The Pakistan Risk of Myocardial Infarction Study: a resource for the study of genetic, lifestyle and other determinants of myocardial infarction in South Asia

go back to reference Mathers CD, Loncar D. Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS Med. 2006;3(11):e442. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030442.PubMedCrossRef Mathers CD, Loncar D. Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS Med. 2006;3(11):e442. doi:10.​1371/​journal.​pmed.​0030442.PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Abegunde DO, Mathers CD, Adam T, Ortegon M, Strong K. The burden and costs of chronic diseases in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet. 2007;370(9603):1929–38. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61696-1.PubMedCrossRef Abegunde DO, Mathers CD, Adam T, Ortegon M, Strong K. The burden and costs of chronic diseases in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet. 2007;370(9603):1929–38. doi:10.​1016/​S0140-6736(07)61696-1.PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Ghaffar A, Reddy KS, Singhi M. Burden of non-communicable diseases in South Asia. BMJ. 2004;328(7443):807–10. doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7443.807.PubMedCrossRef Ghaffar A, Reddy KS, Singhi M. Burden of non-communicable diseases in South Asia. BMJ. 2004;328(7443):807–10. doi:10.​1136/​bmj.​328.​7443.​807.PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference McKeigue PM, Miller GJ, Marmot MG. Coronary heart disease in South Asians overseas: a review. J Clin Epidemiol. 1989;42(7):597–609. doi:10.1016/0895-4356(89)90002-4.PubMedCrossRef McKeigue PM, Miller GJ, Marmot MG. Coronary heart disease in South Asians overseas: a review. J Clin Epidemiol. 1989;42(7):597–609. doi:10.​1016/​0895-4356(89)90002-4.PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Gupta M, Brister S. Is South Asian ethnicity an independent cardiovascular risk factor? Can J Cardiol. 2006;22(3):193–7.PubMed Gupta M, Brister S. Is South Asian ethnicity an independent cardiovascular risk factor? Can J Cardiol. 2006;22(3):193–7.PubMed

go back to reference Ismail J, Jafar TH, Jafary FH, White F, Faruqui AM, Chaturvedi N. Risk factors for non-fatal myocardial infarction in young South Asian adults. Heart. 2004;90(3):259–63. doi:10.1136/hrt.2003.013631.PubMedCrossRef Ismail J, Jafar TH, Jafary FH, White F, Faruqui AM, Chaturvedi N. Risk factors for non-fatal myocardial infarction in young South Asian adults. Heart. 2004;90(3):259–63. doi:10.​1136/​hrt.​2003.​013631.PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Parish S, Collins R, Peto R, Youngman L, Barton J, Jayne K, et al. Cigarette smoking, tar yields, and non-fatal myocardial infarction: 14, 000 cases and 32, 000 controls in the United Kingdom. The International Studies of Infarct Survival (ISIS) Collaborators. BMJ. 1995;311(7003):471–7.PubMed Parish S, Collins R, Peto R, Youngman L, Barton J, Jayne K, et al. Cigarette smoking, tar yields, and non-fatal myocardial infarction: 14, 000 cases and 32, 000 controls in the United Kingdom. The International Studies of Infarct Survival (ISIS) Collaborators. BMJ. 1995;311(7003):471–7.PubMed

go back to reference Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Dans T, Avezum A, Lanas F, et al. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet. 2004;364(9438):937–52. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17018-9.PubMedCrossRef Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Dans T, Avezum A, Lanas F, et al. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet. 2004;364(9438):937–52. doi:10.​1016/​S0140-6736(04)17018-9.PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium. Genome-wide association study of 14, 000 cases of seven common diseases and 3, 000 shared controls. Nature. 2007;447(7145):661–78. doi:10.1038/nature05911.CrossRef Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium. Genome-wide association study of 14, 000 cases of seven common diseases and 3, 000 shared controls. Nature. 2007;447(7145):661–78. doi:10.​1038/​nature05911.CrossRef

