Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies
Published in: BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies 1/2020

Open Access 01-12-2020 | Research article

The Porphyromonas gingivalis inhibitory effects, antioxidant effects and the safety of a Sri Lankan traditional betel quid - an in vitro study

Authors: Madhavi Priyanka Paranagama, Nadisha Sewwandi Piyarathne, Tharanga Lakmali Nandasena, Sumedha Jayatilake, Ayanthi Navaratne, Bandula Prasanna Galhena, Senani Williams, Jayantha Rajapakse, Kiyoshi Kita

Published in: BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies | Issue 1/2020

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

The Sri Lankan traditional betel quid (TBQ) which had been extensively used in the country before its colonization is claimed to have antiperiodontopathic effects in the Sri Lankan folklore. However, there is no reported scientific evidence to support the claimed antiperiodontopathic effects mediated by this TBQ. The present study was carried out to investigate the protective effect of the Sri Lankan TBQ in the pathogenesis of periodontitis.

Methods

We investigate the ethyl acetate extract of the Sri Lankan TBQ for its antibacterial effects against the keystone periodontopathic bacterium, P. gingivalis and also its antioxidant potential, which is important to protect the periodontium from oxidative stress. Further, its safety was analyzed using the cytokinesis block micronucleus assay on human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs).

Results

Ethyl acetate extract of this TBQ inhibited the growth of P. gingivalis with a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 125 μg/ml. It was found to be a rich source of polyphenols and displayed considerable DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities and a strong ferric reducing antioxidant power. This extract could protect the cultured human gingival fibroblasts from H2O2 induced oxidative stress. In addition, this TBQ extract was not genotoxic to human PBLs even at a concentration of 2.5 mg/ml. Moreover, it exhibited protective effects against bleomycin induced genotoxicity in PBLs.

