of Mucuna pruriens seed extract in rodent model of Parkinson’s disease. Neurotox Res 15:111–122PubMedCrossRef Kasture S, Pontis S, Pinna A, Schintu N, Spina L, Longoni R, Simola N, Ballero M, Morelli M (2009) Assessment of symptomatic and neuroprotective efficacy of Mucuna pruriens seed extract in rodent model of Parkinson’s disease. Neurotox Res 15:111–122PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Kattenstroth JC, Kolankowska I, Kalisch T, Dinse HR (2010) Superior sensory, motor, and cognitive performance in elderly individuals with multi-year dancing activities. Front Aging Neurosci 2:31PubMedPubMedCentral Kattenstroth JC, Kolankowska I, Kalisch T, Dinse HR (2010) Superior sensory, motor, and cognitive performance in elderly individuals with multi-year dancing activities. Front Aging Neurosci 2:31PubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Katz M, Luciano MS, Carlson K, Luo P, Marks WJ Jr, Larson PS, Starr PA, Follett KA, Weaver FM, Stern MB, Reda DJ, Ostrem JL, CSP 468 Study Group (2015) Differential effects of deep brain stimulation target on motor subtypes in Parkinson’s disease. Ann Neurol 77:710–719PubMedCrossRef Katz M, Luciano MS, Carlson K, Luo P, Marks WJ Jr, Larson PS, Starr PA, Follett KA, Weaver FM, Stern MB, Reda DJ, Ostrem JL, CSP 468 Study Group (2015) Differential effects of deep brain stimulation target on motor subtypes in Parkinson’s disease. Ann Neurol 77:710–719PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Kelly MJ, O’Keeffe GW, Sullivan AM (2015) Viral vector delivery of neurotrophic factors for Parkinson’s disease therapy. Exp Rev Mol Med 17(e8):1–14 Kelly MJ, O’Keeffe GW, Sullivan AM (2015) Viral vector delivery of neurotrophic factors for Parkinson’s disease therapy. Exp Rev Mol Med 17(e8):1–14

go back to reference Khoo HM, Kishima H, Hosomi K, Maruo T, Tani N, Oshino S, Shimokawa T, Yokoe M, Mochizuki H, Saitoh Y, Yoshimine T (2014) Low-frequency subthalamic nucleus stimulation in Parkinson’s disease: a randomized clinical trial. Mov Disord 29:270–274PubMedCrossRef Khoo HM, Kishima H, Hosomi K, Maruo T, Tani N, Oshino S, Shimokawa T, Yokoe M, Mochizuki H, Saitoh Y, Yoshimine T (2014) Low-frequency subthalamic nucleus stimulation in Parkinson’s disease: a randomized clinical trial. Mov Disord 29:270–274PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Kim JH, Auerbach JM, Rodríguez-Gómez JA, Velasco I, Gavin D, Lumelsky N, Lee SH, Nguyen J, Sánchez-Pernaute R, Bankiewicz K, McKay R (2002) Dopamine neurons derived from embryonic stem cells function in an animal model of Parkinson’s disease. Nature 418:50–56PubMedCrossRef Kim JH, Auerbach JM, Rodríguez-Gómez JA, Velasco I, Gavin D, Lumelsky N, Lee SH, Nguyen J, Sánchez-Pernaute R, Bankiewicz K, McKay R (2002) Dopamine neurons derived from embryonic stem cells function in an animal model of Parkinson’s disease. Nature 418:50–56PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Kim JY, Chung EJ, Lee WY, Shin HY, Lee GH, Choe YS, Choi Y, Kim BJ (2008) Therapeutic effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in Parkinson’s disease: analysis of [11C] raclopride PET study. Mov Disord 23:207–211PubMedCrossRef Kim JY, Chung EJ, Lee WY, Shin HY, Lee GH, Choe YS, Choi Y, Kim BJ (2008) Therapeutic effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in Parkinson’s disease: analysis of [11C] raclopride PET study. Mov Disord 23:207–211PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Kim SN, Doo AR, Park JY, Bae H, Chae Y, Shim I, Lee H, Moon W, Lee H, Park HJ (2011) Acupuncture enhances the synaptic dopamine availability to improve motor function in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. PLoS One 6:e27566PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kim SN, Doo AR, Park JY, Bae H, Chae Y, Shim I, Lee H, Moon W, Lee H, Park HJ (2011) Acupuncture enhances the synaptic dopamine availability to improve motor function in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. PLoS One 6:e27566PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Kim SN, Doo AR, Park JY, Choo HJ, Shim I, Park JJ, Chae Y, Lee B, Lee H, Park HJ (2014) Combined treatment with acupuncture reduces effective dose and alleviates adverse effect of l-dopa by normalizing Parkinson’s disease-induced neurochemical imbalance. Brain Res 1544:33–44PubMedCrossRef Kim SN, Doo AR, Park JY, Choo HJ, Shim I, Park JJ, Chae Y, Lee B, Lee H, Park HJ (2014) Combined treatment with acupuncture reduces effective dose and alleviates adverse effect of l-dopa by normalizing Parkinson’s disease-induced neurochemical imbalance. Brain Res 1544:33–44PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Knekt P, Kilkkinen A, Rissanen H, Marniemi J, Sääksjärvi K, Heliövaara M (2010) Serum vitamin D and the risk of Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol 67:808–811PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Knekt P, Kilkkinen A, Rissanen H, Marniemi J, Sääksjärvi K, Heliövaara M (2010) Serum vitamin D and the risk of Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol 67:808–811PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Knight WE, Rickard NS (2001) Relaxing music prevents stressinduced increases in subjective anxiety, systolic blood pressure, and heart rate in healthy males and females. J Music Ther 38:254–272PubMedCrossRef Knight WE, Rickard NS (2001) Relaxing music prevents stressinduced increases in subjective anxiety, systolic blood pressure, and heart rate in healthy males and females. J Music Ther 38:254–272PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Kyrozis A, Ghika A, Stathopoulos P, Vassilopoulos D, Trichopoulos D, Trichopoulou A (2013) Dietary and lifestyle variables in relation to incidence of Parkinson’s disease in Greece. Eur J Epidemiol 28:67–77PubMedCrossRef Kyrozis A, Ghika A, Stathopoulos P, Vassilopoulos D, Trichopoulos D, Trichopoulou A (2013) Dietary and lifestyle variables in relation to incidence of Parkinson’s disease in Greece. Eur J Epidemiol 28:67–77PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Lau YS, Patki G, Das-Panja K, Le WD, Ahmad SO (2011) Neuroprotective effects and mechanisms of exercise in a chronic mouse model of Parkinson’s disease with moderate neurodegeneration. Eur J Neurosci 33:1264–1274PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Lau YS, Patki G, Das-Panja K, Le WD, Ahmad SO (2011) Neuroprotective effects and mechanisms of exercise in a chronic mouse model of Parkinson’s disease with moderate neurodegeneration. Eur J Neurosci 33:1264–1274PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Lewis TB, Glasgow JN, Harms AS, Standaert DG, Curiel DT (2014) Fiber-modified adenovirus for central nervous system Parkinson’s disease gene therapy. Viruses 6:3293–3310PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Lewis TB, Glasgow JN, Harms AS, Standaert DG, Curiel DT (2014) Fiber-modified adenovirus for central nervous system Parkinson’s disease gene therapy. Viruses 6:3293–3310PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference LeWitt PA, Rezai AR, Leehey MA, Ojemann SG, Flaherty AW, Eskandar EN, Kostyk SK, Thomas K, Sarkar A, Siddiqui MS, Tatter SB, Schwalb JM, Poston KL, Henderson JM, Kurlan RM, Richard IH, Van Meter L, Sapan CV, During MJ, Kaplitt MG, Feigin A (2011) AAV2-GAD gene therapy for advanced Parkinson’s disease: a double-blind, sham-surgery controlled, randomised trial. Lancet Neurol 10:309–319PubMedCrossRef LeWitt PA, Rezai AR, Leehey MA, Ojemann SG, Flaherty AW, Eskandar EN, Kostyk SK, Thomas K, Sarkar A, Siddiqui MS, Tatter SB, Schwalb JM, Poston KL, Henderson JM, Kurlan RM, Richard IH, Van Meter L, Sapan CV, During MJ, Kaplitt MG, Feigin A (2011) AAV2-GAD gene therapy for advanced Parkinson’s disease: a double-blind, sham-surgery controlled, randomised trial. Lancet Neurol 10:309–319PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Li F, Harmer P, Fitzgerald K, Eckstrom E, Stock R, Galver J, Maddalozzo G, Batya SS (2012) Tai Chi and postural stability in patients with Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med 366:511–519PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Li F, Harmer P, Fitzgerald K, Eckstrom E, Stock R, Galver J, Maddalozzo G, Batya SS (2012) Tai Chi and postural stability in patients with Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med 366:511–519PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Li X, Li W, Liu G, Shen X, Tang Y (2015) Association between cigarette smoking and Parkinson’s disease: a meta-analysis. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 61:510–516PubMedCrossRef Li X, Li W, Liu G, Shen X, Tang Y (2015) Association between cigarette smoking and Parkinson’s disease: a meta-analysis. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 61:510–516PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Lieu CA, Kunselman AR, Manyam BV, Venkiteswaran K, Subramanian T (2010) A water extract of Mucuna pruriens provides long-term amelioration of parkinsonism with reduced risk for dyskinesias. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 16:458–465PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Lieu CA, Kunselman AR, Manyam BV, Venkiteswaran K, Subramanian T (2010) A water extract of Mucuna pruriens provides long-term amelioration of parkinsonism with reduced risk for dyskinesias. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 16:458–465PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Lieu CA, Venkiteswaran K, Gilmour TP, Rao AN, Petticoffer AC, Gilbert EV, Deogaonkar M, Manyam BV, Subramanian T (2012) The antiparkinsonian and antidyskinetic mechanisms of Mucuna pruriens in the MPTP-treated nonhuman primate. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2012:840247PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Lieu CA, Venkiteswaran K, Gilmour TP, Rao AN, Petticoffer AC, Gilbert EV, Deogaonkar M, Manyam BV, Subramanian T (2012) The antiparkinsonian and antidyskinetic mechanisms of Mucuna pruriens in the MPTP-treated nonhuman primate. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2012:840247PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Ljubisavljevic MR, Ismail FY, Filipovic S (2013) Transcranial magnetic stimulation of degenerating brain: a comparison of normal aging, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 10:578–596PubMedCrossRef Ljubisavljevic MR, Ismail FY, Filipovic S (2013) Transcranial magnetic stimulation of degenerating brain: a comparison of normal aging, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 10:578–596PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Lo YC, Shih YT, Tseng YT, Hsu HT (2012) Neuroprotective effects of san-huang-xie-xin-tang in the MPP(+)/MPTP models of Parkinson’s disease in vitro and in vivo. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2012:501032PubMedPubMedCentral Lo YC, Shih YT, Tseng YT, Hsu HT (2012) Neuroprotective effects of san-huang-xie-xin-tang in the MPP(+)/MPTP models of Parkinson’s disease in vitro and in vivo. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2012:501032PubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Lugassy M, Gracies JM (2005) Physical therapy in Parkinson’s disease. In: Schapira AHV, Olanow CW (eds) Principles of treatment in Parkinson’s disease. Butterworth-Heinemann Elsevier, Philadelphia, pp 313–330CrossRef Lugassy M, Gracies JM (2005) Physical therapy in Parkinson’s disease. In: Schapira AHV, Olanow CW (eds) Principles of treatment in Parkinson’s disease. Butterworth-Heinemann Elsevier, Philadelphia, pp 313–330CrossRef