go back to reference Miller M, Bachorik PS, Cloey TA. Normal variation of plasma lipoproteins: postural effects on plasma concentrations of lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins. Clin Chem. 1992;38(4):569–74.PubMed Miller M, Bachorik PS, Cloey TA. Normal variation of plasma lipoproteins: postural effects on plasma concentrations of lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins. Clin Chem. 1992;38(4):569–74.PubMed

go back to reference Hagan RD, Upton SJ, Avakian EV, Grundy S. Increases in serum lipid and lipoprotein levels with movement from the supine to standing position in adult men and women. Prev Med. 1986;15(1):18–27. doi:10.1016/0091-7435(86)90032-0.PubMedCrossRef Hagan RD, Upton SJ, Avakian EV, Grundy S. Increases in serum lipid and lipoprotein levels with movement from the supine to standing position in adult men and women. Prev Med. 1986;15(1):18–27. doi:10.​1016/​0091-7435(86)90032-0.PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Saleheen D, Bukhari S, Haider SR, Nazir A, Khanum S, Shafqat S, et al. Association of phosphodiesterase 4D gene with ischemic stroke in a Pakistani population. Stroke. 2005;36(10):2275–7. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000182242.59466.ee.PubMedCrossRef Saleheen D, Bukhari S, Haider SR, Nazir A, Khanum S, Shafqat S, et al. Association of phosphodiesterase 4D gene with ischemic stroke in a Pakistani population. Stroke. 2005;36(10):2275–7. doi:10.​1161/​01.​STR.​0000182242.​59466.​ee.PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Keating BJ, Tischfield S, Murray SS, Bhangale T, Price TS, Glessner JT, Galver L, Barrett JC, Grant SF, Farlow DN, Chandrupatla HR, Hansen M, Ajmal S, Papanicolaou GJ, Guo Y, Li M, Derohannessian S, de Bakker PI, Bailey SD, Montpetit A, Edmondson AC, Taylor K, Gai X, Wang SS, Fornage M, Shaikh T, Groop L, Boehnke M, Hall AS, Hattersley AT, Frackelton E, Patterson N, Chiang CW, Kim CE, Fabsitz RR, Ouwehand W, Price AL, Munroe P, Caulfield M, Drake T, Boerwinkle E, Reich D, Whitehead AS, Cappola TP, Samani NJ, Lusis AJ, Schadt E, Wilson JG, Koenig W, McCarthy MI, Kathiresan S, Gabriel SB, Hakonarson H, Anand SS, Reilly M, Engert JC, Nickerson DA, Rader DJ, Hirschhorn JN, Fitzgerald GA. Concept, design and implementation of a cardiovasular gene-centric 50 k SNP array for large-scale genomic association studies. PLoS One. 2008;3(10):e3583. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003583. Keating BJ, Tischfield S, Murray SS, Bhangale T, Price TS, Glessner JT, Galver L, Barrett JC, Grant SF, Farlow DN, Chandrupatla HR, Hansen M, Ajmal S, Papanicolaou GJ, Guo Y, Li M, Derohannessian S, de Bakker PI, Bailey SD, Montpetit A, Edmondson AC, Taylor K, Gai X, Wang SS, Fornage M, Shaikh T, Groop L, Boehnke M, Hall AS, Hattersley AT, Frackelton E, Patterson N, Chiang CW, Kim CE, Fabsitz RR, Ouwehand W, Price AL, Munroe P, Caulfield M, Drake T, Boerwinkle E, Reich D, Whitehead AS, Cappola TP, Samani NJ, Lusis AJ, Schadt E, Wilson JG, Koenig W, McCarthy MI, Kathiresan S, Gabriel SB, Hakonarson H, Anand SS, Reilly M, Engert JC, Nickerson DA, Rader DJ, Hirschhorn JN, Fitzgerald GA. Concept, design and implementation of a cardiovasular gene-centric 50 k SNP array for large-scale genomic association studies. PLoS One. 2008;3(10):e3583. doi:10.​1371/​journal.​pone.​0003583.

go back to reference DNA analysis solutions: human610-quad DNA analysis beadchip http://www.illumina.com/pages.ilmn?ID=248. DNA analysis solutions: human610-quad DNA analysis beadchip http://​www.​illumina.​com/​pages.​ilmn?​ID=​248.

