Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
Published in: BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 1/2017

Open Access 01-12-2017 | Research article

The role of vitamin D in pre-eclampsia: a systematic review

Authors: Juhi M. Purswani, Pooja Gala, Pratibha Dwarkanath, Heather M. Larkin, Anura Kurpad, Saurabh Mehta

Published in: BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Issue 1/2017

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

The etiology of pre-eclampsia (PE) is not yet fully understood, though current literature indicates an upregulation of inflammatory mediators produced by the placenta as a potential causal mechanism. Vitamin D is known to have anti-inflammatory properties and there is evidence of an inverse relationship between dietary calcium intake and the incidence of PE. Evidence of the role of vitamin D status and supplementation in the etiology and prevention of PE is reviewed in this article along with identification of research gaps to inform future studies.

Methods

We conducted a structured literature search using MEDLINE electronic databases to identify published studies until February 2015. These sources were retrieved, collected, indexed, and assessed for availability of pregnancy-related data on PE and vitamin D.

Results

Several case-control studies and cross-sectional studies have shown an association between vitamin D status and PE, although evidence has been inconsistent. Clinical trials to date have been unable to show an independent effect of vitamin D supplementation in preventing PE.

Conclusions

The included clinical trials do not show an independent effect of vitamin D supplementation in preventing PE; however, issues with dose, timing, and duration of supplementation have not been completely addressed.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
2.
Peters RM, Flack JM. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2004;33(2):209–20.PubMedCrossRef
3.
Roberts JM, Balk JL, Bodnar LM, Belizan JM, Bergel E, Martinez A. Nutrient involvement in preeclampsia. J Nutr. 2003;133(5 Suppl 2):1684S–92S.PubMed
4.
Zhang J, Zeisler J, Hatch MC, Berkowitz G. Epidemiology of pregnancy-induced hypertension. Epidemiol Rev. 1997;19(2):218–32.PubMedCrossRef
5.
6.
MacKay AP, Berg CJ, Atrash HK. Pregnancy-related mortality from preeclampsia and eclampsia. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97(4):533–8.PubMed
7.
Sibai BM. Diagnosis, prevention, and management of eclampsia. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;105(2):402–10.PubMedCrossRef
8.
Srinivas SK, Edlow AG, Neff PM, Sammel MD, Andrela CM, Elovitz MA. Rethinking IUGR in preeclampsia: dependent or independent of maternal hypertension? J Perinatol: official journal of the California Perinatal Association. 2009;29(10):680–4.CrossRef
9.
Kaufmann P, Black S, Huppertz B. Endovascular trophoblast invasion: implications for the pathogenesis of intrauterine growth retardation and preeclampsia. Biol Reprod. 2003;69(1):1–7.PubMedCrossRef
10.
Lisonkova S, Joseph KS. Incidence of preeclampsia: risk factors and outcomes associated with early- versus late-onset disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013;209(6):544 e541–12.CrossRef
11.
Irgens HU, Reisaeter L, Irgens LM, Lie RT. Long term mortality of mothers and fathers after pre-eclampsia: population based cohort study. BMJ. 2001;323(7323):1213–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
12.
Smith GC, Pell JP, Walsh D. Pregnancy complications and maternal risk of ischaemic heart disease: a retrospective cohort study of 129,290 births. Lancet. 2001;357(9273):2002–6.PubMedCrossRef
13.
Redman CW. Immunological aspects of pre-eclampsia. Baillieres Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 1992;6(3):601–15.PubMedCrossRef
14.
Wei SQ, Audibert F, Luo ZC, Nuyt AM, Masse B, Julien P, Fraser WD, Group MS. Maternal plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, angiogenic factors, and preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013;208(5):390 e391–6.CrossRef
15.