go back to reference Maloney R, Shanks S, Maloney J (2010) The application of low-level laser therapy for the symptomatic care of late stage Parkinson’s disease: a non-controlled, non-randomized study. Am Soc Laser Med Surg Abs 2010:185 Maloney R, Shanks S, Maloney J (2010) The application of low-level laser therapy for the symptomatic care of late stage Parkinson’s disease: a non-controlled, non-randomized study. Am Soc Laser Med Surg Abs 2010:185

go back to reference Manyam BV, Dhanasekaran M, Hare TA (2004) Neuroprotective effects of the antiparkinson drug Mucuna pruriens. Phytother Res 18:706–712PubMedCrossRef Manyam BV, Dhanasekaran M, Hare TA (2004) Neuroprotective effects of the antiparkinson drug Mucuna pruriens. Phytother Res 18:706–712PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Marks WJ Jr, Bartus RT, Siffert J, Davis CS, Lozano A, Boulis N, Vitek J, Stacy M, Turner D, Verhagen L, Bakay R, Watts R, Guthrie B, Jankovic J, Simpson R, Tagliati M, Alterman R, Stern M, Baltuch G, Starr PA, Larson PS, Ostrem JL, Nutt J, Kieburtz K, Kordower JH, Olanow CW (2010) Gene delivery of AAV2-neurturin for Parkinson’s disease: a double-blind, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 9:1164–1172PubMedCrossRef Marks WJ Jr, Bartus RT, Siffert J, Davis CS, Lozano A, Boulis N, Vitek J, Stacy M, Turner D, Verhagen L, Bakay R, Watts R, Guthrie B, Jankovic J, Simpson R, Tagliati M, Alterman R, Stern M, Baltuch G, Starr PA, Larson PS, Ostrem JL, Nutt J, Kieburtz K, Kordower JH, Olanow CW (2010) Gene delivery of AAV2-neurturin for Parkinson’s disease: a double-blind, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 9:1164–1172PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Menon V, Levitin DJ (2005) The rewards of music listening: response and physiological connectivity of the mesolimbic system. Neuroimage 28:175–184PubMedCrossRef Menon V, Levitin DJ (2005) The rewards of music listening: response and physiological connectivity of the mesolimbic system. Neuroimage 28:175–184PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Merola A, Zibetti M, Angrisano S, Rizzi L, Ricchi V, Artusi CA, Lanotte M, Rizzone MG, Lopiano L (2011) Parkinson’s disease progression at 30 years: a study of subthalamic deep brain-stimulated patients. Brain 134:2074–2084PubMedCrossRef Merola A, Zibetti M, Angrisano S, Rizzi L, Ricchi V, Artusi CA, Lanotte M, Rizzone MG, Lopiano L (2011) Parkinson’s disease progression at 30 years: a study of subthalamic deep brain-stimulated patients. Brain 134:2074–2084PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Michel PP, Hirsch EC, Hunot S (2016) Understanding dopaminergic cell death pathways in Parkinson disease. Neuron 90:675–691PubMedCrossRef Michel PP, Hirsch EC, Hunot S (2016) Understanding dopaminergic cell death pathways in Parkinson disease. Neuron 90:675–691PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Mittermeyer G, Christine CW, Rosenbluth KH, Baker SL, Starr P, Larson P, Kaplan PL, Forsayeth J, Aminoff MJ, Bankiewicz KS (2012) Long-term evaluation of a phase 1 study of AADC gene therapy for Parkinson’s disease. Hum Gene Ther 23:377–381PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Mittermeyer G, Christine CW, Rosenbluth KH, Baker SL, Starr P, Larson P, Kaplan PL, Forsayeth J, Aminoff MJ, Bankiewicz KS (2012) Long-term evaluation of a phase 1 study of AADC gene therapy for Parkinson’s disease. Hum Gene Ther 23:377–381PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Möckel M, Röcker L, Störk T, Vollert J, Danne O, Eichstädt H, Müller R, Hochrein H (1994) Immediate physiological responses of healthy volunteers to different types of music: cardiovascular, hormonal and mental changes. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 68:451–459PubMedCrossRef Möckel M, Röcker L, Störk T, Vollert J, Danne O, Eichstädt H, Müller R, Hochrein H (1994) Immediate physiological responses of healthy volunteers to different types of music: cardiovascular, hormonal and mental changes. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 68:451–459PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Morens DM, Grandinetti A, Reed D, White LR, Ross GW (1995) Cigarette smoking and protection from Parkinson’s disease: false association or etiologic clue? Neurology 45:1041–1051PubMedCrossRef Morens DM, Grandinetti A, Reed D, White LR, Ross GW (1995) Cigarette smoking and protection from Parkinson’s disease: false association or etiologic clue? Neurology 45:1041–1051PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Morgante L, Morgante F, Moro E, Epifanio A, Girlanda P, Ragonese P, Antonini A, Barone P, Bonuccelli U, Contarino MF, Capus L, Ceravolo MG, Marconi R, Ceravolo R, D’Amelio M, Savettieri G (2007) How many parkinsonian patients are suitable candidates for deep brain stimulation of subthalamic nucleus? results of a questionnaire. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 13:528–531PubMedCrossRef Morgante L, Morgante F, Moro E, Epifanio A, Girlanda P, Ragonese P, Antonini A, Barone P, Bonuccelli U, Contarino MF, Capus L, Ceravolo MG, Marconi R, Ceravolo R, D’Amelio M, Savettieri G (2007) How many parkinsonian patients are suitable candidates for deep brain stimulation of subthalamic nucleus? results of a questionnaire. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 13:528–531PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Moro C, Massri NE, Torres N, Ratel D, De Jaeger X, Chabrol C, Perraut F, Bourgerette A, Berger M, Purushothuman S, Johnstone D, Stone J, Mitrofanis J, Benabid AL (2014) Photobiomodulation inside the brain: a novel method of applying near-infrared light intracranially and its impact on dopaminergic cell survival in MPTP-treated mice. J Neurosurg 120:670–683PubMedCrossRef Moro C, Massri NE, Torres N, Ratel D, De Jaeger X, Chabrol C, Perraut F, Bourgerette A, Berger M, Purushothuman S, Johnstone D, Stone J, Mitrofanis J, Benabid AL (2014) Photobiomodulation inside the brain: a novel method of applying near-infrared light intracranially and its impact on dopaminergic cell survival in MPTP-treated mice. J Neurosurg 120:670–683PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Nirenberg MJ, Fahn S (2005) The role of levodopa and catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors. In: Schapira AHV, Olanow CW (eds) Principles of treatment in Parkinson’s disease. Butterworth-Heinemann Elsevier, Philadelphia, pp 3–24CrossRef Nirenberg MJ, Fahn S (2005) The role of levodopa and catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors. In: Schapira AHV, Olanow CW (eds) Principles of treatment in Parkinson’s disease. Butterworth-Heinemann Elsevier, Philadelphia, pp 3–24CrossRef

