Skip to main content
Top
Published in: HAND 2/2014

01-06-2014 | Review

The use of skin substitutes in the treatment of the hand and upper extremity

Authors: John T. Capo, Kyle P. Kokko, Marco Rizzo, Julie E. Adams, Ben Shamian, Brenon Abernathie, Eitan Melamed

Published in: HAND | Issue 2/2014

Login to get access

Abstract

The introduction of skin substitutes in the last decade has dramatically changed how we think about the concept of “non-healing” wounds. Their use has improved prognosis and reduced morbidity in the treatment of open wounds. This article aims to summarize the development of tissue-engineered skin substitutes, discuss their use, and highlight some specific applications in different clinical settings.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Adams JE, Zobitz ME, Reach Jr JS, et al. Rotator cuff repair using an acellular dermal matrix graft: an in vivo study in a canine model. Arthroscopy. 2006;22(7):700–9.PubMedCrossRef Adams JE, Zobitz ME, Reach Jr JS, et al. Rotator cuff repair using an acellular dermal matrix graft: an in vivo study in a canine model. Arthroscopy. 2006;22(7):700–9.PubMedCrossRef
2.
go back to reference Ahuja NK, Datiashvili RO. Biobrane in the management of critical microsurgical wounds of the upper extremity. Microsurgery. 2012;32(3):196–200.PubMedCrossRef Ahuja NK, Datiashvili RO. Biobrane in the management of critical microsurgical wounds of the upper extremity. Microsurgery. 2012;32(3):196–200.PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Azzena B, Amabile A, Tiengo C. Use of acellular dermal regeneration template in a complete finger degloving injury: case report. J Hand Surg [Am]. 2010;35(12):2057–60.CrossRef Azzena B, Amabile A, Tiengo C. Use of acellular dermal regeneration template in a complete finger degloving injury: case report. J Hand Surg [Am]. 2010;35(12):2057–60.CrossRef
5.
go back to reference Barret JP, Dziewulski P, Ramzy PI, et al. Biobrane versus 1 % silver sulfadiazine in second-degree pediatric burns. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000;105(1):62–5.PubMedCrossRef Barret JP, Dziewulski P, Ramzy PI, et al. Biobrane versus 1 % silver sulfadiazine in second-degree pediatric burns. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000;105(1):62–5.PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Belcher HJ, Zic R. Adverse effect of porcine collagen interposition after trapeziectomy: a comparative study. J Hand Surg (Br). 2001;26(2):159–64.CrossRef Belcher HJ, Zic R. Adverse effect of porcine collagen interposition after trapeziectomy: a comparative study. J Hand Surg (Br). 2001;26(2):159–64.CrossRef
7.
go back to reference Bello YM, Falabella AF, Eaglstein WH. Tissue-engineered skin. Current status in wound healing. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2001;2(5):305–13.PubMedCrossRef Bello YM, Falabella AF, Eaglstein WH. Tissue-engineered skin. Current status in wound healing. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2001;2(5):305–13.PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Brem H, Young J, Tomic-Canic M, et al. Clinical efficacy and mechanism of bilayered living human skin equivalent (HSE) in treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. Surg Technol Int. 2003;11:23–31.PubMed Brem H, Young J, Tomic-Canic M, et al. Clinical efficacy and mechanism of bilayered living human skin equivalent (HSE) in treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. Surg Technol Int. 2003;11:23–31.PubMed
9.
go back to reference Brown EZ Jr., Pederson CW. Nonmicrosurgical coverage of the upper extremity. In: Wolfe SW, editor. Operative hand surgery.6th ed. New York: Churchill-Livingstone; 2011. p. 1645–1720. Brown EZ Jr., Pederson CW. Nonmicrosurgical coverage of the upper extremity. In: Wolfe SW, editor. Operative hand surgery.6th ed. New York: Churchill-Livingstone; 2011. p. 1645–1720.
10.