Woodham PC, Brittain JE, Baker AM, Long DL, Haeri S, Camargo CA Jr, Boggess KA, Stuebe AM. Midgestation maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1/placental growth factor ratio as predictors of severe preeclampsia. Hypertension. 2011;58(6):1120–5.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
16.
Roberts JM, Hubel CA. The two stage model of preeclampsia: variations on the theme. Placenta. 2009;30(Suppl A):S32–7.PubMedCrossRef
17.
Young BC, Levine RJ, Karumanchi SA. Pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Annu Rev Pathol. 2010;5:173–92.PubMedCrossRef
18.
Bodnar LM, Catov JM, Simhan HN, Holick MF, Powers RW, Roberts JM. Maternal vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of preeclampsia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(9):3517–22.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
19.
Cardus A, Parisi E, Gallego C, Aldea M, Fernandez E, Valdivielso JM. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 stimulates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation through a VEGF-mediated pathway. Kidney Int. 2006;69(8):1377–84.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Evans KN, Bulmer JN, Kilby MD, Hewison M. Vitamin D and placental-decidual function. J Soc Gynecol Investig. 2004;11(5):263–71.PubMedCrossRef
21.
Fischer D, Schroer A, Ludders D, Cordes T, Bucker B, Reichrath J, Friedrich M. Metabolism of vitamin D3 in the placental tissue of normal and preeclampsia complicated pregnancies and premature births. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 2007;34(2):80–4.PubMed
22.
Halhali A, Tovar AR, Torres N, Bourges H, Garabedian M, Larrea F. Preeclampsia is associated with low circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor I and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in maternal and umbilical cord compartments. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85(5):1828–33.PubMed
23.
Marya RK, Rathee S, Manrow M. Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on toxaemia of pregnancy. Gynecol Obstet Investig. 1987;24(1):38–42.CrossRef
24.
Tarcin O, Yavuz DG, Ozben B, Telli A, Ogunc AV, Yuksel M, Toprak A, Yazici D, Sancak S, Deyneli O, et al. Effect of vitamin D deficiency and replacement on endothelial function in asymptomatic subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(10):4023–30.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Robinson CJ, Alanis MC, Wagner CL, Hollis BW, Johnson DD. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in early-onset severe preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010;203(4):366 e361–6.CrossRef
26.
Hollis BW, Wagner CL. Assessment of dietary vitamin D requirements during pregnancy and lactation. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79(5):717–26.PubMed
27.
IOM (Institute of Medicine): Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Washington, DC; 2011.
28.
Javaid MK, Crozier SR, Harvey NC, Gale CR, Dennison EM, Boucher BJ, Arden NK, Godfrey KM, Cooper C, Princess Anne Hospital Study G. Maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy and childhood bone mass at age 9 years: a longitudinal study. Lancet. 2006;367(9504):36–43.PubMedCrossRef
29.
Weiler H, Fitzpatrick-Wong S, Veitch R, Kovacs H, Schellenberg J, McCloy U, Yuen CK. Vitamin D deficiency and whole-body and femur bone mass relative to weight in healthy newborns. CMAJ. 2005;172(6):757–61.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
30.
Kovacs CS. Vitamin D in pregnancy and lactation: maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes from human and animal studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88(2):520S–8S.PubMed
31.
Sachan A, Gupta R, Das V, Agarwal A, Awasthi PK, Bhatia V. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among pregnant women and their newborns in northern India. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;81(5):1060–4.PubMed
32.
Holick MF. Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80(6 Suppl):1678S–88S.PubMed
33.