Conclusion

Ethyl acetate extract of the Sri Lankan TBQ is a source of natural antibacterial compounds against P. gingivalis. It is also a source of natural antioxidants which can protect human gingival fibroblasts from H2O2 induced oxidative stress. These properties of the TBQ may have contributed to its claimed antiperiodontopathic effects. Besides, it was found to be relatively non-toxic to human cells. Thus this TBQ extract has a huge potential to be developed as a novel adjunctive therapeutic lead against periodontitis.
Literature
1.
Kassebaum NJ, Smith AGC, Bernabé E, Fleming TD, Reynolds AE, Vos T, Murray CJL. Marcenes W; GBD 2015 Oral health collaborators. Global, regional, and National Prevalence, incidence, and disability-adjusted life years for Oral conditions for 195 countries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the global burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors. J Dent Res. 2017;96(4):380–7.PubMed
2.
Pihlstrom BL, Michalowicz BS, Johnson NW. Periodontal diseases. Lancet. 2005;366(9499):1809–20.PubMed
3.
Belinga LEE, Ngan WB, Lemougoum D, Nlo'o ASPE, Bongue B, Ngono A, Mandengue SH, Sembene M. Association between periodontal diseases and cardiovascular diseases in Cameroon. J Public Health Africa. 2018;9(1):761.
4.
5.
Araújo VMA, Melo IM, and Lima V. Relationship between periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis: review of the literature. Mediat Inflamm 2015. doi.10.1155/2015/259074.
6.
7.
Cardoso EM, Reis C, Manzanares-Cespedes MC. Chronic periodontitis, inflammatory cytokines, and interrelationship with other chronic diseases. J Postgrad Med. 2018;130(1):98–104.
8.
Holt SC, Ebersole JL. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia: the "red complex", a prototype polybacterial pathogenic consortium in periodontitis. Periodontol 2000. 2005;38:72–122.
9.
10.
Rafiei M, Kiani F, Sayehmiri K, Sayehmiri F, Tavirani M, Dousti M, et al. Prevalence of anaerobic Bacteria (P. gingivalis) as major microbial agent in the incidence periodontal diseases by meta-analysis. J Dent. 2018;19(3):232–42.
11.
Hajishengallis G, Lamont RJ. Breaking bad: manipulation of the host response by Porphyromonas gingivalis. Eur J Immunol. 2014;44(2):328–38.PubMedPubMedCentral
12.
Bostanci N, Belibasakis GN. Porphyromonas gingivalis: an invasive and evasive opportunistic oral pathogen. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2012;333(1):1–9.PubMed
13.
Scott DA, Krauss J. Neutrophils in periodontal inflammation. Front Oral Biol. 2012;15:56–83.PubMed
14.
Chapple IL, Matthews JB. The role of reactive oxygen and antioxidant species in periodontal tissue destruction. Periodontol 2000. 2007;43:160–232.
15.
Wang Y, Andrukhov O, Rausch-Fan X. Oxidative stress and antioxidant system in periodontitis. Front Physiol. 2017;8:910.PubMedPubMedCentral
16.
Sharma S, Khan IA, Ali I, Ali F, Kumar M, Kumar A, et al. Evaluation of the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of Hydroxychavicol for its potential use as an Oral care agent. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53(1):216–22.PubMed
17.
Hung YT, Hou LT, Wong MY. The effects of areca nut extract and nicotine on selected periodontal pathogens; in vitro study. Chin Dent J. 2005;24(2):101–6.
18.
Cai L. Compounds from Syzygium aromaticum possessing growth inhibitory activity against Oral pathogens. J Nat Prod. 1996;59(10):987–90.PubMed
19.
Zhang Y, Wang Y, Zhu X, Cao P, Wei S, Lu Y. Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of eugenol from essential oil of Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L. M. Perry (clove) leaf against periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. Microb Pathog. 2017;113:396–402.PubMed
20.
Shafiei Z, Shuhairi NN, Md Fazly Shah Yap N, Harry Sibungkil C-A, Latip J. Antibacterial Activity of Myristica fragrans against Oral Pathogens. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012; 7.
21.