go back to reference Burke JF, Yannas IV, Quinby Jr WC, et al. Successful use of a physiologically acceptable artificial skin in the treatment of extensive burn injury. Ann Surg. 1981;194(4):413–28.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Burke JF, Yannas IV, Quinby Jr WC, et al. Successful use of a physiologically acceptable artificial skin in the treatment of extensive burn injury. Ann Surg. 1981;194(4):413–28.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Carothers JT, Brigman BE, Lawson RD, et al. Stacking of a dermal regeneration template for reconstruction of a soft-tissue defect after tumor excision from the palm of the hand: a case report. J Hand Surg [Am]. 2005;30(6):1322–6.CrossRef Carothers JT, Brigman BE, Lawson RD, et al. Stacking of a dermal regeneration template for reconstruction of a soft-tissue defect after tumor excision from the palm of the hand: a case report. J Hand Surg [Am]. 2005;30(6):1322–6.CrossRef
12.
go back to reference Cassidy C, St Peter SD, Lacey S, et al. Biobrane versus duoderm for the treatment of intermediate thickness burns in children: a prospective, randomized trial. Burns. 2005;31(7):890–3.PubMedCrossRef Cassidy C, St Peter SD, Lacey S, et al. Biobrane versus duoderm for the treatment of intermediate thickness burns in children: a prospective, randomized trial. Burns. 2005;31(7):890–3.PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Cavorsi J, Vicari F, Wirthlin DJ, et al. Best-practice algorithms for the use of a bilayered living cell therapy (Apligraf) in the treatment of lower-extremity ulcers. Wound Repair Regen. 2006;14(2):102–9.PubMedCrossRef Cavorsi J, Vicari F, Wirthlin DJ, et al. Best-practice algorithms for the use of a bilayered living cell therapy (Apligraf) in the treatment of lower-extremity ulcers. Wound Repair Regen. 2006;14(2):102–9.PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Cervelli V, Brinci L, Spallone D, et al. The use of MatriDerm(R) and skin grafting in post-traumatic wounds. Int Wound J. 2011;8(4):400–5.PubMedCrossRef Cervelli V, Brinci L, Spallone D, et al. The use of MatriDerm(R) and skin grafting in post-traumatic wounds. Int Wound J. 2011;8(4):400–5.PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Cheng A, Saint-Cyr M. Comparison of different ADM materials in breast surgery. Clin Plast Surg. 2012;39(2):167–75.PubMedCrossRef Cheng A, Saint-Cyr M. Comparison of different ADM materials in breast surgery. Clin Plast Surg. 2012;39(2):167–75.PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Dantzer E, Queruel P, Salinier L, et al. Dermal regeneration template for deep hand burns: clinical utility for both early grafting and reconstructive surgery. Br J Plast Surg. 2003;56(8):764–74.PubMedCrossRef Dantzer E, Queruel P, Salinier L, et al. Dermal regeneration template for deep hand burns: clinical utility for both early grafting and reconstructive surgery. Br J Plast Surg. 2003;56(8):764–74.PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Falanga V, Isaacs C, Paquette D, et al. Wounding of bioengineered skin: cellular and molecular aspects after injury. J Invest Dermatol. 2002;119(3):653–60.PubMedCrossRef Falanga V, Isaacs C, Paquette D, et al. Wounding of bioengineered skin: cellular and molecular aspects after injury. J Invest Dermatol. 2002;119(3):653–60.PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Gerding RL, Emerman CL, Effron D, et al. Outpatient management of partial-thickness burns: Biobrane versus 1 % silver sulfadiazine. Ann Emerg Med. 1990;19(2):121–4.PubMedCrossRef Gerding RL, Emerman CL, Effron D, et al. Outpatient management of partial-thickness burns: Biobrane versus 1 % silver sulfadiazine. Ann Emerg Med. 1990;19(2):121–4.PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Gilbert TW, Nieponice A, Spievack AR, et al. Repair of the thoracic wall with an extracellular matrix scaffold in a canine model. J Surg Res. 2008;147(1):61–7.PubMedCrossRef Gilbert TW, Nieponice A, Spievack AR, et al. Repair of the thoracic wall with an extracellular matrix scaffold in a canine model. J Surg Res. 2008;147(1):61–7.PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Gilbert TW, Stolz DB, Biancaniello F, et al. Production and characterization of ECM powder: implications for tissue engineering applications. Biomaterials. 2005;26(12):1431–5.PubMedCrossRef Gilbert TW, Stolz DB, Biancaniello F, et al. Production and characterization of ECM powder: implications for tissue engineering applications. Biomaterials. 