go back to reference Nithianantharajah J, Hannan AJ (2006) Enriched environments, experience-dependent plasticity and disorders of the nervous system. Nat Rev Neurosci 7:697–709PubMedCrossRef Nithianantharajah J, Hannan AJ (2006) Enriched environments, experience-dependent plasticity and disorders of the nervous system. Nat Rev Neurosci 7:697–709PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Nocera JR, Amano S, Vallabhajosula S, Hass CJ (2013) Tai Chi exercise to improve non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. J Yoga Phys Ther 3:137 Nocera JR, Amano S, Vallabhajosula S, Hass CJ (2013) Tai Chi exercise to improve non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. J Yoga Phys Ther 3:137

go back to reference Odekerken VJ, van Laar T, Staal MJ, Mosch A, Hoffmann CF, Nijssen PC, Beute GN, van Vugt JP, Lenders MW, Contarino MF, Mink MS, Bour LJ, van den Munckhof P, Schmand BA, de Haan RJ, Schuurman PR, de Bie RM (2013) Subthalamic nucleus versus globus pallidus bilateral deep brain stimulation for advanced Parkinson’s disease (NSTAPS study): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 12:37–44PubMedCrossRef Odekerken VJ, van Laar T, Staal MJ, Mosch A, Hoffmann CF, Nijssen PC, Beute GN, van Vugt JP, Lenders MW, Contarino MF, Mink MS, Bour LJ, van den Munckhof P, Schmand BA, de Haan RJ, Schuurman PR, de Bie RM (2013) Subthalamic nucleus versus globus pallidus bilateral deep brain stimulation for advanced Parkinson’s disease (NSTAPS study): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 12:37–44PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference O’Keeffe FE, Scott SA, Tyers P, O’Keeffe GW, Dalley JW, Zufferey R, Caldwell MA (2008) Induction of A9 dopaminergic neurons from neural stem cells improves motor function in an animal model of Parkinson’s disease. Brain 131:630–641PubMedCrossRef O’Keeffe FE, Scott SA, Tyers P, O’Keeffe GW, Dalley JW, Zufferey R, Caldwell MA (2008) Induction of A9 dopaminergic neurons from neural stem cells improves motor function in an animal model of Parkinson’s disease. Brain 131:630–641PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Okun MS (2012) Deep-brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med 367:1529–1538PubMedCrossRef Okun MS (2012) Deep-brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med 367:1529–1538PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Pacchetti C, Mancini F, Aglieri R, Fundarò C, Martignoni E, Nappi G (2000) Active music therapy in Parkinson’s disease: an integrative method for motor and emotional rehabilitation. Psychosom Med 62:386–393PubMedCrossRef Pacchetti C, Mancini F, Aglieri R, Fundarò C, Martignoni E, Nappi G (2000) Active music therapy in Parkinson’s disease: an integrative method for motor and emotional rehabilitation. Psychosom Med 62:386–393PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Palacios N, Gao X, O’Reilly E, Schwarzschild M, McCullough ML, Mayo T, Gapstur SM, Ascherio AA (2012) Alcohol and risk of Parkinson’s disease in a large, prospective cohort of men and women. Mov Disord 27:980–987PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Palacios N, Gao X, O’Reilly E, Schwarzschild M, McCullough ML, Mayo T, Gapstur SM, Ascherio AA (2012) Alcohol and risk of Parkinson’s disease in a large, prospective cohort of men and women. Mov Disord 27:980–987PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Palfi S, Gurruchaga JM, Ralph GS, Lepetit H, Lavisse S, Buttery PC, Watts C, Miskin J, Kelleher M, Deeley S, Iwamuro H, Lefaucheur JP, Thiriez C, Fenelon G, Lucas C, Brugières P, Gabriel I, Abhay K, Drouot X, Tani N, Kas A, Ghaleh B, Le Corvoisier P, Dolphin P, Breen DP, Mason S, Guzman NV, Mazarakis ND, Radcliffe PA, Harrop R, Kingsman SM, Rascol O, Naylor S, Barker RA, Hantraye P, Remy P, Cesaro P, Mitrophanous KA (2014) Long-term safety and tolerability of ProSavin, a lentiviral vector-based gene therapy for Parkinson’s disease: a dose escalation, open-label, phase 1/2 trial. Lancet 383:1138–1146PubMedCrossRef Palfi S, Gurruchaga JM, Ralph GS, Lepetit H, Lavisse S, Buttery PC, Watts C, Miskin J, Kelleher M, Deeley S, Iwamuro H, Lefaucheur JP, Thiriez C, Fenelon G, Lucas C, Brugières P, Gabriel I, Abhay K, Drouot X, Tani N, Kas A, Ghaleh B, Le Corvoisier P, Dolphin P, Breen DP, Mason S, Guzman NV, Mazarakis ND, Radcliffe PA, Harrop R, Kingsman SM, Rascol O, Naylor S, Barker RA, Hantraye P, Remy P, Cesaro P, Mitrophanous KA (2014) Long-term safety and tolerability of ProSavin, a lentiviral vector-based gene therapy for Parkinson’s disease: a dose escalation, open-label, phase 1/2 trial. Lancet 383:1138–1146PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Park HJ, Lim S, Joo WS, Yin CS, Lee HS, Lee HJ, Seo JC, Leem K, Son YS, Kim YJ, Kim CJ, Kim YS, Chung JH (2003) Acupuncture prevents 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neuronal death in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system in the rat Parkinson’s disease model. Exp Neurol 180:93–98PubMedCrossRef Park HJ, Lim S, Joo WS, Yin CS, Lee HS, Lee HJ, Seo JC, Leem K, Son YS, Kim YJ, Kim CJ, Kim YS, Chung JH (2003) Acupuncture prevents 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neuronal death in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system in the rat Parkinson’s disease model. Exp Neurol 180:93–98PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Park JY, Choi H, Baek S, Jang J, Lee A, Jeon S, Kim J, Park HJ (2015) p53 signalling mediates acupuncture-induced neuroprotection in Parkinson’s disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 460:772–779PubMedCrossRef Park JY, Choi H, Baek S, Jang J, Lee A, Jeon S, Kim J, Park HJ (2015) p53 signalling mediates acupuncture-induced neuroprotection in Parkinson’s disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 460:772–779PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Pascual-Leone A, Valls-Solé J, Wassermann EM, Hallett M (1994a) Responses to rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human motor cortex. Brain 117:847–858PubMedCrossRef Pascual-Leone A, Valls-Solé J, Wassermann EM, Hallett M (1994a) Responses to rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human motor cortex. Brain 117:847–858PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Pascual-Leone A, Valls-Solé J, Brasil-Neto JP, Cammarota A, Grafman J, Hallett M (1994b) Akinesia in Parkinson’s disease, II: effects of subthreshold repetitive transcranial motor cortex stimulation. Neurology 4:892–898CrossRef Pascual-Leone A, Valls-Solé J, Brasil-Neto JP, Cammarota A, Grafman J, Hallett M (1994b) Akinesia in Parkinson’s disease, II: effects of subthreshold repetitive transcranial motor cortex stimulation. Neurology 4:892–898CrossRef