Nanasombat S, Kuncharoen N, Ritcharoon B, Sukcharoen P. Antibacterial activity of thai medicinal plant extracts against oral and gastrointestinal pathogenic bacteria and prebiotic effect on the growth of lactobacillus acidophilus. J Med Assoc Thail. 2018:33–44.
22.
Bersan SM, Galvao LC, Goes VF, Sartoratto A, Figueira GM, Rehder VL, et al. Action of essential oils from Brazilian native and exotic medicinal species on oral biofilms. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2014;14:451.PubMedPubMedCentral
23.
Zhou X, Sai WS, Dennis C, Hosen K, Valentina RN, Kelvin C, Alan B. Synergistic effects of Chinese herbal medicine: a comprehensive review of methodology and current research. Front Pharmacol. 2016;201.
24.
Arambewela L, Arawwawala M, Rajapaksa D. Piper betle: a potential natural antioxidant. Int J Food Sci Technol. 2006;41(1):10–4.
25.
Chavan YV, Singhal RS. Separation of polyphenols and Arecoline from Areca nut (Areca Catechu L.) by solvent extraction, its anti oxidant activity, and identification of polyphenols. J Sci Food Agric. 2013;93(10):2580–9.PubMed
26.
Rojas C, Francisco D, Souza CRF, Oliveira VP. Clove (Syzygium aromaticum): a precious spice. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2014;2:90–6.
27.
Deepa B, Anuradha CV. Antioxidant potential of Coriandrum sativum L. Seed Extract Indian J Exp Biol. 2011;49(1):30–8.PubMed
28.
Sahoo S, Reena P, Sikha S, Rabindra NP, Nayak S. Evaluation of yield, quality and antioxidant activity of essential oil of in vitro propagated Kaempferia galanga Linn. J Acute Dis. 2014;3(2):124–30.
29.
Gupta AD, Vipin KB, Vikash B, Nishi M. Chemistry, antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt). J Genet Eng Biotechnol. 2013;11(1):25–31.
30.
Singh G, Shashi K, Palanisamy M, Valery I, Vera V. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oil and various oleoresins of Elettaria cardamomum (seeds and pods). J Sci Food Agric. 2008;88(2):280–9.
31.
Manach C, Scalbert A, Morand C, Remesy C, Jimenez L. Polyphenols: food sources and bioavailability. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79(5):727–47.PubMed
32.
Terao J. I4 factors affecting bioavailability of plant polyphenols. Biochem Pharmacol. 2017;139:105–6.
33.
Madduluri S, Babu Rao K, Sitaram B. In vitro evaluation of antibacterial activity of five indigenous plants extract against five bacterial pathogens of human. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2013;5:679–84.
34.
Gamboa F, Muñoz CC, Numpaque G, Sequeda-Castañeda LG, Gutierrez SJ, and Tellez N. Antimicrobial Activity of Piper marginatum Jacq and Ilex guayusa Loes on Microorganisms Associated with Periodontal Disease. Int. J. Microbiol.2018:1–9. doi.org/10.1155/2018/4147383.
35.
CLSI, Methods for Determining Bactericidal Activity of Antimicrobial Agents. Approved Guideline, CLSI document M26-A. 1998. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 950 West Valley Roadn Suite 2500,Wayne, Pennsylvania 19087, USA..
36.
Singleton VL, Rossi JA. Colorimetry of Total Phenolics with Phosphomolybdic-Phosphotungstic acid reagents. Am J Enol Vitic. 1965;16(3):144–58.
37.
Brand-Williams W, Cuvelier ME, Berset C. Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. Food Sci Technol. 1995;28(1):25–30.
38.
Re R, Pellegrini N, Proteggente A, Pannala A, Yang M, Rice-Evans C. Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical Cation Decolorization assay. Free Radic Biol Med. 1999;26(9–10):1231–7.PubMed
39.
Benzie IF, Strain JJ. The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of antioxidant power: the Frap assay. Anal Biochem. 1996;239(1):70–6.PubMed
40.
Illeperuma RP, Kim DK, Park YJ, Son HK, Kim JY, Kim J, Lee DY, Kim KY, Jung DW, Tilakaratne WM, Kim J. Areca nut exposure increases secretion of tumor-promoting cytokines in gingival fibroblasts that trigger DNA damage in oral keratinocytes. Int J Cancer. 2015;137(11):2545–57.PubMedPubMedCentral
41.