van der Meer IM, Karamali NS, Boeke AJ, Lips P, Middelkoop BJ, Verhoeven I, Wuister JD. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in pregnant non-western women in The Hague, Netherlands. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84(2):350–3. quiz 468-359PubMed
34.
Datta S, Alfaham M, Davies DP, Dunstan F, Woodhead S, Evans J, Richards B. Vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women from a non-European ethnic minority population--an interventional study. BJOG. 2002;109(8):905–8.PubMed
35.
Finch PJ, Ang L, Colston KW, Nisbet J, Maxwell JD. Blunted seasonal variation in serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D and increased risk of osteomalacia in vegetarian London Asians. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1992;46(7):509–15.PubMed
36.
Dror DK, Allen LH. Vitamin D inadequacy in pregnancy: biology, outcomes, and interventions. Nutr Rev. 2010;68(8):465–77.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Shand AW, Nassar N, Von Dadelszen P, Innis SM, Green TJ. Maternal vitamin D status in pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcomes in a group at high risk for pre-eclampsia. BJOG. 2010;117(13):1593–8.PubMedCrossRef
38.
Skull SA, Ngeow JY, Biggs BA, Street A, Ebeling PR. Vitamin D deficiency is common and unrecognized among recently arrived adult immigrants from the horn of Africa. Intern Med J. 2003;33(1–2):47–51.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Hobbs RD, Habib Z, Alromaihi D, Idi L, Parikh N, Blocki F, Rao DS. Severe vitamin D deficiency in Arab-American women living in Dearborn, Michigan. Endocrine Pract. 2009;15(1):35–40.CrossRef
40.
Nesby-O'Dell S, Scanlon KS, Cogswell ME, Gillespie C, Hollis BW, Looker AC, Allen C, Doughertly C, Gunter EW, Bowman BA. Hypovitaminosis D prevalence and determinants among African American and white women of reproductive age: third National Health and nutrition examination survey, 1988-1994. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76(1):187–92.PubMed
41.
Ardawi MS, Nasrat HA, BA’Aqueel HS. Calcium-regulating hormones and parathyroid hormone-related peptide in normal human pregnancy and postpartum: a longitudinal study. Eur J Endocrinol. 1997;137(4):402–9.PubMedCrossRef
42.
Sanchez PA, Idrisa A, Bobzom DN, Airede A, Hollis BW, Liston DE, Jones DD, Dasgupta A, Glew RH. Calcium and vitamin D status of pregnant teenagers in Maiduguri, Nigeria. J Natl Med Assoc. 1997;89(12):805–11.PubMedPubMedCentral
43.
Reddy GS, Norman AW, Willis DM, Goltzman D, Guyda H, Solomon S, Philips DR, Bishop JE, Mayer E. Regulation of vitamin D metabolism in normal human pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1983;56(2):363–70.PubMedCrossRef
44.
Seely EW, Brown EM, DeMaggio DM, Weldon DK, Graves SW. A prospective study of calciotropic hormones in pregnancy and post partum: reciprocal changes in serum intact parathyroid hormone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1997;176(1 Pt 1):214–7.PubMedCrossRef
45.
Gray TK, Lester GE, Lorenc RS. Evidence for extra-renal 1 alpha-hydroxylation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in pregnancy. Science. 1979;204(4399):1311–3.PubMedCrossRef
46.
Weisman Y, Harell A, Edelstein S, David M, Spirer Z, Golander A. 1 alpha, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in vitro synthesis by human decidua and placenta. Nature. 1979;281(5729):317–9.PubMedCrossRef
47.
Chan SY, Susarla R, Canovas D, Vasilopoulou E, Ohizua O, McCabe CJ, Hewison M, Kilby MD. Vitamin D promotes human extravillous trophoblast invasion in vitro. Placenta. 2015;36(4):403–9.PubMedCrossRef
48.
Diaz L, Arranz C, Avila E, Halhali A, Vilchis F, Larrea F. Expression and activity of 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1 alpha-hydroxylase are restricted in cultures of human syncytiotrophoblast cells from preeclamptic pregnancies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87(8):3876–82.PubMed
49.
Ma R, Gu Y, Zhao S, Sun J, Groome LJ, Wang Y. Expressions of vitamin D metabolic components VDBP, CYP2R1, CYP27B1, CYP24A1, and VDR in placentas from normal and preeclamptic pregnancies. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2012;303(7):E928–35.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