go back to reference Paterson C, Allen JA, Browning M, Barlow G, Ewings P (2005) A pilot study of therapeutic massage for people with Parkinson’s disease: the added value of user involvement. Complement Ther Clin Pract 11:161–171PubMedCrossRef Paterson C, Allen JA, Browning M, Barlow G, Ewings P (2005) A pilot study of therapeutic massage for people with Parkinson’s disease: the added value of user involvement. Complement Ther Clin Pract 11:161–171PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Perlmutter JS, Mink JW (2006) Deep brain stimulation. Annu Rev Neurosci 29:229–257PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Perlmutter JS, Mink JW (2006) Deep brain stimulation. Annu Rev Neurosci 29:229–257PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Petzer JP, Petzer A (2015) Caffeine as a lead compound for the design of therapeutic agents for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Curr Med Chem 22:975–988PubMedCrossRef Petzer JP, Petzer A (2015) Caffeine as a lead compound for the design of therapeutic agents for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Curr Med Chem 22:975–988PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Pickut B, Van Hecke W, Kerckhofs E, Mariën P, Vanneste S, Cras P, Parizel PM (2013) Mindfulness based intervention in Parkinson’s disease leads to structural brain changes on MRI: a randomized controlled longitudinal trial. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 115:2419–2425PubMedCrossRef Pickut B, Van Hecke W, Kerckhofs E, Mariën P, Vanneste S, Cras P, Parizel PM (2013) Mindfulness based intervention in Parkinson’s disease leads to structural brain changes on MRI: a randomized controlled longitudinal trial. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 115:2419–2425PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Pickut B, Vanneste S, Hirsch MA, Van Hecke W, Kerckhofs E, Mariën P, Parizel PM, Crosiers D, Cras P (2015) Mindfulness training among individuals with Parkinson’s disease: neurobehavioral effects. Parkinsons Dis 2015:816404PubMedPubMedCentral Pickut B, Vanneste S, Hirsch MA, Van Hecke W, Kerckhofs E, Mariën P, Parizel PM, Crosiers D, Cras P (2015) Mindfulness training among individuals with Parkinson’s disease: neurobehavioral effects. Parkinsons Dis 2015:816404PubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Pienaar IS, Lee CH, Elson JL, McGuinness L, Gentleman SM, Kalaria RN, Dexter DT (2015) Deep-brain stimulation associates with improved microvascular integrity in the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson’s disease. Neurobiol Dis 74:392–405PubMedCrossRef Pienaar IS, Lee CH, Elson JL, McGuinness L, Gentleman SM, Kalaria RN, Dexter DT (2015) Deep-brain stimulation associates with improved microvascular integrity in the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson’s disease. Neurobiol Dis 74:392–405PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Poewe W (2009) Treatments for Parkinson disease—past achievements and current clinical needs. Neurology 72:S65–S73PubMedCrossRef Poewe W (2009) Treatments for Parkinson disease—past achievements and current clinical needs. Neurology 72:S65–S73PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Polito L, Greco A, Seripa D (2016) Genetic profile, environmental exposure, and their Interaction in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsons Dis 2016:6465793PubMedPubMedCentral Polito L, Greco A, Seripa D (2016) Genetic profile, environmental exposure, and their Interaction in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsons Dis 2016:6465793PubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Rabey JM, Vered Y, Shabtai H, Graff E, Korczyn AD (1992) Improvement of parkinsonian features correlate with high plasma levodopa values after broad bean (Vicia faba) consumption. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 55:725–727PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Rabey JM, Vered Y, Shabtai H, Graff E, Korczyn AD (1992) Improvement of parkinsonian features correlate with high plasma levodopa values after broad bean (Vicia faba) consumption. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 55:725–727PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Rajendran PR, Thompson RE, Reich SG (2001) The use of alternative therapies by patients with Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 57:790–794PubMedCrossRef Rajendran PR, Thompson RE, Reich SG (2001) The use of alternative therapies by patients with Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 57:790–794PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Reinhart F, Massri NE, Chabrol C, Cretallaz C, Johnstone DM, Torres N, Darlot F, Costecalde T, Stone J, Mitrofanis J, Benabid AL, Moro C (2015a) Intracranial application of near-infrared light in a hemi-parkinsonian rat model: the impact on behavior and cell survival. J Neurosurg 2015:1–13 Reinhart F, Massri NE, Chabrol C, Cretallaz C, Johnstone DM, Torres N, Darlot F, Costecalde T, Stone J, Mitrofanis J, Benabid AL, Moro C (2015a) Intracranial application of near-infrared light in a hemi-parkinsonian rat model: the impact on behavior and cell survival. J Neurosurg 2015:1–13

