Top

Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health

Published in:

01-08-2017 | Original Paper

The Relationship Between Social Support, HIV Serostatus, and Perceived Likelihood of Being HIV Positive Among Self-Settled Female, Foreign Migrants in Cape Town, South Africa

Authors: Margaret Giorgio, Loraine Townsend, Yanga Zembe, Mireille Cheyip, Sally Guttmacher, Farzana Kapadia, Cathy Mathews

Published in: Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health | Issue 4/2017

Abstract

Female cross-border migrants experience elevated risks for HIV, and migrants in South Africa may face additional risks due to the country’s underlying HIV prevalence. These risks may be mitigated by the receipt of social support. A behavioral risk-factor survey was administered using respondent-driven sampling. Multivariable regression models assessed the relationships between social support and two HIV outcomes: HIV serostatus and perceived HIV status. Low social support was not significantly associated with HIV status (aOR = 1.03, 95 % CI 0.43–2.46), but was significantly related to a perception of being HIV positive (aPR = 1.36, 95 % CI 1.04–1.78). Age, marital status, and education level were significantly associated with HIV serostatus. Illegal border-crossing, length of time in South Africa, anal sex, and transactional sex were significantly associated with aperception of being HIV positive. Future research should investigate how HIV risks and the receipt of social support change throughout the migration process.

Available only for authorised users

Albarran C, Nyamathi A. HIV and Mexican migrant workers in the United States: a review applying the vulnerable populations conceptual model. J Assoc Nurses AIDS. 2011;22(3):173–85.CrossRef

Deane K, Parkhurst J, Johnston D. Linking migration, mobility and HIV. Trop Med Int Health. 2010;15(12):1458–63.CrossRefPubMed

Weine SM, Kashuba AB. Labor migration and HIV risk: a systematic review of the literature. AIDS Behav. 2012;16(6):1605–21.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

UNAIDS Global responses to AIDS progress report 2012, Republic of South Africa. Geneva: UNAIDS; 2012.

Polzer T. Population movements in and to South Africa. University of the Witwatersrand, Forced Migration Studies Programme. Johanesburg, South Africa. Johanesburg: University of the Witwatersrand;2010.

Bronfman MN, Leyva R, Negroni MJ, Rueda CM. Mobile populations and HIV/AIDS in Central America and Mexico: research for action. AIDS. 2002;16 Suppl 3:S42–S49.CrossRefPubMed

Raj A, Silverman J. Violence against immigrant women: the roles of culture, context, and legal immigrant status on intimate partner violence. Violence Against Women. 2002;8(3):367–98.CrossRef

Keygnaert I, Vettenburg N, Temmerman M. Hidden violence is silent rape: sexual and gender-based violence in refugees, asylum seekers and undocumented migrants in Belgium and the Netherlands. Cult Health Sex. 2012;14(5):505–20.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Surratt H. Sex work in the Caribbean Basin: patterns of substance use and HIV risk among migrant sex workers in the US Virgin Islands. AIDS Care. 2007;19(10):1274–82.CrossRefPubMed

10.

Tanaka Y, Kunii O, Hatano T, Wakai S. Knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of HIV prevention and HIV infection risks among Congolese refugees in Tanzania. Health Place. 2008:434–452.

11.

Weine S, Golobof A, Bahromov M, Kashuba A, Kalandarov T, Jonbekov J, et al. Female migrant sex workers in Moscow: gender and power factors and HIV risk. Women Health. 2013;53(1):56–73.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

12.

Camlin CS, Hosegood V, Newell ML, Mcgrath N, Bärnighausen T, Snow RC. Gender, migration and HIV in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. PLoS One. 2010;5(7):e11539.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

13.

Zuma K, Lurie M, Williams B, Mkaya-Mwamburi D, Garnett G, Sturm A. Risk factors of sexually transmitted infections among migrant and non-migrant sexual partnerships from rural South Africa. Epidemiol Infect. 2005;133(3):421–8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

14.

Giorgio M, Zembe Y, Cheyip M, Mathew C. HIV prevalence and risk behaviors among foreign migrant women residing in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Behav. 2014;18(10):2020–9.CrossRefPubMed

15.

Idemudia ES, Williams JK, Wyatt GE. Migration challenges among Zimbabwean refugees before, during and post arrival in South Africa. J Inj Violence. 2013;5(1):17–27.

16.

Idemudia ES, Williams JK, Madu SN, Wyatt GE. Trauma exposures and posttraumatic stress among Zimbabwean refugees in South Africa. Life Sci. 2013;10(3):349.

17.

Oliveira E, Vearey J. Images of place: Visuals from migrant women sex workers in South Africa. Med Anthropol. 2015;34(4):305–18.CrossRefPubMed

18.

Munyewende P, Rispel LC, Harris B, Chersich M. Exploring perceptions of HIV risk and health service access among Zimbabwean migrant women in Johannesburg: a gap in health policy in South Africa? J Public Health Policy. 2011;32 Suppl 1:S152–S61.CrossRefPubMed

19.