50.
Thorne-Lyman A, Fawzi WW. Vitamin D during pregnancy and maternal, neonatal and infant health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2012;26(Suppl 1):75–90.PubMedCrossRef
51.
52.
Noyola-Martinez N, Diaz L, Avila E, Halhali A, Larrea F, Barrera D. Calcitriol downregulates TNF-alpha and IL-6 expression in cultured placental cells from preeclamptic women. Cytokine. 2013;61(1):245–50.PubMedCrossRef
53.
Xu L, Lee M, Jeyabalan A, Roberts JM. The relationship of hypovitaminosis D and IL-6 in preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014;210(2):149 e141–7.CrossRef
54.
Barrera D, Noyola-Martinez N, Avila E, Halhali A, Larrea F, Diaz L. Calcitriol inhibits interleukin-10 expression in cultured human trophoblasts under normal and inflammatory conditions. Cytokine. 2012;57(3):316–21.PubMedCrossRef
55.
Grundmann M, Haidar M, Placzko S, Niendorf R, Darashchonak N, Hubel CA, von Versen-Hoynck F. Vitamin D improves the angiogenic properties of endothelial progenitor cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2012;303(9):C954–62.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
56.
Merchant SJ, Narumiya H, Zhang Y, Guilbert LJ, Davidge ST. The effects of preeclampsia and oxygen environment on endothelial release of matrix metalloproteinase-2. Hypert Pregnancy. 2004;23(1):47–60.CrossRef
57.
Sankaralingam S, Arenas IA, Lalu MM, Davidge ST. Preeclampsia: current understanding of the molecular basis of vascular dysfunction. Expert Rev Mol Med. 2006;8(3):1–20.PubMedCrossRef
58.
Merke J, Milde P, Lewicka S, Hugel U, Klaus G, Mangelsdorf DJ, Haussler MR, Rauterberg EW, Ritz E. Identification and regulation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor activity and biosynthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Studies in cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells and human dermal capillaries. J Clin Invest. 1989;83(6):1903–15.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
59.
Brodowski L, Burlakov J, Myerski AC, von Kaisenberg CS, Grundmann M, Hubel CA, von Versen-Hoynck F. Vitamin D prevents endothelial progenitor cell dysfunction induced by sera from women with preeclampsia or conditioned media from hypoxic placenta. PLoS One. 2014;9(6):e98527.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
60.
Wei SQ, Audibert F, Hidiroglou N, Sarafin K, Julien P, Wu Y, Luo ZC, Fraser WD. Longitudinal vitamin D status in pregnancy and the risk of pre-eclampsia. BJOG. 2012;119(7):832–9.PubMedCrossRef
61.
62.
Langer B, Grima M, Coquard C, Bader AM, Schlaeder G, Imbs JL. Plasma active renin, angiotensin I, and angiotensin II during pregnancy and in preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol. 1998;91(2):196–202.PubMedCrossRef
63.
Velloso EP, Vieira R, Cabral AC, Kalapothakis E, Santos RA. Reduced plasma levels of angiotensin-(1-7) and renin activity in preeclamptic patients are associated with the angiotensin I- converting enzyme deletion/deletion genotype. Brazilian J Med Biol Res. 2007;40(4):583–90.CrossRef
64.
Faulkner JL, Amaral LM, Cornelius DC, Cunningham MW, Ibrahim T, Heep A, Campbell N, Usry N, Wallace K, Herse F, et al. Vitamin D supplementation reduces some AT1-AA-induced downstream targets implicated in preeclampsia including hypertension. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2017;312(1):R125–31.PubMedCrossRef
65.
Li YC, Qiao G, Uskokovic M, Xiang W, Zheng W, Kong J. Vitamin D: a negative endocrine regulator of the renin-angiotensin system and blood pressure. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2004;89-90(1–5):387–92.PubMedCrossRef
66.
Kristal-Boneh E, Froom P, Harari G, Ribak J. Association of calcitriol and blood pressure in normotensive men. Hypertension. 1997;30(5):1289–94.PubMedCrossRef
67.
Resnick LM, Nicholson JP, Laragh JH. Calcium metabolism in essential hypertension: relationship to altered renin system activity. Fed Proc. 1986;45(12):2739–45.PubMed
68.
Merke J, Hofmann W, Goldschmidt D, Ritz E. Demonstration of 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 receptors and actions in vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro. Calcif Tissue Int. 1987;41(2):112–4.PubMedCrossRef