go back to reference Reinhart F, Massri NE, Darlot F, Torres N, Johnstone DM, Chabrol C, Costecalde T, Stone J, Mitrofanis J, Benabid AL, Moro C (2015b) 810 nm near-infrared light offers neuroprotection and improves locomotor activity in MPTP-treated mice. Neurosci Res 92:86–90PubMedCrossRef Reinhart F, Massri NE, Darlot F, Torres N, Johnstone DM, Chabrol C, Costecalde T, Stone J, Mitrofanis J, Benabid AL, Moro C (2015b) 810 nm near-infrared light offers neuroprotection and improves locomotor activity in MPTP-treated mice. Neurosci Res 92:86–90PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Ren XM (2008) Fifty cases of Parkinson’s disease treated by acupuncture combined with madopar. J Tradit Chin Med 28:255–257PubMedCrossRef Ren XM (2008) Fifty cases of Parkinson’s disease treated by acupuncture combined with madopar. J Tradit Chin Med 28:255–257PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Rizzone MG, Fasano A, Daniele A, Zibetti M, Merola A, Rizzi L, Piano C, Piccininni C, Romito LM, Lopiano L, Albanese A (2014) Long-term outcome of subthalamic nucleus DBS in Parkinson’s disease: from the advanced phase towards the late stage of the disease? Parkinsonism Relat Disord 20:376–381PubMedCrossRef Rizzone MG, Fasano A, Daniele A, Zibetti M, Merola A, Rizzi L, Piano C, Piccininni C, Romito LM, Lopiano L, Albanese A (2014) Long-term outcome of subthalamic nucleus DBS in Parkinson’s disease: from the advanced phase towards the late stage of the disease? Parkinsonism Relat Disord 20:376–381PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Rojas P, Montes P, Rojas C, Serrano-García N, Rojas-Castañeda JC (2012a) Effect of a phytopharmaceutical medicine, Ginko biloba extract 761, in an animal model of Parkinson’s disease: therapeutic perspectives. Nutrition 28:1081–1088PubMedCrossRef Rojas P, Montes P, Rojas C, Serrano-García N, Rojas-Castañeda JC (2012a) Effect of a phytopharmaceutical medicine, Ginko biloba extract 761, in an animal model of Parkinson’s disease: therapeutic perspectives. Nutrition 28:1081–1088PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Rojas P, Ruiz-Sánchez E, Rojas C, Ogren SO (2012b) Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) modulates the expression of dopamine-related genes in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced Parkinsonism in mice. Neuroscience 223:246–257PubMedCrossRef Rojas P, Ruiz-Sánchez E, Rojas C, Ogren SO (2012b) Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) modulates the expression of dopamine-related genes in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced Parkinsonism in mice. Neuroscience 223:246–257PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Roper JA, Kang N, Ben J, Cauraugh JH, Okun MS, Hass CJ (2016) Deep brain stimulation improves gait velocity in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol 263:1195–1203PubMedCrossRef Roper JA, Kang N, Ben J, Cauraugh JH, Okun MS, Hass CJ (2016) Deep brain stimulation improves gait velocity in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol 263:1195–1203PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Rui G, Guangjian Z, Yong W, Jie F, Yanchao C, Xi J, Fen L (2013) High frequency electro-acupuncture enhances striatum DAT and D1 receptor expression, but decreases D2 receptor level in 6-OHDA lesioned rats. Behav Brain Res 237:263–269PubMedCrossRef Rui G, Guangjian Z, Yong W, Jie F, Yanchao C, Xi J, Fen L (2013) High frequency electro-acupuncture enhances striatum DAT and D1 receptor expression, but decreases D2 receptor level in 6-OHDA lesioned rats. Behav Brain Res 237:263–269PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Sáez-Zea C, Escamilla-Sevilla F, Katati MJ, Mínguez-Castellanos A (2012) Cognitive effects of subthalamic nucleus stimulation in Parkinson’s disease: a controlled study. Eur Neurol 68:361–366PubMedCrossRef Sáez-Zea C, Escamilla-Sevilla F, Katati MJ, Mínguez-Castellanos A (2012) Cognitive effects of subthalamic nucleus stimulation in Parkinson’s disease: a controlled study. Eur Neurol 68:361–366PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Sasco AJ, Paffenbarger RS (1990) Smoking and Parkinson’s disease. Epidemiology 1:460–465PubMedCrossRef Sasco AJ, Paffenbarger RS (1990) Smoking and Parkinson’s disease. Epidemiology 1:460–465PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Scandalis TA, Bosak A, Berliner JC, Helman LL, Wells MR (2001) Resistance training and gait function in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 80:38–43PubMedCrossRef Scandalis TA, Bosak A, Berliner JC, Helman LL, Wells MR (2001) Resistance training and gait function in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 80:38–43PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Schapira AHV, Olanow CW (2005) The medical management of Parkinson’s disease. In: Schapira AHV, Olanow CW (eds) Principles of treatment in Parkinson’s disease. Butterworth-Heinemann Elsevier, Philadelphia, pp 119–143CrossRef Schapira AHV, Olanow CW (2005) The medical management of Parkinson’s disease. In: Schapira AHV, Olanow CW (eds) Principles of treatment in Parkinson’s disease. Butterworth-Heinemann Elsevier, Philadelphia, pp 119–143CrossRef

go back to reference Schmitz-Hübsch T, Pyfer D, Kielwein K, Fimmers R, Klockgether T, Wüllner U (2006) Qigong exercise for the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease: a randomized, controlled pilot study. Mov Disord 21:543–548PubMedCrossRef Schmitz-Hübsch T, Pyfer D, Kielwein K, Fimmers R, Klockgether T, Wüllner U (2006) Qigong exercise for the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease: a randomized, controlled pilot study. Mov Disord 21:543–548PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Sconce MD, Churchill MJ, Greene RE, Meshul CK (2015) Intervention with exercise restores motor deficits but not nigrostriatal loss in a progressive MPTP mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. Neuroscience 299:156–174PubMedCrossRef Sconce MD, Churchill MJ, Greene RE, Meshul CK (2015) Intervention with exercise restores motor deficits but not nigrostriatal loss in a progressive MPTP mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. Neuroscience 299:156–174PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Sharma NK, Robbins K, Wagner K, Colgrove YM (2015) A randomized controlled pilot study of the therapeutic effects of yoga in people with Parkinson’s disease. Int J Yoga 8:74–79PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Sharma NK, Robbins K, Wagner K, Colgrove YM (2015) A randomized controlled pilot study of the therapeutic effects of yoga in people with Parkinson’s disease. Int J Yoga 8:74–79PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Sharp K, Hewitt J (2014) Dance as an intervention for people with Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 47:445–456PubMedCrossRef Sharp K, Hewitt J (2014) Dance as an intervention for people with Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 47:445–456PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Shaw VE, Keay KA, Ashkan K, Benabid AL, Mitrofanis J (2010) Dopaminergic cells in the periaqueductal grey matter of MPTP-treated monkeys and mice; patterns of survival and effect of deep brain stimulation and lesion of the subthalamic nucleus. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 16:338–344PubMedCrossRef Shaw VE, Keay KA, Ashkan K, Benabid AL, Mitrofanis J (2010) Dopaminergic cells in the periaqueductal grey matter of MPTP-treated monkeys and mice; patterns of survival and effect of deep brain stimulation and lesion of the subthalamic nucleus. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 16:338–344PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Shen YF, Tang Y, Zhang XJ, Huang KX, Le WD (2013) Adaptive changes in autophagy after UPS impairment in Parkinson’s disease. Acta Pharmacol Sin 34:667–673PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Shen YF, Tang Y, Zhang XJ, Huang KX, Le WD (2013) Adaptive changes in autophagy after UPS impairment in Parkinson’s disease. Acta Pharmacol Sin 34:667–673PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Shirota Y, Hamada M, Ugawa Y (2016) Clinical applications of rTMS in Parkinson’s disease. In: Platz T (ed) Therapeutic rTMS in neurology: principles, evidence, and practice recommendations. Springer, Berlin, pp 129–145CrossRef Shirota Y, Hamada M, Ugawa Y (2016) Clinical applications of rTMS in Parkinson’s disease. In: Platz T (ed) Therapeutic rTMS in neurology: principles, evidence, and practice recommendations. Springer, Berlin, pp 129–145CrossRef