2005;26(12):1431–5.PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Gravvanis AI, Tsoutsos DA, Iconomou T, et al. The use of integra artificial dermis to minimize donor-site morbidity after suprafascial dissection of the radial forearm flap. Microsurgery. 2007;27(7):583–7.PubMedCrossRef Gravvanis AI, Tsoutsos DA, Iconomou T, et al. The use of integra artificial dermis to minimize donor-site morbidity after suprafascial dissection of the radial forearm flap. Microsurgery. 2007;27(7):583–7.PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Hansen SL, Voigt DW, Wiebelhaus P, et al. Using skin replacement products to treat burns and wounds. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2001;14(1):37–44. quiz 45-36.PubMedCrossRef Hansen SL, Voigt DW, Wiebelhaus P, et al. Using skin replacement products to treat burns and wounds. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2001;14(1):37–44. quiz 45-36.PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Haslik W, Kamolz LP, Manna F, et al. Management of full-thickness skin defects in the hand and wrist region: first long-term experiences with the dermal matrix Matriderm. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2010;63(2):360–4.PubMedCrossRef Haslik W, Kamolz LP, Manna F, et al. Management of full-thickness skin defects in the hand and wrist region: first long-term experiences with the dermal matrix Matriderm. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2010;63(2):360–4.PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Heckmann A, Radtke C, Rennekampff HO, et al. One-stage defect closure of deperiosted bone and exposed tendons with MATRIDERM(R) and skin transplantation: possibilities and limitations. Unfallchirurg. 2012;115(12):1092–8.PubMedCrossRef Heckmann A, Radtke C, Rennekampff HO, et al. One-stage defect closure of deperiosted bone and exposed tendons with MATRIDERM(R) and skin transplantation: possibilities and limitations. Unfallchirurg. 2012;115(12):1092–8.PubMedCrossRef
25.
26.
go back to reference Heitland A, Piatkowski A, Noah EM, et al. Update on the use of collagen/glycosaminoglycate skin substitute—6 years of experiences with artificial skin in 15 German burn centers. Burns. 2004;30(5):471–5.PubMedCrossRef Heitland A, Piatkowski A, Noah EM, et al. Update on the use of collagen/glycosaminoglycate skin substitute—6 years of experiences with artificial skin in 15 German burn centers. Burns. 2004;30(5):471–5.PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Herlin C, Louhaem D, Bigorre M, et al. Use of Integra in a paediatric upper extremity degloving injury. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2007;32(2):179–84.PubMedCrossRef Herlin C, Louhaem D, Bigorre M, et al. Use of Integra in a paediatric upper extremity degloving injury. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2007;32(2):179–84.PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Jones I, Currie L, Martin R. A guide to biological skin substitutes. Br J Plast Surg. 2002;55(3):185–93.PubMedCrossRef Jones I, Currie L, Martin R. A guide to biological skin substitutes. Br J Plast Surg. 2002;55(3):185–93.PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Jung JJ, Woo AS, Borschel GH. The use of Integra(R) bilaminar dermal regeneration template in apert syndactyly reconstruction: a novel alternative to simplify care and improve outcomes. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2012;65(1):118–21.PubMedCrossRef Jung JJ, Woo AS, Borschel GH. The use of Integra(R) bilaminar dermal regeneration template in apert syndactyly reconstruction: a novel alternative to simplify care and improve outcomes. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2012;65(1):118–21.PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Jung SN, Chung JW, Yim YM, et al. One-stage skin grafting of the exposed skull with acellular human dermis (AlloDerm). J Craniofac Surg. 2008;19(6):1660–2.PubMedCrossRef Jung SN, Chung JW, Yim YM, et al. One-stage skin grafting of the exposed skull with acellular human dermis (AlloDerm). J Craniofac Surg. 2008;19(6):1660–2.PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Kim JY, Davila AA, Persing S, et al. A meta-analysis of human acellular dermis and submuscular tissue expander breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2012;129(1):28–41.PubMedCrossRef Kim JY, Davila AA, Persing S, et al. A meta-analysis of human acellular dermis and submuscular tissue expander breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2012;129(1):28–41.PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Kumar RJ, Kimble RM, Boots R, et al. Treatment of partial-thickness burns: a prospective, randomized trial using Transcyte. ANZ J Surg. 2004;74(8):622–6.PubMedCrossRef Kumar RJ, Kimble RM, Boots R, et al. Treatment of partial-thickness burns: a prospective, randomized trial using Transcyte. ANZ J Surg. 2004;74(8):622–6.PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Lal S, Barrow RE, Wolf SE, et al. Biobrane improves wound healing in burned children without increased risk of infection. Shock. 2000;14(3):314–8. discussion 318-319.PubMedCrossRef Lal S, Barrow RE, Wolf SE, et al. Biobrane improves wound healing in burned children without increased risk of infection. Shock. 2000;14(3):314–8. discussion 318-319.PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Lattari V, Jones LM, Varcelotti JR, et al. The use of a permanent dermal allograft in full-thickness burns of the hand and foot: a report of three cases. J Burn Care Rehabil. 1997;18(2):147–55.PubMedCrossRef Lattari V, Jones LM, Varcelotti JR, et al. The use of a permanent dermal allograft in full-thickness burns of the hand and foot: a report of three cases. J Burn Care Rehabil. 1997;18(2):147–55.PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Lee KH. Tissue-engineered human living skin substitutes: development and clinical application. Yonsei Med J. 2000;41(6):774–9.PubMed Lee KH. Tissue-engineered human living skin substitutes: development and clinical application. Yonsei Med J. 2000;41(6):774–9.PubMed
36.
37.
go back to reference Macleod TM, Williams G, Sanders R, et al. Histological evaluation of Permacol as a subcutaneous implant over a 20-week period in the rat model. Br J Plast Surg. 2005;58(4):518–32.PubMedCrossRef Macleod TM, Williams G, Sanders R, et al. Histological evaluation of Permacol as a subcutaneous implant over a 20-week period in the rat model. Br J Plast Surg. 2005;58(4):518–32.PubMedCrossRef
38.
39.
go back to reference McDevitt CA, Wildey GM, Cutrone RM. Transforming growth factor-beta1 in a sterilized tissue derived from the pig small intestine submucosa. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2003;67(2):637–40.PubMedCrossRef McDevitt CA, Wildey GM, Cutrone RM. Transforming growth factor-beta1 in a sterilized tissue derived from the pig small intestine submucosa. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2003;67(2):637–40.PubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Moiemen N, Yarrow J, Hodgson E, et al. Long-term clinical and histological analysis of Integra dermal regeneration template. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011;127(3):1149–54.PubMedCrossRef Moiemen N, Yarrow J, Hodgson E, et al. Long-term clinical and histological analysis of Integra dermal regeneration template. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011;127(3):1149–54.PubMedCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Moiemen NS, Yarrow J, Kamel D, et al. Topical negative pressure therapy: does it accelerate neovascularisation within the dermal regeneration template, Integra? A prospective histological in vivo study. Burns. 2010;36(6):764–8.PubMedCrossRef Moiemen NS, Yarrow J, Kamel D, et al. Topical negative pressure therapy: does it accelerate neovascularisation within the dermal regeneration template, Integra? A prospective histological in vivo study. Burns. 