69.
Walters MR, Wicker DC, Riggle PC. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptors identified in the rat heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1986;18(1):67–72.PubMedCrossRef
70.
Stumpf WE, O'Brien LP. 1,25 (OH)2 vitamin D3 sites of action in the brain. An autoradiographic study. Histochemistry. 1987;87(5):393–406.PubMedCrossRef
71.
Hofmeyr GJ, Lawrie TA, Atallah ÁN, Duley L: Calcium supplementation during pregnancy for preventing hypertensive disorders and related problems (Version 3). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(8):1-87.
72.
Hofmeyr GJ, Duley L, Atallah A. Dietary calcium supplementation for prevention of pre-eclampsia and related problems: a systematic review and commentary. BJOG. 2007;114(8):933–43.PubMedCrossRef
73.
Belizan JM, Villar J, Gonzalez L, Campodonico L, Bergel E. Calcium supplementation to prevent hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 1991;325(20):1399–405.PubMedCrossRef
74.
Cross NA, Hillman LS, Allen SH, Krause GF, Vieira NE. Calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism during pregnancy, lactation, and postweaning: a longitudinal study. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995;61(3):514–23.PubMed
75.
Ritchie LD, Fung EB, Halloran BP, Turnlund JR, Van Loan MD, Cann CE, King JC. A longitudinal study of calcium homeostasis during human pregnancy and lactation and after resumption of menses. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;67(4):693–701.PubMed
76.
Fudge NJ, Kovacs CS. Pregnancy up-regulates intestinal calcium absorption and skeletal mineralization independently of the vitamin D receptor. Endocrinology. 2010;151(3):886–95.PubMedCrossRef
77.
Haugen M, Brantsaeter AL, Trogstad L, Alexander J, Roth C, Magnus P, Meltzer HM. Vitamin D supplementation and reduced risk of preeclampsia in nulliparous women. Epidemiology. 2009;20(5):720–6.PubMedCrossRef
78.
79.
Bodnar LM, Simhan HN, Catov JM, Roberts JM, Platt RW, Diesel JC, Klebanoff MA. Maternal vitamin D status and the risk of mild and severe preeclampsia. Epidemiology. 2014;25(2):207–14.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
80.
Baker AM, Haeri S, Camargo CA Jr, Espinola JA, Stuebe AM. A nested case-control study of midgestation vitamin D deficiency and risk of severe preeclampsia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(11):5105–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
81.
Achkar M, Dodds L, Giguere Y, Forest JC, Armson BA, Woolcott C, Agellon S, Spencer A, Weiler HA. Vitamin D status in early pregnancy and risk of preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;212(4):511 e511–7.CrossRef
82.
Ullah MI, Koch CA, Tamanna S, Rouf S, Shamsuddin L. Vitamin D deficiency and the risk of preeclampsia and eclampsia in Bangladesh. Horm Metab Res. 2013;45(9):682–7.PubMedCrossRef
83.
Pena HR, de Lima MC, Brandt KG, de Antunes MM, da Silva GA. Influence of preeclampsia and gestational obesity in maternal and newborn levels of vitamin D. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2015;15:112.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
84.
Abedi P, Mohaghegh Z, Afshary P, Latifi M. The relationship of serum vitamin D with pre-eclampsia in the Iranian women. Matern Child Nutr. 2014;10(2):206–12.PubMedCrossRef
85.
Lechtermann C, Hauffa BP, Herrmann R, Schundeln MM, Gellhaus A, Schmidt M, Grasemann C. Maternal vitamin D status in preeclampsia: seasonal changes are not influenced by placental gene expression of vitamin D metabolizing enzymes. PLoS One. 2014;9(8):e105558.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
86.
Powe CE, Seely EW, Rana S, Bhan I, Ecker J, Karumanchi SA, Thadhani R. First trimester vitamin D, vitamin D binding protein, and subsequent preeclampsia. Hypertension. 2010;56(4):758–63.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
87.
Singla R, Gurung P, Aggarwal N, Dutta U, Kochhar R. Relationship between preeclampsia and vitamin D deficiency: a case control study. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2015;291(6):1247–51.PubMedCrossRef