go back to reference Clarke R, Shipley M, Lewington S, Youngman L, Collins R, Marmot M, et al. Underestimation of risk associations due to regression dilution in long-term follow-up of prospective studies. Am J Epidemiol. 1999;150(4):341–53.PubMed Clarke R, Shipley M, Lewington S, Youngman L, Collins R, Marmot M, et al. Underestimation of risk associations due to regression dilution in long-term follow-up of prospective studies. Am J Epidemiol. 1999;150(4):341–53.PubMed

go back to reference Fibrinogen Studies Collaboration, Wood AM, White I, Thompson SG, Lewington S, Danesh J. Regression dilution methods for meta-analysis: assessing long-term variability in plasma fibrinogen among 27, 247 adults in 15 prospective studies. Int J Epidemiol. 2006;35(6):1570–8. doi:10.1093/ije/dyl233.PubMedCrossRef Fibrinogen Studies Collaboration, Wood AM, White I, Thompson SG, Lewington S, Danesh J. Regression dilution methods for meta-analysis: assessing long-term variability in plasma fibrinogen among 27, 247 adults in 15 prospective studies. Int J Epidemiol. 2006;35(6):1570–8. doi:10.​1093/​ije/​dyl233.PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Holmes E, Loo RL, Stamler J, Bictash M, Yap IK, Chan Q, et al. Human metabolic phenotype diversity and its association with diet and blood pressure. Nature. 2008;453(7193):396–400. doi:10.1038/nature06882.PubMedCrossRef Holmes E, Loo RL, Stamler J, Bictash M, Yap IK, Chan Q, et al. Human metabolic phenotype diversity and its association with diet and blood pressure. Nature. 2008;453(7193):396–400. doi:10.​1038/​nature06882.PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Rebbeck TR, Spitz M, Wu X. Assessing the function of genetic variants in candidate gene association studies. Nat Rev Genet. 2004;5(8):589–97. doi:10.1038/nrg1403.PubMedCrossRef Rebbeck TR, Spitz M, Wu X. Assessing the function of genetic variants in candidate gene association studies. Nat Rev Genet. 2004;5(8):589–97. doi:10.​1038/​nrg1403.PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Nürnberg P, Roewer L, Neitzel H, Sperling K, Pöpperl A, Hundrieser J, et al. DNA fingerprinting with the oligonucleotide probe (CAC)5/(GTG)5: somatic stability and germline mutations. Hum Genet. 1989;84(1):75–8. doi:10.1007/BF00210676.PubMedCrossRef Nürnberg P, Roewer L, Neitzel H, Sperling K, Pöpperl A, Hundrieser J, et al. DNA fingerprinting with the oligonucleotide probe (CAC)5/(GTG)5: somatic stability and germline mutations. Hum Genet. 1989;84(1):75–8. doi:10.​1007/​BF00210676.PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Pais P, Pogue J, Gerstein H, Zachariah E, Savitha D, Jayprakash S, et al. Risk factors for acute myocardial infarction in Indians: a case-control study. Lancet. 1996;348(9024):358–63. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)02507-X.PubMedCrossRef Pais P, Pogue J, Gerstein H, Zachariah E, Savitha D, Jayprakash S, et al. Risk factors for acute myocardial infarction in Indians: a case-control study. Lancet. 1996;348(9024):358–63. doi:10.​1016/​S0140-6736(96)02507-X.PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Patil SS, Joshi R, Gupta G, Reddy MV, Pai M, Kalantri SP. Risk factors for acute myocardial infarction in a rural population of central India: a hospital-based case-control study. Natl Med J India. 2004;17(4):189–94.PubMed Patil SS, Joshi R, Gupta G, Reddy MV, Pai M, Kalantri SP. Risk factors for acute myocardial infarction in a rural population of central India: a hospital-based case-control study. Natl Med J India. 2004;17(4):189–94.PubMed