go back to reference Shulman LM, Katzel LI, Ivey FM, Sorkin JD, Favors K, Anderson KE, Smith BA, Reich SG, Weiner WJ, Macko RF (2013) Randomized clinical trial of 3 types of physical exercise for patients with Parkinson disease. JAMA Neurol 70:183–190PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Shulman LM, Katzel LI, Ivey FM, Sorkin JD, Favors K, Anderson KE, Smith BA, Reich SG, Weiner WJ, Macko RF (2013) Randomized clinical trial of 3 types of physical exercise for patients with Parkinson disease. JAMA Neurol 70:183–190PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Shults CW, Haas RH, Passov D, Beal MF (1997) Coenzyme Q10 levels correlate with the activities of complexes I and II/III in mitochondria from parkinsonian and nonparkinsonian subjects. Ann Neurol 42:261–264PubMedCrossRef Shults CW, Haas RH, Passov D, Beal MF (1997) Coenzyme Q10 levels correlate with the activities of complexes I and II/III in mitochondria from parkinsonian and nonparkinsonian subjects. Ann Neurol 42:261–264PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Soligo M, Nori SL, Protto V, Florenzano F, Manni L (2013) Acupuncture and neurotrophin modulation. Int Rev Neurobiol 111:91–124PubMedCrossRef Soligo M, Nori SL, Protto V, Florenzano F, Manni L (2013) Acupuncture and neurotrophin modulation. Int Rev Neurobiol 111:91–124PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Speelman AD, van de Warrenburg BP, van Nimwegen M, Petzinger GM, Munneke M, Bloem BR (2011) How might physical activity benefit patients with Parkinson disease? Nat Rev Neurol 7:528–534PubMedCrossRef Speelman AD, van de Warrenburg BP, van Nimwegen M, Petzinger GM, Munneke M, Bloem BR (2011) How might physical activity benefit patients with Parkinson disease? Nat Rev Neurol 7:528–534PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Spieles-Engemann AL, Steece-Collier K, Behbehani MM, Collier TJ, Wohlgenant SL, Kemp CJ, Cole-Strauss A, Levine ND, Gombash SE, Thompson VB, Lipton JW, Sortwell CE (2011) Subthalamic nucleus stimulation increases brain derived neurotrophic factor in the nigrostriatal system and primary motor cortex. J Parkinsons Dis 1:123–136PubMedPubMedCentral Spieles-Engemann AL, Steece-Collier K, Behbehani MM, Collier TJ, Wohlgenant SL, Kemp CJ, Cole-Strauss A, Levine ND, Gombash SE, Thompson VB, Lipton JW, Sortwell CE (2011) Subthalamic nucleus stimulation increases brain derived neurotrophic factor in the nigrostriatal system and primary motor cortex. J Parkinsons Dis 1:123–136PubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Stallibrass C, Sissons P, Chalmers C (2002) Randomized controlled trial of the Alexander technique for idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Clin Rehabil 16:695–708PubMedCrossRef Stallibrass C, Sissons P, Chalmers C (2002) Randomized controlled trial of the Alexander technique for idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Clin Rehabil 16:695–708PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Steiner B, Winter C, Hosman K, Siebert E, Kempermann G, Petrus DS, Kupsch A (2006) Enriched environment induces cellular plasticity in the adult substantia nigra and improves motor behavior function in the 6-OHDA rat model of Parkinson’s disease. Exp Neurol 199:291–300PubMedCrossRef Steiner B, Winter C, Hosman K, Siebert E, Kempermann G, Petrus DS, Kupsch A (2006) Enriched environment induces cellular plasticity in the adult substantia nigra and improves motor behavior function in the 6-OHDA rat model of Parkinson’s disease. Exp Neurol 199:291–300PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Strafella AP, Paus T, Barrett J, Dagher A (2001) Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human prefrontal cortex induces dopamine release in the caudate nucleus. J Neurosci 21:RC 157 Strafella AP, Paus T, Barrett J, Dagher A (2001) Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human prefrontal cortex induces dopamine release in the caudate nucleus. J Neurosci 21:RC 157

go back to reference Sullivan AM, O’Keeffe GW (2016) Neurotrophic factor therapy for Parkinson’s disease: past, present and future. Neural Regen Res 11:205–207PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Sullivan AM, O’Keeffe GW (2016) Neurotrophic factor therapy for Parkinson’s disease: past, present and future. Neural Regen Res 11:205–207PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Sullivan AM, Toulouse A (2011) Neurotrophic factors for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 22:157–165PubMedCrossRef Sullivan AM, Toulouse A (2011) Neurotrophic factors for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 22:157–165PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Svensson M, Lexell J, Deierborg T (2015) Effects of physical exercise on neuroinflammation, neuroplasticity, neurodegeneration, and behavior: what we can learn from animal models in clinical settings. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 29:577–589PubMedCrossRef Svensson M, Lexell J, Deierborg T (2015) Effects of physical exercise on neuroinflammation, neuroplasticity, neurodegeneration, and behavior: what we can learn from animal models in clinical settings. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 29:577–589PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Tan EK, Tan C, Fook-Chong SMC, Lum SY, Chai A, Chung H, Shen H, Zhao Y, Teoh ML, Yih Y, Pavanni R, Chandran VR, Wong MC (2003) Dose-dependent protective effect of coffee, tea, and smoking in Parkinson’s disease: a study in ethnic Chinese. J Neurol Sci 216:163–167PubMedCrossRef Tan EK, Tan C, Fook-Chong SMC, Lum SY, Chai A, Chung H, Shen H, Zhao Y, Teoh ML, Yih Y, Pavanni R, Chandran VR, Wong MC (2003) Dose-dependent protective effect of coffee, tea, and smoking in Parkinson’s disease: a study in ethnic Chinese. J Neurol Sci 216:163–167PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Tan LC, Koh W-P, Yuan J-M, Wang R, Au W-L, Tan JH, Tan E-K, Yu MC (2008) Differential effects of black versus green tea on risk of Parkinson’s disease in the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Am J Epidemiol 167:553–560PubMedCrossRef Tan LC, Koh W-P, Yuan J-M, Wang R, Au W-L, Tan JH, Tan E-K, Yu MC (2008) Differential effects of black versus green tea on risk of Parkinson’s disease in the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Am J Epidemiol 167:553–560PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Tang Y, Li T, Li J, Yang J, Liu H, Zhang XJ, Le W (2014) Jmjd3 is essential for the epigenetic modulation of microglia phenotypes in the immune pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. Cell Death Differ 21:369–380PubMedCrossRef Tang Y, Li T, Li J, Yang J, Liu H, Zhang XJ, Le W (2014) Jmjd3 is essential for the epigenetic modulation of microglia phenotypes in the immune pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. Cell Death Differ 21:369–380PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Tarsy D (2012) Treatment of Parkinson disease: a 64-year-old man with motor complications of advanced Parkinson disease. JAMA 307:2305–2314PubMedCrossRef Tarsy D (2012) Treatment of Parkinson disease: a 64-year-old man with motor complications of advanced Parkinson disease. JAMA 307:2305–2314PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Tomlinson CL, Patel S, Meek C, Herd CP, Clarke CE, Stowe R, Shah L, Sackley CM, Deane KH, Wheatley K, Ives N (2013) Physiotherapy versus placebo or no intervention in Parkinson’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 9:CD002817PubMed Tomlinson CL, Patel S, Meek C, Herd CP, Clarke CE, Stowe R, Shah L, Sackley CM, Deane KH, Wheatley K, Ives N (2013) Physiotherapy versus placebo or no intervention in Parkinson’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 9:CD002817PubMed

go back to reference Tomlinson CL, Herd CP, Clarke CE, Meek C, Patel S, Stowe R, Deane KH, Shah L, Sackley CM, Wheatley K, Ives N (2014) Physiotherapy for Parkinson’s disease: a comparison of techniques. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 6:CD002815PubMed Tomlinson CL, Herd CP, Clarke CE, Meek C, Patel S, Stowe R, Deane KH, Shah L, Sackley CM, Wheatley K, Ives N (2014) Physiotherapy for Parkinson’s disease: a comparison of techniques. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 6:CD002815PubMed

go back to reference Toosizadeh N, Lei H, Schwenk M, Sherman SJ, Sternberg E, Mohler J, Najafi B (2015) Does integrative medicine enhance balance in aging adults? Proof of concept for the benefit of electroacupuncture therapy in Parkinson’s disease. Gerontology 61:3–14PubMedCrossRef Toosizadeh N, Lei H, Schwenk M, Sherman SJ, Sternberg E, Mohler J, Najafi B (2015) Does integrative medicine enhance balance in aging adults? Proof of concept for the benefit of electroacupuncture therapy in Parkinson’s disease. Gerontology 61:3–14PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Törnhage CJ, Skogar Ö, Borg A, Larsson B, Robertsson L, Andersson L, Andersson L, Backström P, Fall PA, Hallgren G, Bringer B, Carlsson M, Lennartsson UB, Sandbjörk H, Lökk J (2013) Short- and long-term effects of tactile massage on salivary cortisol concentrations in Parkinson’s disease: a randomised controlled pilot study. BMC Complement Alternat Med 13:357CrossRef Törnhage CJ, Skogar Ö, Borg A, Larsson B, Robertsson L, Andersson L, Andersson L, Backström P, Fall PA, Hallgren G, Bringer B, Carlsson M, Lennartsson UB, Sandbjörk H, Lökk J (2013) Short- and long-term effects of tactile massage on salivary cortisol concentrations in Parkinson’s disease: a randomised controlled pilot study. BMC Complement Alternat Med 13:357CrossRef