van Meerloo J, Kaspers GJ, Cloos J. Cell sensitivity assays: the MTT assay. Methods Mol Biol. 2011;731:237–45.PubMed
42.
Nur Sazwi N, Nalina T, Rahim ZHA. Antioxidant and cytoprotective activities of Piper betle, Areca catechu, Uncaria gambir and betel quid with and without calcium hydroxide. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2013;13(1):351.PubMedCentral
43.
Fenech M. Cytokinesis-block micronucleus Cytome assay. Nat Protoc. 2007;2(5):1084–104.PubMed
44.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER). Guidance for Industry S2 (R1) Genotoxicity Testing and Data Interpretation for Pharmaceuticals Intended for Human Use. 2012.
45.
Iwaki K, Koya-Miyata S, Kohno K, Ushio S, Fukuda S. Antimicrobial activity of Polygonum tinctorium Lour: extract against oral pathogenic bacteria. Nat Med. 2006;60:121–5.
46.
Mohieldin EAM, Muddathir AM, Mitsunaga T. Inhibitory activities of selected Sudanese medicinal plants on Porphyromonas gingivalis and matrix metalloproteinase-9 and isolation of bioactive compounds from Combretum hartmannianum (Schweinf) bark. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2017;17(1):224.PubMedPubMedCentral
47.
Patra JK, Kim ES, Oh K, Kim H-J, Kim Y, Baek K-H. Antibacterial effect of crude extract and metabolites of Phytolacca americana on pathogens responsible for periodontal inflammatory diseases and dental caries. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2014;14:343-.
48.
Araghizadeh A, Kohanteb J, Fani MM. Inhibitory activity of green tea (Camellia sinensis) extract on some clinically isolated cariogenic and Periodontopathic Bacteria. Med Prin Pract. 2013;22(4):368–72.
49.
Shetty S, Thomas B, Shetty V, Bhandary R, Shetty RM. An in-vitro evaluation of the efficacy of garlic extract as an antimicrobial agent on periodontal pathogens: a microbiological study. Ayu. 2013;34(4):445–51.PubMedPubMedCentral
50.
Herrera Herrera A, Franco Ospina L, Fang L, Díaz Caballero A. Susceptibility of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Streptococcus mutans to Antibacterial Effect from Mammea americana. Adv Pharmacol Sci. 2014; 2014:384815-.
51.
Gao Y, Zhang X, Yin J, Du Q, Tu Y, Shi J, et al. Castanopsis lamontii water extract shows potential in suppressing pathogens, lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation and oxidative stress-induced cell injury. Molecules. 2019;24(2):273.PubMedCentral
52.
Kohli D, Hugar S, Bhat K, Shah P, Mundada M, Badakar C. Comparative evaluation of the antimicrobial susceptibility and cytotoxicity of husk extract of Cocos nucifera and chlorhexidine as irrigating solutions against Enterococcus Faecalis, Prevotella Intermedia and Porphyromonas Gingivalis – An in-vitro study. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2018;36:142.PubMed
53.
Kasote DM, Katyare SS, Hegde MV, Bae H. Significance of antioxidant potential of plants and its relevance to therapeutic applications. Int J Biol Sci. 2015;11(8):982–91.PubMedPubMedCentral
54.
Alam MN, Bristi NJ, Rafiquzzaman M. Review on in vivo and in vitro methods evaluation of antioxidant activity. Saudi Pharm J. 2013;21(2):143–52.PubMed
55.
Hwang KA, Hwang YJ, Song J. Antioxidant activities and oxidative stress inhibitory effects of ethanol extracts from Cornus officinalis on raw 264.7 cells. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2016; 16:196-.
56.
Pandey KB, Rizvi SI. Plant polyphenols as dietary antioxidants in human health and disease. Oxidative Med Cell Longev. 2009;2(5):270–8.
57.
Msaada K, Jemia MB, Salem N, Bachrouch O, Sriti J, Tammar S, Bettaieb I, Jabri I, Kefi S, Limam F, Marzouk B. Antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts from three coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) fruit varieties. Arab J Chem. 2017;10(2):S3176–83.
58.
Sultana S, Ripa FA, Hamid K. Comparative antioxidant activity study of some commonly used spices in Bangladesh. Paki J Biol Sci. 2010;13:340–3.
59.