go back to reference Nishtar S, Wierzbicki AS, Lumb PJ, Lambert-Hammill M, Turner CN, Crook MA, et al. Waist-hip ratio and low HDL predict the risk of coronary artery disease in Pakistanis. Curr Med Res Opin. 2004;20(1):55–62. doi:10.1185/030079903125002595.PubMedCrossRef Nishtar S, Wierzbicki AS, Lumb PJ, Lambert-Hammill M, Turner CN, Crook MA, et al. Waist-hip ratio and low HDL predict the risk of coronary artery disease in Pakistanis. Curr Med Res Opin. 2004;20(1):55–62. doi:10.​1185/​0300799031250025​95.PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Saleheen D, Frossard P. CAD risk factors and acute myocardial infarction in Pakistan. Acta Cardiol. 2004;59(4):417–24. doi:10.2143/AC.59.4.2005208.PubMedCrossRef Saleheen D, Frossard P. CAD risk factors and acute myocardial infarction in Pakistan. Acta Cardiol. 2004;59(4):417–24. doi:10.​2143/​AC.​59.​4.​2005208.PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference McQueen MJ, Hawken S, Wang X, Ounpuu S, Sniderman A, Probstfield J, et al. Lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins as risk markers of myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): a case-control study. Lancet. 2008;372(9634):224–33. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61076-4.PubMedCrossRef McQueen MJ, Hawken S, Wang X, Ounpuu S, Sniderman A, Probstfield J, et al. Lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins as risk markers of myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): a case-control study. Lancet. 2008;372(9634):224–33. doi:10.​1016/​S0140-6736(08)61076-4.PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Helgadottir A, Manolescu A, Helgason A, Thorleifsson G, Thorsteinsdottir U, Gudbjartsson DF, et al. A variant of the gene encoding leukotriene A4 hydrolase confers ethnicity-specific risk of myocardial infarction. Nat Genet. 2006;38(1):68–74. doi:10.1038/ng1692.PubMedCrossRef Helgadottir A, Manolescu A, Helgason A, Thorleifsson G, Thorsteinsdottir U, Gudbjartsson DF, et al. A variant of the gene encoding leukotriene A4 hydrolase confers ethnicity-specific risk of myocardial infarction. Nat Genet. 2006;38(1):68–74. doi:10.​1038/​ng1692.PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Working NCINHGRI. Group on Replication in Association Studies, Chanock SJ, Manolio T, Boehnke M, Boerwinkle E, Hunter DJ, Thomas G, Hirschhorn JN, Abecasis G, Altshuler D, Bailey-Wilson JE, Brooks LD, Cardon LR, Daly M, Donnelly P, Fraumeni JF Jr, Freimer NB, Gerhard DS, Gunter C, Guttmacher AE, Guyer MS, Harris EL, Hoh J, Hoover R, Kong CA, Merikangas KR, Morton CC, Palmer LJ, Phimister E.G, Rice JP, Roberts J, Rotimi C, Tucker MA, Vogan KJ, Wacholder S, Wijsman EM, Winn DM, Collins FS. Replicating genotype-phenotype associations. Nature. 2007;447(7145):655–60. doi:10.1038/447655a. Working NCINHGRI. Group on Replication in Association Studies, Chanock SJ, Manolio T, Boehnke M, Boerwinkle E, Hunter DJ, Thomas G, Hirschhorn JN, Abecasis G, Altshuler D, Bailey-Wilson JE, Brooks LD, Cardon LR, Daly M, Donnelly P, Fraumeni JF Jr, Freimer NB, Gerhard DS, Gunter C, Guttmacher AE, Guyer MS, Harris EL, Hoh J, Hoover R, Kong CA, Merikangas KR, Morton CC, Palmer LJ, Phimister E.G, Rice JP, Roberts J, Rotimi C, Tucker MA, Vogan KJ, Wacholder S, Wijsman EM, Winn DM, Collins FS. Replicating genotype-phenotype associations. Nature. 2007;447(7145):655–60. doi:10.​1038/​447655a.