2010;36(6):764–8.PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Moore C, Lee S, Hart A, et al. Use of Integra to resurface a latissimus dorsi free flap. Br J Plast Surg. 2003;56(1):66–9.PubMedCrossRef Moore C, Lee S, Hart A, et al. Use of Integra to resurface a latissimus dorsi free flap. Br J Plast Surg. 2003;56(1):66–9.PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Mostow EN, Haraway GD, Dalsing M, et al. Effectiveness of an extracellular matrix graft (OASIS Wound Matrix) in the treatment of chronic leg ulcers: a randomized clinical trial. J Vasc Surg. 2005;41(5):837–43.PubMedCrossRef Mostow EN, Haraway GD, Dalsing M, et al. Effectiveness of an extracellular matrix graft (OASIS Wound Matrix) in the treatment of chronic leg ulcers: a randomized clinical trial. J Vasc Surg. 2005;41(5):837–43.PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Murray RC, Gordin EA, Saigal K, et al. Reconstruction of the radial forearm free flap donor site using integra artificial dermis. Microsurgery. 2011;31(2):104–8.PubMedCrossRef Murray RC, Gordin EA, Saigal K, et al. Reconstruction of the radial forearm free flap donor site using integra artificial dermis. Microsurgery. 2011;31(2):104–8.PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Nihsen ES, Zopf DA, Ernst DM, et al. Absorption of bioactive molecules into OASIS wound matrix. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2007;20(10):541–8.PubMedCrossRef Nihsen ES, Zopf DA, Ernst DM, et al. Absorption of bioactive molecules into OASIS wound matrix. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2007;20(10):541–8.PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Noordenbos J, Dore C, Hansbrough JF. Safety and efficacy of TransCyte for the treatment of partial-thickness burns. J Burn Care Rehabil. 1999;20(4):275–81.PubMedCrossRef Noordenbos J, Dore C, Hansbrough JF. Safety and efficacy of TransCyte for the treatment of partial-thickness burns. J Burn Care Rehabil. 1999;20(4):275–81.PubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference O'Connor NE, Mulliken JB, Banks-Schlegel S, et al. Grafting of burns with cultured epithelium prepared from autologous epidermal cells. Lancet. 1981;1:75–8.CrossRef O'Connor NE, Mulliken JB, Banks-Schlegel S, et al. Grafting of burns with cultured epithelium prepared from autologous epidermal cells. Lancet. 1981;1:75–8.CrossRef
48.
go back to reference Ortega-Zilic N, Hunziker T, Lauchli S, et al. EpiDex(R) Swiss field trial 2004–2008. Dermatology. 2010;221(4):365–72.PubMedCrossRef Ortega-Zilic N, Hunziker T, Lauchli S, et al. EpiDex(R) Swiss field trial 2004–2008. Dermatology. 2010;221(4):365–72.PubMedCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Parks JW, Hammond SE, Walsh WA, et al. Human acellular dermis versus no acellular dermis in tissue expansion breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2012;130(4):739–46.PubMedCrossRef Parks JW, Hammond SE, Walsh WA, et al. Human acellular dermis versus no acellular dermis in tissue expansion breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2012;130(4):739–46.PubMedCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Pham C, Greenwood J, Cleland H, et al. Bioengineered skin substitutes for the management of burns: a systematic review. Burns. 2007;33(8):946–57.PubMedCrossRef Pham C, Greenwood J, Cleland H, et al. Bioengineered skin substitutes for the management of burns: a systematic review. Burns. 2007;33(8):946–57.PubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Rheinwald JG, Green H. Formation of a keratinizing epithelium in culture by a cloned cell line derived from a teratoma. Cell. 1975;6(3):317–30.PubMedCrossRef Rheinwald JG, Green H. Formation of a keratinizing epithelium in culture by a cloned cell line derived from a teratoma. Cell. 1975;6(3):317–30.PubMedCrossRef
53.
go back to reference Rheinwald JG, Green H. Serial cultivation of strains of human epidermal keratinocytes: the formation of keratinizing colonies from single cells. Cell. 1975;6(3):331–43.PubMedCrossRef Rheinwald JG, Green H. Serial cultivation of strains of human epidermal keratinocytes: the formation of keratinizing colonies from single cells. Cell. 1975;6(3):331–43.PubMedCrossRef
54.
go back to reference Rowe NM, Morris L, Delacure MD. Acellular dermal composite allografts for reconstruction of the radial forearm donor site. Ann Plast Surg. 2006;57(3):305–11.PubMedCrossRef Rowe NM, Morris L, Delacure MD. Acellular dermal composite allografts for reconstruction of the radial forearm donor site. Ann Plast Surg. 2006;57(3):305–11.PubMedCrossRef