88.
August P, Marcaccio B, Gertner JM, Druzin ML, Resnick LM, Laragh JH. Abnormal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D metabolism in preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1992;166(4):1295–9.PubMedCrossRef
89.
Mohaghegh Z, Abedi P, Dilgouni T, Namvar F, Ruzafza S. The relation of preeclampsia and serum level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in mothers and their neonates: a case control study in Iran. Horm Metab Res. 2015;47(4):284–8.PubMedCrossRef
90.
Alvarez-Fernandez I, Prieto B, Rodriguez V, Ruano Y, Escudero AI, Alvarez FV. Role of vitamin D and sFlt-1/PlGF ratio in the development of early- and late-onset preeclampsia. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2015;53(7):1033–40.PubMedCrossRef
91.
Olsen SF, Secher NJ. A possible preventive effect of low-dose fish oil on early delivery and pre-eclampsia: indications from a 50-year-old controlled trial. Br J Nutr. 1990;64(3):599–609.PubMedCrossRef
92.
Jensen CL. Effects of n-3 fatty acids during pregnancy and lactation. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83(6 Suppl):1452S–7S.PubMed
93.
Williams MA, Zingheim RW, King IB, Zebelman AM. Omega-3 fatty acids in maternal erythrocytes and risk of preeclampsia. Epidemiology. 1995;6(3):232–7.PubMedCrossRef
94.
Burris HH, Rifas-Shiman SL, Huh SY, Kleinman K, Litonjua AA, Oken E, Rich-Edwards JW, Camargo CA Jr, Gillman MW. Vitamin D status and hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. Ann Epidemiol. 2014;24(5):399–403. e391PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
95.
Halhali A, Villa AR, Madrazo E, Soria MC, Mercado E, Diaz L, Avila E, Garabedian M, Larrea F. Longitudinal changes in maternal serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and insulin like growth factor I levels in pregnant women who developed preeclampsia: comparison with normotensive pregnant women. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2004;89-90(1–5):553–6.PubMedCrossRef
96.
Wetta LA, Biggio JR, Cliver S, Abramovici A, Barnes S, Tita AT. Is midtrimester vitamin D status associated with spontaneous preterm birth and preeclampsia? Am J Perinatol. 2014;31(6):541–6.PubMed
97.
Fernandez-Alonso AM, Dionis-Sanchez EC, Chedraui P, Gonzalez-Salmeron MD, Perez-Lopez FR, Spanish Vitamin D, Women's Health Research G. First-trimester maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) status and pregnancy outcome. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2012;116(1):6–9.PubMedCrossRef
98.
Olsen SF, Secher NJ, Tabor A, Weber T, Walker JJ, Gluud C. Randomised clinical trials of fish oil supplementation in high risk pregnancies. Fish oil trials in pregnancy (FOTIP) team. BJOG. 2000;107(3):382–95.PubMedCrossRef
99.
Marcoux S, Brisson J, Fabia J. The effect of cigarette smoking on the risk of preeclampsia and gestational hypertension. Am J Epidemiol. 1989;130(5):950–7.PubMedCrossRef
100.
England L, Zhang J. Smoking and risk of preeclampsia: a systematic review. Front Biosci. 2007;12:2471–83.PubMedCrossRef
101.
Jeyabalan A, Powers RW, Durica AR, Harger GF, Roberts JM, Ness RB. Cigarette smoke exposure and angiogenic factors in pregnancy and preeclampsia. Am J Hypertens. 2008;21(8):943–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
102.
Badria LF, Amarin ZO. Pre-eclampsia: is it a different disease in primiparous and multiparous women? Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2005;273(1):26–31.PubMedCrossRef
103.
Webb AR, Kline L, Holick MF. Influence of season and latitude on the cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D3: exposure to winter sunlight in Boston and Edmonton will not promote vitamin D3 synthesis in human skin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1988;67(2):373–8.PubMedCrossRef
104.
Magnus P, Eskild A. Seasonal variation in the occurrence of pre-eclampsia. BJOG. 2001;108(11):1116–9.PubMed
105.
De-Regil LM, Palacios C, Ansary A, Kulier R, Peña-Rosas JP: Vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy (Version 2). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(2):1-50.