go back to reference Helgason A, Pálsson S, Thorleifsson G, Grant SF, Emilsson V, Gunnarsdottir S, et al. Refining the impact of TCF7L2 gene variants on type 2 diabetes and adaptive evolution. Nat Genet. 2007;39(2):218–25. doi:10.1038/ng1960.PubMedCrossRef Helgason A, Pálsson S, Thorleifsson G, Grant SF, Emilsson V, Gunnarsdottir S, et al. Refining the impact of TCF7L2 gene variants on type 2 diabetes and adaptive evolution. Nat Genet. 2007;39(2):218–25. doi:10.​1038/​ng1960.PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Yasuda K, Miyake K, Horikawa Y, Hara K, Osawa H, Furuta H, et al. Variants in KCNQ1 are associated with susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Genet. 2008;40(9):1092–7.PubMedCrossRef Yasuda K, Miyake K, Horikawa Y, Hara K, Osawa H, Furuta H, et al. Variants in KCNQ1 are associated with susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Genet. 2008;40(9):1092–7.PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Unoki H, Takahashi A, Kawaguchi T, Hara K, Horikoshi M, Andersen G, et al. SNPs in KCNQ1 are associated with susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in East Asian and European populations. Nat Genet. 2008;40(9):1098–102.PubMedCrossRef Unoki H, Takahashi A, Kawaguchi T, Hara K, Horikoshi M, Andersen G, et al. SNPs in KCNQ1 are associated with susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in East Asian and European populations. Nat Genet. 2008;40(9):1098–102.PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Zeggini E, Scott LJ, Saxena R, Voight BF, Marchini JL, Hu T, et al. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association data and large-scale replication identifies additional susceptibility loci for type 2 diabetes. Nat Genet. 2008;40(5):638–45. doi:10.1038/ng.120.PubMedCrossRef Zeggini E, Scott LJ, Saxena R, Voight BF, Marchini JL, Hu T, et al. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association data and large-scale replication identifies additional susceptibility loci for type 2 diabetes. Nat Genet. 2008;40(5):638–45. doi:10.​1038/​ng.​120.PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Samani NJ, Erdmann J, Hall AS, Hengstenberg C, Mangino M, Mayer B, Dixon RJ, Meitinger T, Braund P, Wichmann HE, Barrett JH, König IR, Stevens SE, Szymczak S, Tregouet DA, Iles MM, Pahlke F, Pollard H, Lieb W, Cambien F, Fischer M, Ouwehand W, Blankenberg S, Balmforth AJ, Baessler A, Ball SG, Strom TM, Braenne I, Gieger C, Deloukas P, Tobin MD, Ziegler A, Thompson JR, Schunkert H, WTCCC and the Cardiogenics Consortium. Genomewide association analysis of coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(5):443–53. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa072366. Samani NJ, Erdmann J, Hall AS, Hengstenberg C, Mangino M, Mayer B, Dixon RJ, Meitinger T, Braund P, Wichmann HE, Barrett JH, König IR, Stevens SE, Szymczak S, Tregouet DA, Iles MM, Pahlke F, Pollard H, Lieb W, Cambien F, Fischer M, Ouwehand W, Blankenberg S, Balmforth AJ, Baessler A, Ball SG, Strom TM, Braenne I, Gieger C, Deloukas P, Tobin MD, Ziegler A, Thompson JR, Schunkert H, WTCCC and the Cardiogenics Consortium. Genomewide association analysis of coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(5):443–53. doi:10.​1056/​NEJMoa072366.

go back to reference Trégouët DA, König IR, Erdmann J, Munteanu A, Braund PS, Hall AS, Grosshennig A, Linsel-Nitschke P, Perret C, DeSuremain M, Meitinger T, Wright BJ, Preuss M, Balmforth AJ, Ball SG, Meisinger C, Germain C, Evans A, Arveiler D, Luc G, Ruidavets JB, Morrison C, van der Harst P, Schreiber S, Neureuther K, Schäfer A, Bugert P, El Mokhtari NE, Schrezenmeir J, Stark K, Rubin D, Wichmann HE, Hengstenberg C, Ouwehand W, Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium. Cardiogenics Consortium, Ziegler A, Tiret L, Thompson JR, Cambien F, Schunkert H, Samani NJ. Genome-wide haplotype association study identifies the SLC22A3-LPAL2-LPA gene cluster as a risk locus for coronary artery disease. Nat Genet. 2009;41(3):283–5. doi:10.1038/ng.314. Trégouët DA, König IR, Erdmann J, Munteanu A, Braund PS, Hall AS, Grosshennig A, Linsel-Nitschke P, Perret C, DeSuremain M, Meitinger T, Wright BJ, Preuss M, Balmforth AJ, Ball SG, Meisinger C, Germain C, Evans A, Arveiler D, Luc G, Ruidavets JB, Morrison C, van der Harst P, Schreiber S, Neureuther K, Schäfer A, Bugert P, El Mokhtari NE, Schrezenmeir J, Stark K, Rubin D, Wichmann HE, Hengstenberg C, Ouwehand W, Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium. Cardiogenics Consortium, Ziegler A, Tiret L, Thompson JR, Cambien F, Schunkert H, Samani NJ. Genome-wide haplotype association study identifies the SLC22A3-LPAL2-LPA gene cluster as a risk locus for coronary artery disease. Nat Genet. 2009;41(3):283–5. doi:10.​1038/​ng.​314.