Carswell K, Blackburn P, Barker C. The relationship between trauma, post-migration problems and the psychological well-being of refugees and asylum seekers. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2011;57(2):107–19.CrossRefPubMed

20.

Ceballos M, Palloni A. Maternal and infant health of Mexican immigrants in the USA: the effects of acculturation, duration, and selective return migration. Ethn Health. 2010;15(4):377–96.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

21.

Gonzalez-Castro JL, Ubillos S. Determinants of psychological distress among migrants from Ecuador and Romania in a Spanish city. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2011;57(1):30–44.CrossRefPubMed

22.

Stewart M, Anderson J, Beiser M, Mwakarimba E, Neufeld A, Simich L, et al. Multicultural meanings of social support among immigrants and refugees. Int Migr. 2008;46(3):123–59.CrossRef

23.

Robertson AM, Lozada R, Vera A, Palinkas LA, Burgos JL, Magis-Rodriguez C, et al. Deportation experiences of women who inject drugs in Tijuana, Mexico. Qual Health Res. 2012;22(4):499–510.CrossRefPubMed

24.

Deren S, Shedlin M, Kang SY, Cortes DE. HIV risk and prevention among Hispanic immigrants in New York: the salience of diversity. Subst Use Misuse. 2011;46(2–3):254–63.CrossRefPubMed

25.

Denner J, Organista KC, Dupree JD, Thrush G. Predictors of HIV transmission among migrant and marginally housed Latinos. AIDS Behav. 2005;9(2):201–10.CrossRefPubMed

26.

Apostolopoulos Y, Sonmez S, Kronenfeld J, Castillo E, Mclendon L, Smith D. STI/HIV risks for Mexican migrant laborers: exploratory ethnographies. J Immigr Minor Health. 2006;8(3):291–2.CrossRefPubMed

27.

Organista KC, Kubo A. Pilot survey of HIV risk and contextual problems and issues in Mexican/Latino migrant day laborers. J Immigr Health. 2005;7(4):269–81.CrossRefPubMed

28.

Sowell RL, Holtz CS, Velasquez G. HIV infection returning to Mexico with migrant workers: an exploratory study. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2008;19(4):267–82.CrossRefPubMed

29.

Ochoa SC, Sampalis J. Risk perception and vulnerability to STIs and HIV/AIDS among immigrant Latin-American women in Canada. Cult Health Sex. 2014;16(4):412–25.CrossRefPubMed

30.

Grieb SM, Nielsen-Bobbit J. Monogamy and secondary sexual partnerships among Afro-Amerindian immigrant women in New York City: a qualitative study. J Immigr Minor Health. 2013;15(2):365–71.CrossRefPubMed

31.

Hoffman S, Higgins JA, Beckford-Jarrett ST, Augenbraun M, Bylander KE, Mantell JE, et al. Contexts of risk and networks of protection: NYC West Indian immigrants’ perceptions of migration and vulnerability to sexually transmitted diseases. Cult Health Sex. 2011;13(5):513–28.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

32.

Mcmichael C, Gifford S. Narratives of sexual health risk and protection amongst young people from refugee backgrounds in Melbourne, Australia. Cult Health Sex. 2010;12(3):263–77.CrossRefPubMed

33.

Campbell C. Migrancy, masculine identities and AIDS: the psychosocial context of HIV transmission on the South African gold mines. Soc Sci Med. 1997;45(2):273–81.CrossRefPubMed

34.

Munoz-Laboy M, Hirsch JS, Quispe-Lazaro A. Loneliness as a sexual risk factor for male Mexican migrant workers. Am J Public Health. 2009;99(5):802–10.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

35.

El-Bassel N, Gilbert L, Terlikbayeva A, West B, Bearman P, Wu E, et al. Implications of mobility patterns and HIV risks for HIV prevention among migrant market vendors in Kazakhstan. Am J Public Health. 2011;101(6):1075–81.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

36.

Kramer MA, Van Den Hoek A, Coutinho RA, Prins M. Sexual risk behaviour among Surinamese and Antillean migrants travelling to their countries of origin. Sex Transm Infect. 2005;81(6):508–10.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

37.

Erulkar A, Ab Mekbib T. Invisible and vulnerable: adolescent domestic workers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Vulnerable Child Youth Stud. 2007;2(3):246–56.CrossRef

38.

Barrera M Jr. Distinctions between social support concepts, measures, and models. Am J Commun Psychol. 1986;14(4):413–45.CrossRef

39.

Schwarzer R, Leppin A. Social support and health: a theoretical and empirical overview. J Soc Pers Relatsh. 1991;8(1):99–127.CrossRef

40.

Raj A, Silverman JG. Immigrant South Asian women at greater risk for injury from intimate partner violence. Am J Public Health. 2003;93(3):435–7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

41.

Knoll N, Schwarzer R. Gender and age differences in social support: a study of East German migrants. In: Weidner G, Kopp M, Kristenson M, editors. Heart disease: Environment, stress, and gender. Amsterdam: IOS Press; 2002. pp. 198–210.

42.