go back to reference Trevitt J, Kawa K, Jalali A, Larsen C (2009) Differential effects of adenosine antagonists in two models of parkinsonian tremor. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 94:24–29PubMedCrossRef Trevitt J, Kawa K, Jalali A, Larsen C (2009) Differential effects of adenosine antagonists in two models of parkinsonian tremor. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 94:24–29PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Tsang WW (2013) Tai Chi training is effective in reducing balance impairments and falls in patients with Parkinson’s disease. J Physiother 59:55PubMedCrossRef Tsang WW (2013) Tai Chi training is effective in reducing balance impairments and falls in patients with Parkinson’s disease. J Physiother 59:55PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Tuon T, Souza PS, Santos MF, Pereira FT, Pedroso GS, Luciano TF, De Souza CT, Dutra RC, Silveira PC, Pinho RA (2015) Physical training regulates mitochondrial parameters and neuroinflammatory mechanisms in an experimental model of Parkinson’s disease. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2015:261809PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Tuon T, Souza PS, Santos MF, Pereira FT, Pedroso GS, Luciano TF, De Souza CT, Dutra RC, Silveira PC, Pinho RA (2015) Physical training regulates mitochondrial parameters and neuroinflammatory mechanisms in an experimental model of Parkinson’s disease. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2015:261809PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Uc EY, Doerschug KC, Magnotta V, Dawson JD, Thomsen TR, Kline JN, Rizzo M, Newman SR, Mehta S, Grabowski TJ, Bruss J, Blanchette DR, Anderson SW, Voss MW, Kramer AF, Darling WG (2014) Phase I/II randomized trial of aerobic exercise in Parkinson disease in a community setting. Neurology 83:413–425PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Uc EY, Doerschug KC, Magnotta V, Dawson JD, Thomsen TR, Kline JN, Rizzo M, Newman SR, Mehta S, Grabowski TJ, Bruss J, Blanchette DR, Anderson SW, Voss MW, Kramer AF, Darling WG (2014) Phase I/II randomized trial of aerobic exercise in Parkinson disease in a community setting. Neurology 83:413–425PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Uhrbrand A, Stenager E, Pedersen MS, Dalgas U (2015) Parkinson’s disease and intensive exercise therapy—a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Neurol Sci 353:9–19PubMedCrossRef Uhrbrand A, Stenager E, Pedersen MS, Dalgas U (2015) Parkinson’s disease and intensive exercise therapy—a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Neurol Sci 353:9–19PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference van der Kolk NM, King LA (2013) Effects of exercise on mobility in people with Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 28:1587–1596PubMedCrossRef van der Kolk NM, King LA (2013) Effects of exercise on mobility in people with Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 28:1587–1596PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Venkataramana NK, Kumar SK, Balaraju S, Radhakrishnan RC, Bansal A, Dixit A, Rao DK, Das M, Jan M, Gupta PK, Totey SM (2010) Open-labeled study of unilateral autologous bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in Parkinson’s disease. Transl Res 155:62–70PubMedCrossRef Venkataramana NK, Kumar SK, Balaraju S, Radhakrishnan RC, Bansal A, Dixit A, Rao DK, Das M, Jan M, Gupta PK, Totey SM (2010) Open-labeled study of unilateral autologous bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in Parkinson’s disease. Transl Res 155:62–70PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Verstraeten A, Theuns J, Van Broeckhoven C (2015) Progress in unraveling the genetic etiology of Parkinson disease in a genomic era. Trends Genet 31:140–149PubMedCrossRef Verstraeten A, Theuns J, Van Broeckhoven C (2015) Progress in unraveling the genetic etiology of Parkinson disease in a genomic era. Trends Genet 31:140–149PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Vivar C, Peterson BD, van Praag H (2016) Running rewires the neuronal network of adult-born dentate granule cells. Neuroimage 131:29–41PubMedCrossRef Vivar C, Peterson BD, van Praag H (2016) Running rewires the neuronal network of adult-born dentate granule cells. Neuroimage 131:29–41PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Vonloh M, Chen R, Kluger B (2013) Safety of transcranial magnetic stimulation in Parkinson’s disease: a review of the literature. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 19:573–585PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Vonloh M, Chen R, Kluger B (2013) Safety of transcranial magnetic stimulation in Parkinson’s disease: a review of the literature. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 19:573–585PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Wallace BA, Ashkan K, Heise CE, Foote KD, Torres N, Mitrofanis J, Benabid AL (2007) Survival of midbrain dopaminergic cells after lesion or deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in MPTP-treated monkeys. Brain 130:2129–2145PubMedCrossRef Wallace BA, Ashkan K, Heise CE, Foote KD, Torres N, Mitrofanis J, Benabid AL (2007) Survival of midbrain dopaminergic cells after lesion or deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in MPTP-treated monkeys. Brain 130:2129–2145PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Wang J, Xu HM, Yang HD, Du XX, Jiang H, Xie JX (2009) Rg1 reduces nigral iron levels of MPTP-treated C57BL6 mice by regulating certain iron transport proteins. Neurochem Int 54:43–48PubMedCrossRef Wang J, Xu HM, Yang HD, Du XX, Jiang H, Xie JX (2009) Rg1 reduces nigral iron levels of MPTP-treated C57BL6 mice by regulating certain iron transport proteins. Neurochem Int 54:43–48PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Wang HM, Yang MH, Liu Y, Li SD, Li M (2014) Effectiveness of Bushen Huoxue Granule on 5-serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain of Parkinson’s disease patients with depressive state. Chin J Integr Med 20:944–948PubMedCrossRef Wang HM, Yang MH, Liu Y, Li SD, Li M (2014) Effectiveness of Bushen Huoxue Granule on 5-serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain of Parkinson’s disease patients with depressive state. Chin J Integr Med 20:944–948PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Wang L, Evatt ML, Maldonado LG, Perry WR, Ritchie JC, Beecham GW, Martin ER, Haines JL, Pericak-Vance MA, Vance JM, Scott WK (2015) Vitamin D from different sources is inversely associated with Parkinson disease. Mov Disord 30:560–566PubMedCrossRef Wang L, Evatt ML, Maldonado LG, Perry WR, Ritchie JC, Beecham GW, Martin ER, Haines JL, Pericak-Vance MA, Vance JM, Scott WK (2015) Vitamin D from different sources is inversely associated with Parkinson disease. Mov Disord 30:560–566PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Warner TT, Schapira AH (2003) Genetic and environmental factors in the cause of Parkinson’s disease. Ann Neurol 53(Suppl 3):S16–S25PubMedCrossRef Warner TT, Schapira AH (2003) Genetic and environmental factors in the cause of Parkinson’s disease. Ann Neurol 53(Suppl 3):S16–S25PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Weaver FM, Follett KA, Stern M, Luo P, Harris CL, Hur K, Marks WJ Jr, Rothlind J, Sagher O, Moy C, Pahwa R, Burchiel K, Hogarth P, Lai EC, Duda JE, Holloway K, Samii A, Horn S, Bronstein JM, Stoner G, Starr PA, Simpson R, Baltuch G, De Salles A, Huang GD, Reda DJ, CSP 468 Study Group (2012) Randomized trial of deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease: thirty-six-month outcomes. Neurology 79:55–65PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Weaver FM, Follett KA, Stern M, Luo P, Harris CL, Hur K, Marks WJ Jr, Rothlind J, Sagher O, Moy C, Pahwa R, Burchiel K, Hogarth P, Lai EC, Duda JE, Holloway K, Samii A, Horn S, Bronstein JM, Stoner G, Starr PA, Simpson R, Baltuch G, De Salles A, Huang GD, Reda DJ, CSP 468 Study Group (2012) Randomized trial of deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease: thirty-six-month outcomes. Neurology 79:55–65PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Wu SY, Wang TF, Yu L, Jen CJ, Chuang JI, Wu FS, Wu CW, Kuo YM (2011) Running exercise protects the substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons against inflammation-induced degeneration via the activation of BDNF signaling pathway. Brain Behav Immun 25:135–146PubMedCrossRef Wu SY, Wang TF, Yu L, Jen CJ, Chuang JI, Wu FS, Wu CW, Kuo YM (2011) Running exercise protects the substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons against inflammation-induced degeneration via the activation of BDNF signaling pathway. Brain Behav Immun 25:135–146PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Xie T, Vigil J, MacCracken E, Gasparaitis A, Young J, Kang W, Bernard J, Warnke P, Kang UJ (2015) Low-frequency stimulation of STN-DBS reduces aspiration and freezing of gait in patients with PD. Neurology 84:415–420PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Xie T, Vigil J, MacCracken E, Gasparaitis A, Young J, Kang W, Bernard J, Warnke P, Kang UJ (2015) Low-frequency stimulation of STN-DBS reduces aspiration and freezing of gait in patients with PD. Neurology 84:415–420PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Xu Z, Chen S, Li X, Luo G, Li L, Le W (2006) Neuroprotective effects of (–)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate in a transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurochem Res 31:1263–1269PubMedCrossRef Xu Z, Chen S, Li X, Luo G, Li L, Le W (2006) Neuroprotective effects of (–)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate in a transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurochem Res 31:1263–1269PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Yadav SK, Prakash J, Chouhan S, Singh SP (2013) Mucuna pruriens seed extract reduces oxidative stress in nigrostriatal tissue and improves neurobehavioral activity in paraquat-induced Parkinsonian mouse model. Neurochem Int 62:1039–1047PubMedCrossRef Yadav SK, Prakash J, Chouhan S, Singh SP (2013) Mucuna pruriens seed extract reduces oxidative stress in nigrostriatal tissue and improves neurobehavioral activity in paraquat-induced Parkinsonian mouse model. Neurochem Int 62:1039–1047PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Yamashita T, Abe K (2014) Direct reprogrammed neuronal cells as a novel resource for cell transplantation therapy. Cell Transplant 23:435–439PubMedCrossRef Yamashita T, Abe K (2014) Direct reprogrammed neuronal cells as a novel resource for cell transplantation therapy. Cell Transplant 23:435–439PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Yang DH, Shi Y, Jia YM (2006) Influence of acupuncture plus drug in the amelioration of symptoms and blood antioxidant system of patients with Parkinson’s disease. Chin J Chin Rehabil 10:14–16 Yang DH, Shi Y, Jia YM (2006) Influence of acupuncture plus drug in the amelioration of symptoms and blood antioxidant system of patients with Parkinson’s disease. Chin J Chin Rehabil 10:14–16