go back to reference Helgadottir A, Thorleifsson G, Manolescu A, Gretarsdottir S, Blondal T, Jonasdottir A, et al. A common variant on chromosome 9p21 affects the risk of myocardial infarction. Science. 2007;316(5830):1491–3. doi:10.1126/science.1142842.PubMedCrossRef Helgadottir A, Thorleifsson G, Manolescu A, Gretarsdottir S, Blondal T, Jonasdottir A, et al. A common variant on chromosome 9p21 affects the risk of myocardial infarction. Science. 2007;316(5830):1491–3. doi:10.​1126/​science.​1142842.PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Shiffman D, Ellis SG, Rowland CM, Malloy MJ, Luke MM, Iakoubova OA, et al. Identification of four gene variants associated with myocardial infarction. Am J Hum Genet. 2005;77(4):596–605. doi:10.1086/491674.PubMedCrossRef Shiffman D, Ellis SG, Rowland CM, Malloy MJ, Luke MM, Iakoubova OA, et al. Identification of four gene variants associated with myocardial infarction. Am J Hum Genet. 2005;77(4):596–605. doi:10.​1086/​491674.PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference McPherson R, Pertsemlidis A, Kavaslar N, Stewart A, Roberts R, Cox DR, et al. A common allele on chromosome 9 associated with coronary heart disease. Science. 2007;316(5830):1488–91. doi:10.1126/science.1142447.PubMedCrossRef McPherson R, Pertsemlidis A, Kavaslar N, Stewart A, Roberts R, Cox DR, et al. A common allele on chromosome 9 associated with coronary heart disease. Science. 2007;316(5830):1488–91. doi:10.​1126/​science.​1142447.PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Larson MG, Atwood LD, Benjamin EJ, Cupples LA, D’Agostino RB Sr, Fox CS, et al. Framingham heart study 100 K project: genome-wide associations for cardiovascular disease outcomes. BMC Med Genet. 2007;8(Suppl 1):S5. doi:10.1186/1471-2350-8-S1-S5.PubMedCrossRef Larson MG, Atwood LD, Benjamin EJ, Cupples LA, D’Agostino RB Sr, Fox CS, et al. Framingham heart study 100 K project: genome-wide associations for cardiovascular disease outcomes. BMC Med Genet. 2007;8(Suppl 1):S5. doi:10.​1186/​1471-2350-8-S1-S5.PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Ozaki K, Ohnishi Y, Iida A, Sekine A, Yamada R, Tsunoda T, et al. Functional SNPs in the lymphotoxin-alpha gene that are associated with susceptibility to myocardial infarction. Nat Genet. 2002;32(4):650–4. doi:10.1038/ng1047.PubMedCrossRef Ozaki K, Ohnishi Y, Iida A, Sekine A, Yamada R, Tsunoda T, et al. Functional SNPs in the lymphotoxin-alpha gene that are associated with susceptibility to myocardial infarction. Nat Genet. 2002;32(4):650–4. doi:10.​1038/​ng1047.PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Erdmann J, Grosshennig A, Braund PS, König IR, Hengstenberg C, Hall AS, Linsel-Nitschke P, Kathiresan S, Wright B, Trégouët DA, Cambien F, Bruse P, Aherrahrou Z, Wagner AK, Stark K, Schwartz SM, Salomaa V, Elosua R, Melander O, Voight BF, O’Donnell CJ, Peltonen L, Siscovick DS, Altshuler D, Merlini PA, Peyvandi F, Bernardinelli L, Ardissino D, Schillert A, Blankenberg S, Zeller T, Wild P, Schwarz DF, Tiret L, Perret C, Schreiber S, El Mokhtari NE, Schäfer A, März W, Renner W, Bugert P, Klüter H, Schrezenmeir J, Rubin D, Ball SG, Balmforth AJ, Wichmann HE, Meitinger T, Fischer M, Meisinger C, Baumert J, Peters A, Ouwehand WH, Italian Atherosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology Working Group. Myocardial Infarction Genetics Consortium; Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium; Cardiogenics Consortium, Deloukas P, Thompson JR, Ziegler A, Samani NJ, Schunkert H. New susceptibility locus for coronary artery disease on chromosome 3q22.3. Nat Genet. 