55.
go back to reference Ryssel H, Germann G, Kloeters O, et al. Dermal substitution with Matriderm(®) in burns on the dorsum of the hand. Burns. 2010;36(8):1248–53.PubMedCrossRef Ryssel H, Germann G, Kloeters O, et al. Dermal substitution with Matriderm(®) in burns on the dorsum of the hand. Burns. 2010;36(8):1248–53.PubMedCrossRef
56.
go back to reference Schneider J, Biedermann T, Widmer D, et al. Matriderm versus Integra: a comparative experimental study. Burns. 2009;35(1):51–7.PubMedCrossRef Schneider J, Biedermann T, Widmer D, et al. Matriderm versus Integra: a comparative experimental study. Burns. 2009;35(1):51–7.PubMedCrossRef
57.
go back to reference Shores JT, Gabriel A, Gupta S. Skin substitutes and alternatives: a review. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2007;20(9 Pt 1):493–508. quiz 509-410.PubMedCrossRef Shores JT, Gabriel A, Gupta S. Skin substitutes and alternatives: a review. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2007;20(9 Pt 1):493–508. quiz 509-410.PubMedCrossRef
58.
go back to reference Sinha UK, Shih C, Chang K, et al. Use of AlloDerm for coverage of radial forearm free flap donor site. Laryngoscope. 2002;112(2):230–4.PubMedCrossRef Sinha UK, Shih C, Chang K, et al. Use of AlloDerm for coverage of radial forearm free flap donor site. Laryngoscope. 2002;112(2):230–4.PubMedCrossRef
59.
go back to reference Still J, Donker K, Law E, et al. A program to decrease hospital stay in acute burn patients. Burns. 1997;23(6):498–500.PubMedCrossRef Still J, Donker K, Law E, et al. A program to decrease hospital stay in acute burn patients. Burns. 1997;23(6):498–500.PubMedCrossRef
60.
go back to reference Still J, Glat P, Silverstein P, et al. The use of a collagen sponge/living cell composite material to treat donor sites in burn patients. Burns. 2003;29(8):837–41.PubMedCrossRef Still J, Glat P, Silverstein P, et al. The use of a collagen sponge/living cell composite material to treat donor sites in burn patients. Burns. 2003;29(8):837–41.PubMedCrossRef
61.
go back to reference Wainwright D, Madden M, Luterman A, et al. Clinical evaluation of an acellular allograft dermal matrix in full-thickness burns. J Burn Care Rehabil. 1996;17(2):124–36.PubMedCrossRef Wainwright D, Madden M, Luterman A, et al. Clinical evaluation of an acellular allograft dermal matrix in full-thickness burns. J Burn Care Rehabil. 1996;17(2):124–36.PubMedCrossRef
62.
go back to reference Wax MK, Winslow CP, Andersen PE. Use of allogenic dermis for radial forearm free flap donor site coverage. J Otolaryngol. 2002;31(6):341–5.PubMedCrossRef Wax MK, Winslow CP, Andersen PE. Use of allogenic dermis for radial forearm free flap donor site coverage. J Otolaryngol. 2002;31(6):341–5.PubMedCrossRef
63.
go back to reference Weigert R, Choughri H, Casoli V. Management of severe hand wounds with Integra® dermal regeneration template. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2011;36(3):185–93.PubMedCrossRef Weigert R, Choughri H, Casoli V. Management of severe hand wounds with Integra® dermal regeneration template. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2011;36(3):185–93.PubMedCrossRef
64.
go back to reference Wolter TP, Noah EM, Pallua N. The use of Integra in an upper extremity avulsion injury. Br J Plast Surg. 2005;58(3):416–8.PubMedCrossRef Wolter TP, Noah EM, Pallua N. The use of Integra in an upper extremity avulsion injury. Br J Plast Surg. 2005;58(3):416–8.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
The use of skin substitutes in the treatment of the hand and upper extremity
Authors
John T. Capo
Kyle P. Kokko
Marco Rizzo
Julie E. Adams
Ben Shamian
Brenon Abernathie
Eitan Melamed
Publication date
01-06-2014
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
HAND / Issue 2/2014
Print ISSN: 1558-9447
Electronic ISSN: 1558-9455
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11552-013-9587-5

Other articles of this Issue 2/2014

HAND 2/2014 Go to the issue

Review Articles of topics

Current concepts: mallet finger

Review

Arm ache