go back to reference Yang Y, Li XY, Gong L, Zhu YL, Hao YL (2014) Tai Chi for improvement of motor function, balance and gait in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 9:e102942PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Yang Y, Li XY, Gong L, Zhu YL, Hao YL (2014) Tai Chi for improvement of motor function, balance and gait in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 9:e102942PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Yoshitake T, Yoshitake S, Kehr J (2010) The Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761(R) and its main constituent flavonoids and ginkgolides increase extracellular dopamine levels in the rat prefrontal cortex. Br J Pharmacol 159:659–668PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Yoshitake T, Yoshitake S, Kehr J (2010) The Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761(R) and its main constituent flavonoids and ginkgolides increase extracellular dopamine levels in the rat prefrontal cortex. Br J Pharmacol 159:659–668PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Zanjani A, Zakzanis KK, Daskalakis ZJ, Chen R (2015) Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the primary motor cortex in the treatment of motor signs in Parkinson’s disease: a quantitative review of the literature. Mov Disord 30:750–758PubMedCrossRef Zanjani A, Zakzanis KK, Daskalakis ZJ, Chen R (2015) Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the primary motor cortex in the treatment of motor signs in Parkinson’s disease: a quantitative review of the literature. Mov Disord 30:750–758PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Zeng BY, Zhao K (2016) Effect of acupuncture on the motor and nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease—a review of clinical studies. CNS Neurosci Ther 22:333–341PubMedCrossRef Zeng BY, Zhao K (2016) Effect of acupuncture on the motor and nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease—a review of clinical studies. CNS Neurosci Ther 22:333–341PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Zhang F, Shi JS, Zhou H, Wilson B, Hong JS, Gao HM (2010) Resveratrol protects dopamine neurons against lipopolysaccharide-induced neurotoxicity through its anti-inflammatory actions. Mol Pharmacol 78:466–477PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Zhang F, Shi JS, Zhou H, Wilson B, Hong JS, Gao HM (2010) Resveratrol protects dopamine neurons against lipopolysaccharide-induced neurotoxicity through its anti-inflammatory actions. Mol Pharmacol 78:466–477PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Zhang D, Jiang H, Xie J (2014) Alcohol intake and risk of Parkinson’s disease: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Mov Disord 29:819–822PubMedCrossRef Zhang D, Jiang H, Xie J (2014) Alcohol intake and risk of Parkinson’s disease: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Mov Disord 29:819–822PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Zhao G, Guo K, Dan J (2003) 36 case analysis of Parkinson’s disease treated by endonasal low energy He-Ne laser. Acta Acad Med Qingdao Univ 39:398 Zhao G, Guo K, Dan J (2003) 36 case analysis of Parkinson’s disease treated by endonasal low energy He-Ne laser. Acta Acad Med Qingdao Univ 39:398

go back to reference Zhou T, Zu G, Zhang X, Wang X, Li S, Gong X, Liang Z, Zhao J (2016) Neuroprotective effects of ginsenoside Rg1 through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in both in vivo and in vitro models of Parkinson’s disease. Neuropharmacology 101:480–489PubMedCrossRef Zhou T, Zu G, Zhang X, Wang X, Li S, Gong X, Liang Z, Zhao J (2016) Neuroprotective effects of ginsenoside Rg1 through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in both in vivo and in vitro models of Parkinson’s disease. Neuropharmacology 101:480–489PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Zhu J, Apparsundaram S, Bardo MT, Dwoskin LP (2005) Environmental enrichment decreases cell surface expression of the dopamine transporter in rat medial prefrontal cortex. J Neurochem 93:1434–1443PubMedCrossRef Zhu J, Apparsundaram S, Bardo MT, Dwoskin LP (2005) Environmental enrichment decreases cell surface expression of the dopamine transporter in rat medial prefrontal cortex. J Neurochem 93:1434–1443PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Zigmond MJ, Smeyne RJ (2014) Exercise: is it a neuroprotective and if so, how does it work? Parkinsonism Relat Disord 20(Suppl 1):S123–S127PubMedCrossRef Zigmond MJ, Smeyne RJ (2014) Exercise: is it a neuroprotective and if so, how does it work? Parkinsonism Relat Disord 20(Suppl 1):S123–S127PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Zou Y (2006) Clinical observation on acupuncture treatment of Parkinson’s syndrome. J Acupunct Tuina Sci 4:211–212CrossRef Zou Y (2006) Clinical observation on acupuncture treatment of Parkinson’s syndrome. J Acupunct Tuina Sci 4:211–212CrossRef

go back to reference Zuo L, Motherwell MS (2013) The impact of reactive oxygen species and genetic mitochondrial mutations in Parkinson’s disease. Gene 532:18–23PubMedCrossRef Zuo L, Motherwell MS (2013) The impact of reactive oxygen species and genetic mitochondrial mutations in Parkinson’s disease. Gene 532:18–23PubMedCrossRef