Ahern J, Galea S, Fernandez WG, Koci B, Waldman R, Vlahov D. Gender, social support, and posttraumatic stress in postwar Kosovo. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2004;192(11):762–70.CrossRefPubMed

43.

Amirkhanian Y, Kuznetsova A, Kelly J, Difranceisco W, Musatov V, Avsukevich N, et al. Male labor migrants in Russia: HIV risk behavior levels, contextual factors, and prevention needs. J Immigr Minor Health. 2011;13(5):919–28.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

44.

Mino M, Deren S, Yeon-Kang S. Social support and HIV-related injection risk among Puerto Rican migrant and nonmigrant injection drug users recruited in New York City. AIDS Educ Prev. 2006;18(1):81–90.CrossRefPubMed

45.

Adefuye A, Abiona T, Balogun J, Lukobo-Durrell M. HIV sexual risk behaviors and perception of risk among college students: implications for planning interventions. BMC Public Health. 2009;9(1):281.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

46.

Cooperman N, Arnsten J, Klein R. Current sexual activity and risky sexual behavior in older men with or at risk for HIV infection. AIDS Educ Prev. 2007;19(4):321–33.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

47.

Schroder KE, Carey M, Vanable P. Methodological challenges in research on sexual risk behavior: II. Accuracy of self-reports. Ann Behav Med. 2003;26(2):104–23.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

48.

Heckathorn D. Respondent driven sampling: a new approach to the study of hidden populations. Soc Probl. 1997;44(2):174–99.CrossRef

49.

Salganik M, Heckathorn D. Sampling and estimation in hidden populations using respondent-driven sampling. Sociol Methodol. 2004;34(1):193–239.CrossRef

50.

Zimet GD, Powell SS, Farley GK, Werkman S, Berkoff KA. Psychometric characteristics of the multidimensional scale of perceived social support. J Pers Assess. 1990;55(3–4):610–7.CrossRefPubMed

51.

Gisle L, Van Oyen H. Household composition and suicidal behaviour in the adult population of Belgium. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2013;48(7):1115–24.CrossRefPubMed

52.

Rees CA, Karter AJ, Young BA. Race/ethnicity, social support, and associations with diabetes self-care and clinical outcomes in NHANES. Diabetes Educ. 2010;36(3):435–45.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

53.

O’Brien GM, Stein MD, Zierler S, Shapiro M, O’Sullivan P, Woolard R. Use of the ED as a regular source of care: associated factors beyond lack of health insurance. Ann Emerg Med. 1997;30(3):286–91.CrossRefPubMed

54.

Lindfors PM, Meretoja OA, Luukkonen RA, Elovainio MJ, Leino TJ. Suicidality among Finnish anaesthesiologists. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2009;53(8):1027–35.CrossRefPubMed

55.

Deddens JA, Petersen MR. Approaches for estimating prevalence ratios. Occup Environ Med. 2008;65(7):501–6.CrossRef

56.

Al Gasseer N, Dresden E, Keeney G, Warren N. Status of women and infants in complex humanitarian emergencies. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2004;49(4 Suppl 1):7–13.CrossRefPubMed

57.

Sanchez MA, Hernández MT, Hanson JE, Vera A, Magis-Rodríguez C, Ruiz JD, et al. The effect of migration on HIV high-risk behaviors among Mexican Migrants. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2012;61(5):610–7.CrossRefPubMed

58.

Zimmerman C, Kiss L, Hossain M. Migration and health: a framework for 21st century policy-making. PLoS Med. 2011;8(5):e1001034.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Title: The Relationship Between Social Support, HIV Serostatus, and Perceived Likelihood of Being HIV Positive Among Self-Settled Female, Foreign Migrants in Cape Town, South Africa
Authors: Margaret Giorgio
Loraine Townsend
Yanga Zembe
Mireille Cheyip
Sally Guttmacher
Farzana Kapadia
Cathy Mathews
Publication date: 01-08-2017
Publisher: Springer US
Published in: Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health / Issue 4/2017
Print ISSN: 1557-1912
Electronic ISSN: 1557-1920
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-016-0514-z

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

The Relationship Between Social Support, HIV Serostatus, and Perceived Likelihood of Being HIV Positive Among Self-Settled Female, Foreign Migrants in Cape Town, South Africa

Abstract

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 4/2017

Health Benefits Mandates and Their Potential Impacts on Racial/Ethnic Group Disparities in Insurance Markets

Distribution of IL28B Polymorphism in a Cohort of Italians and Immigrants with HCV Infection: Association with Viraemia, Stage of Fibrosis and Response to Treatment

Factors Associated with HIV Status Disclosure in HIV-Infected Sub-Saharan Migrants Living in France and Successfully Treated with Antiretroviral Therapy: Results from the ANRS-VIHVO Study

Social Support and HIV Risks Among Migrant and Non-Migrant Market Workers in Almaty, Kazakhstan

HIV Knowledge Among Pregnant Latinas in Rural South Carolina

Vaccination Coverage Disparities Between Foreign-Born and U.S.-Born Children Aged 19–35 Months, United States, 2010–2012