Tuekaew J, Siriwatanametanon N, Wongkrajang Y, Temsiririrkkul R, Jantan I. Evaluation of the antioxidant activities of Ya-hom Intajak, a Thai herbal formulation, and its component plants. Trop J Pharm Res. 2014;13(9):1477–85.
60.
Chan E, Lim Y, Wong LF, Lianto FS, Wong SK, Lim KK, Joe CE, Lim TY. Antioxidant and Tyrosinase inhibition properties of leaves and rhizomes of ginger species. Food Chem. 2008;109:477–83.
61.
Burger RM. Cleavage of nucleic acids by Bleomycin. Chem Rev. 1998;98(3):1153–70.PubMed
62.
63.
Galhena BP, Samarakoon SSR, Thabrew MI, Solomon FDP, Perumal V, and Mani C. Protective Effect of a Polyherbal Aqueous Extract Comprised of Nigella sativa (Seeds), Hemidesmus indicus (Roots), and Smilax glabra (Rhizome) on Bleomycin Induced Cytogenetic Damage in Human Lymphocytes. BioMed Res Int. 2017; doi. /10.1155/2017/1856713.
64.
Shirname LP, Menon MM, Bhide SV. Mutagenicity of betel quid and its ingredients using mammalian test systems. Carcinogenesis. 1984;5(4):501–3.4.PubMed
65.
Chen PH, Mahmood Q, Mariottini GL, Chiang TA, Lee KW. Adverse Health Effects of Betel Quid and the Risk of Oral and Pharyngeal Cancers. BioMed Res Int. 2017; doi.org/10.1155/2017/3904098.
66.
Chiba I. Prevention of betel quid chewers’ Oral Cancer in the Asian-Pacific area. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2001;2:263–9.PubMed
67.
Lee CH, Ko AM, Warnakulasuriya S, Yin BL. Sunarjo, Zain RB, Ibrahim SO, Liu ZW, Li WH, Zhang SS, Kuntoro, Utomo B, Rajapakse PS, Warusavithana SA, Razak, IA, Abdullah N, Shrestha P, Kwan AL, Shieh TY, Chen MK. Ko YC. Et al. Intercountry prevalences and practices of betel-quid use in south, southeast and eastern Asia regions and associated oral preneoplastic disorders: an international collaborative study by Asian betel-quid consortium of south and East Asia. Int J Cancer. 2011;129(7):1741–51.PubMed
68.
IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Betel-quid and areca-nut chewing and some areca-nut derived nitrosamines. IARC Monogr. Eval Carcinog Risks Hum. 2004, 85, 1–334.
69.
Thomas SJ, MacLennan R. Slaked lime and betel nut cancer in Papua New Guinea. Lancet. 1992;340(8819):577–8.PubMed
70.
Nair UJ, Obe G, Friesen M, Goldberg MT, Bartsch H. Role of lime in the generation of reactive oxygen species from betel-quid ingredients. Environ Health Perspect. 1992;98:203–5.PubMedPubMedCentral
71.
Amarasinghe HK, Usgodaarachchi US, Johnson NW, Lalloo R, Warnakulasuriya S. Betel-quid chewing with or without tobacco is a major risk factor for oral potentially malignant disorders in Sri Lanka: a case-control study. Oral Oncol. 2010;46(4):297–301.PubMed
72.
Li YC, Cheng AJ, Lee LY, Huang YC, Chang JTC. Multifaceted mechanisms of Areca nuts in Oral carcinogenesis: the molecular pathology from precancerous condition to malignant transformation. J Cancer. 2019;10(17):4054–62.PubMedPubMedCentral
73.
Lu CT, Yen YY, Ho CS, Ko YC, Tsai CC, Hsieh CC, et al. A case-control study of oral cancer in Changhua County. Taiwan Journal Oral Pathol Med. 1996;25(5):245–8.
74.
Jeong SJ, Kim OS, Yoo SR, Seo CS, Kim Y, Shin HK. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of the traditional herbal formula Gwakhyangjeonggi-san via enhancement of heme oxygenase-1 expression in RAW264.7 macrophages. Mol Med Rep. 2016;13(5):4365–71.PubMed
75.
Liu YJ, Peng W, Hu MB, Xu M, Wu CJ. The pharmacology, toxicology and potential applications of arecoline: a review. Pharm Biol. 2016;54(11):2753–60.PubMed
76.
Peng W, Liu YJ, Hu MB, Yan D, Gao YX, Wu CJ. Using the “target constituent removal combined with bioactivity assay” strategy to investigate the optimum arecoline content in charred areca nut. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):40278.PubMedPubMedCentral
77.
Cheng HL, Su SJ, Huang LW, Hsieh BS, Hu YC, Hung TC, et al. Arecoline induces HA22T/VGH hepatoma cells to undergo anoikis - involvement of STAT3 and RhoA activation. Mol Cancer. 2010;9(1):126.PubMedPubMedCentral
78.