106.
Mendel CM. The free hormone hypothesis: a physiologically based mathematical model. Endocr Rev. 1989;10(3):232–74.PubMedCrossRef
107.
March KM, Chen NN, Karakochuk CD, Shand AW, Innis SM, von Dadelszen P, Barr SI, Lyon MR, Whiting SJ, Weiler HA, et al. Maternal vitamin D(3) supplementation at 50 mug/d protects against low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in infants at 8 wk of age: a randomized controlled trial of 3 doses of vitamin D beginning in gestation and continued in lactation. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;102(2):402–10.PubMedCrossRef
108.
Shakiba M, Iranmanesh MR. Vitamin D requirement in pregnancy to prevent deficiency in neonates: a randomised trial. Singap Med J. 2013;54(5):285–8.CrossRef
109.
Boucher BJ. The 2010 recommendations of the American Institute of Medicine for daily intakes of vitamin D. Public Health Nutr. 2011;14(4):740.PubMedCrossRef
110.
Mirzakhani H, Litonjua AA, McElrath TF, O'Connor G, Lee-Parritz A, Iverson R, Macones G, Strunk RC, Bacharier LB, Zeiger R, et al. Early pregnancy vitamin D status and risk of preeclampsia. J Clin Invest. 2016;126(12):4702–15.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
111.
Anderson CM, Ralph JL, Johnson L, Scheett A, Wright ML, Taylor JY, Ohm JE, Uthus E. First trimester vitamin D status and placental epigenomics in preeclampsia among Northern Plains primiparas. Life Sci. 2015;129:10–5.PubMedCrossRef
112.
Gidlof S, Silva AT, Gustafsson S, Lindqvist PG. Vitamin D and the risk of preeclampsia--a nested case-control study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2015;94(8):904–8.PubMedCrossRef
113.
Halhali A, Diaz L, Avila E, Ariza AC, Garabedian M, Larrea F. Decreased fractional urinary calcium excretion and serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and IGF-I levels in preeclampsia. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2007;103(3–5):803–6.PubMedCrossRef
114.
Schneuer FJ, Roberts CL, Guilbert C, Simpson JM, Algert CS, Khambalia AZ, Tasevski V, Ashton AW, Morris JM, Nassar N. Effects of maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in the first trimester on subsequent pregnancy outcomes in an Australian population. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;99(2):287–95.PubMedCrossRef
115.
Yu CK, Ertl R, Skyfta E, Akolekar R, Nicolaides KH. Maternal serum vitamin D levels at 11-13 weeks of gestation in preeclampsia. J Hum Hypertens. 2013;27(2):115–8.PubMedCrossRef
116.
Zhou J, Su L, Liu M, Liu Y, Cao X, Wang Z, Xiao H. Associations between 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and pregnancy outcomes: a prospective observational study in southern China. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2014;68(8):925–30.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
The role of vitamin D in pre-eclampsia: a systematic review
Authors
Juhi M. Purswani
Pooja Gala
Pratibha Dwarkanath
Heather M. Larkin
Anura Kurpad
Saurabh Mehta
Publication date
01-12-2017
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth / Issue 1/2017
Electronic ISSN: 1471-2393
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-017-1408-3

Other articles of this Issue 1/2017

BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 1/2017 Go to the issue

Research article

Quality of care provided in two Scottish rural community maternity units: a retrospective case review

Research article

Pregnancy termination for fetal abnormality: are health professionals’ perceptions of women’s coping congruent with women’s accounts?

Research article

Experiences of Austrian mothers with mobility or sensory impairments during pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium: a qualitative study

Research article

Facilitators and barriers to uptake and adherence to lifelong antiretroviral therapy among HIV infected pregnant women in Uganda: a qualitative study

Research article

Associations of intimate partner violence with postnatal health practices in Bihar, India

Case report

Maternal sepsis complicating arabin cervical pessary placement for the prevention of preterm birth: a case report