2009;41(3):280–2. doi:10.1038/ng.307. Erdmann J, Grosshennig A, Braund PS, König IR, Hengstenberg C, Hall AS, Linsel-Nitschke P, Kathiresan S, Wright B, Trégouët DA, Cambien F, Bruse P, Aherrahrou Z, Wagner AK, Stark K, Schwartz SM, Salomaa V, Elosua R, Melander O, Voight BF, O’Donnell CJ, Peltonen L, Siscovick DS, Altshuler D, Merlini PA, Peyvandi F, Bernardinelli L, Ardissino D, Schillert A, Blankenberg S, Zeller T, Wild P, Schwarz DF, Tiret L, Perret C, Schreiber S, El Mokhtari NE, Schäfer A, März W, Renner W, Bugert P, Klüter H, Schrezenmeir J, Rubin D, Ball SG, Balmforth AJ, Wichmann HE, Meitinger T, Fischer M, Meisinger C, Baumert J, Peters A, Ouwehand WH, Italian Atherosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology Working Group. Myocardial Infarction Genetics Consortium; Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium; Cardiogenics Consortium, Deloukas P, Thompson JR, Ziegler A, Samani NJ, Schunkert H. New susceptibility locus for coronary artery disease on chromosome 3q22.3. Nat Genet. 2009;41(3):280–2. doi:10.​1038/​ng.​307.

go back to reference Myocardial Infarction Genetics Consortium, Kathiresan S, Voight BF, Purcell S, Musunuru K, Ardissino D, Mannucci PM, Anand S, Engert JC, Samani NJ, Schunkert H, Erdmann J, Reilly MP, Rader DJ, Morgan T, Spertus JA, Stoll M, Girelli D, McKeown PP, Patterson CC, Siscovick DS, O’Donnell CJ, Elosua R, Peltonen L, Salomaa V, Schwartz SM, Melander O, Altshuler D, Ardissino D, Merlini PA, Berzuini C, Bernardinelli L, Peyvandi F, Tubaro M, Celli P, Ferrario M, Fetiveau R, Marziliano N, Casari G, Galli M, Ribichini F, Rossi M, Bernardi F, Zonzin P, Piazza A, Mannucci PM, Schwartz SM, Siscovick DS, Yee J, Friedlander Y, Elosua R, Marrugat J, Lucas G, Subirana I, Sala J, Ramos R, Kathiresan S, Meigs JB, Williams G, Nathan DM, MacRae CA, O’Donnell CJ, Salomaa V, Havulinna AS, Peltonen L, Melander O, Berglund G, Voight BF, Kathiresan S, Hirschhorn JN, Asselta R, Duga S, Spreafico M, Musunuru K, Daly MJ, Purcell S, Voight BF, Purcell S, Nemesh J, Korn JM, McCarroll SA, Schwartz SM, Yee J, Kathiresan S, Lucas G, Subirana I, Elosua R, Surti A, Guiducci C, Gianniny L, Mirel D, Parkin M, Burtt N, Gabriel SB, Samani NJ, Thompson JR, Braund PS, Wright BJ, Balmforth AJ, Ball SG, Hall AS; Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium, Schunkert H, Erdmann J, Linsel-Nitschke P, Lieb W, Ziegler A, König I, Hengstenberg C, Fischer M, Stark K, Grosshennig A, Preuss M, Wichmann HE, Schreiber S, Schunkert H, Samani NJ, Erdmann J, Ouwehand W, Hengstenberg C, Deloukas P, Scholz M, Cambien F, Reilly MP, Li M, Chen Z, Wilensky R, Matthai W, Qasim A, Hakonarson HH, Devaney J, Burnett MS, Pichard AD, Kent KM, Satler