Fan J, Lin R, Xia S, Chen D, Elf SE, Liu S, et al. Tetrameric acetyl-CoA Acetyltransferase 1 is important for tumor growth. Mol Cell. 2016;64(5):859–74.PubMedPubMedCentral
79.
Tariot PN, Cohen RM, Welkowitz JA, Sunderland T, Newhouse PA, Murphy DL, et al. Multiple-dose Arecoline infusions in Alzheimer's disease. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1988;45(10):901–5.PubMed
80.
Xu Z, Adilijiang A, Wang W, You P, Lin D, Li X, et al. Arecoline attenuates memory impairment and demyelination in a cuprizone-induced mouse model of schizophrenia. Neuroreport. 2019;30(2):134–8.PubMed
81.
Illeperuma DR, Bandara MK, Kim DDK, Siriwardena PS, Jayasinghe PR, Kim PJ, et al. Antioxidant rich tropical herbs to combat Areca-nut induced OPMDs. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2019;128(1):e80–e1.
82.
Zhou J, Sun Q, Yang Z, Zhang J. The hepatotoxicity and testicular toxicity induced by arecoline in mice and protective effects of vitamins C and E. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol. 2014;18(2):143–8.PubMedPubMedCentral
83.
Padma PR, Amonkar AJ, Bhide SV. Antimutagenic effects of betel leaf extract against the mutagenicity of two tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines. Mutagenesis. 1989;4(2):154–6.PubMed
84.
Dwivedi V, Shrivastava R, Hussain S, Ganguly C, Bharadwaj M. Comparative anticancer potential of clove (Syzygium aromaticum)-an Indian spice against cancer cell lines of various anatomical origin. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2011;12(8):1989–93.PubMed
85.
Tang EL, Rajarajeswaran J, Fung SY, Kanthimathi MS. Antioxidant activity of Coriandrum sativum and protection against DNA damage and cancer cell migration. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2013;13:347.PubMedPubMedCentral
86.
Elguindy NM, Yacout GA, El Azab EF, Maghraby HK. Chemoprotective effect of Elettaria Cardamomum against chemically induced hepatocellular carcinoma in rats by inhibiting NF-κB, oxidative stress, and activity of ornithine decarboxylase. S Afr J Bot. 2016;105:251–8.
87.
Ichwan SJA, Husin A, Suriyah WH, Lestari W, Omar MN, Kasmuri AR. Anti-neoplastic potential of ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate of Kaempferia galanga on oral cancer cell lines. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2019;16:2115–21.
88.
Kim EY, Choi HJ, Park MJ, Jung YS, Lee SO, Kim KJ, et al. Myristica fragrans suppresses tumor growth and metabolism by inhibiting lactate dehydrogenase a. Am J Chinese Med. 2016;44(05):1063–79.
Metadata
Title
The Porphyromonas gingivalis inhibitory effects, antioxidant effects and the safety of a Sri Lankan traditional betel quid - an in vitro study
Authors
Madhavi Priyanka Paranagama
Nadisha Sewwandi Piyarathne
Tharanga Lakmali Nandasena
Sumedha Jayatilake
Ayanthi Navaratne
Bandula Prasanna Galhena
Senani Williams
Jayantha Rajapakse
Kiyoshi Kita
Publication date
01-12-2020
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies / Issue 1/2020
Electronic ISSN: 2662-7671
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-020-03048-6

Other articles of this Issue 1/2020

BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies 1/2020 Go to the issue

Research article

Current uses and knowledge of medicinal plants in the Autonomous Community of Madrid (Spain): a descriptive cross-sectional study

Research article

Shufeng Jiedu capsules for treating acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Research article

Neferine and lianzixin extracts have protective effects on undifferentiated caffeine-damaged PC12 cells

Research article

Phytochemical analysis and in vitro anti-proliferative activity of Viscum album ethanolic extracts

Research article

Molecular mechanism underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of volatile components of Ligularia fischeri (Ledeb) Turcz based on network pharmacology

Research article

Curcumin inhibits the migration of osteoclast precursors and osteoclastogenesis by repressing CCL3 production