L, Lindsay JM, Waksman R, Epstein SE, Rader DJ, Scheffold T, Berger K, Stoll M, Huge A, Girelli D, Martinelli N, Olivieri O, Corrocher R, Morgan T, Spertus JA, McKeown P, Patterson CC, Schunkert H, Erdmann E, Linsel-Nitschke P, Lieb W, Ziegler A, König IR, Hengstenberg C, Fischer M, Stark K, Grosshennig A, Preuss M, Wichmann HE, Schreiber S, Hólm H, Thorleifsson G, Thorsteinsdottir U, Stefansson K, Engert JC, Do R, Xie C, Anand S, Kathiresan S, Ardissino D, Mannucci PM, Siscovick D, O’Donnell CJ, Samani NJ, Melander O, Elosua R, Peltonen L, Salomaa V, Schwartz SM, Altshuler D . Genome-wide association of early-onset myocardial infarction with single nucleotide polymorphisms and copy number variants. Nat Genet. 2009;41(3):334–41. Myocardial Infarction Genetics Consortium, Kathiresan S, Voight BF, Purcell S, Musunuru K, Ardissino D, Mannucci PM, Anand S, Engert JC, Samani NJ, Schunkert H, Erdmann J, Reilly MP, Rader DJ, Morgan T, Spertus JA, Stoll M, Girelli D, McKeown PP, Patterson CC, Siscovick DS, O’Donnell CJ, Elosua R, Peltonen L, Salomaa V, Schwartz SM, Melander O, Altshuler D, Ardissino D, Merlini PA, Berzuini C, Bernardinelli L, Peyvandi F, Tubaro M, Celli P, Ferrario M, Fetiveau R, Marziliano N, Casari G, Galli M, Ribichini F, Rossi M, Bernardi F, Zonzin P, Piazza A, Mannucci PM, Schwartz SM, Siscovick DS, Yee J, Friedlander Y, Elosua R, Marrugat J, Lucas G, Subirana I, Sala J, Ramos R, Kathiresan S, Meigs JB, Williams G, Nathan DM, MacRae CA, O’Donnell CJ, Salomaa V, Havulinna AS, Peltonen L, Melander O, Berglund G, Voight BF, Kathiresan S, Hirschhorn JN, Asselta R, Duga S, Spreafico M, Musunuru K, Daly MJ, Purcell S, Voight BF, Purcell S, Nemesh J, Korn JM, McCarroll SA, Schwartz SM, Yee J, Kathiresan S, Lucas G, Subirana I, Elosua R, Surti A, Guiducci C, Gianniny L, Mirel D, Parkin M, Burtt N, Gabriel SB, Samani NJ, Thompson JR, Braund PS, Wright BJ, Balmforth AJ, Ball SG, Hall AS; Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium, Schunkert H, Erdmann J, Linsel-Nitschke P, Lieb W, Ziegler A, König I, Hengstenberg C, Fischer M, Stark K, Grosshennig A, Preuss M, Wichmann HE, Schreiber S, Schunkert H, Samani NJ, Erdmann J, Ouwehand W, Hengstenberg C, Deloukas P, Scholz M, Cambien F, Reilly MP, Li M, Chen Z, Wilensky R, Matthai W, Qasim A, Hakonarson HH, Devaney J, Burnett MS, Pichard AD, Kent KM, Satler L, Lindsay JM, Waksman R, Epstein SE, Rader DJ, Scheffold T, Berger K, Stoll M, Huge A, Girelli D, Martinelli N, Olivieri O, Corrocher R, Morgan T, Spertus JA, McKeown P, Patterson CC, Schunkert H, Erdmann E, Linsel-Nitschke P, Lieb W, Ziegler A, König IR, Hengstenberg C, Fischer M, Stark K, Grosshennig A, Preuss M, Wichmann HE, Schreiber S, Hólm H, Thorleifsson G, Thorsteinsdottir U, Stefansson K, Engert JC, Do R, Xie C, Anand S, Kathiresan S, Ardissino D, Mannucci PM, Siscovick D, O’Donnell CJ, Samani NJ, Melander O, Elosua R, Peltonen L, Salomaa V, Schwartz SM, Altshuler D . Genome-wide association of early-onset myocardial infarction with single nucleotide polymorphisms and copy number variants. Nat Genet. 2009;41(3):334–41.

go back to reference Chambers JC, Elliott P, Zabaneh D, Zhang W, Li Y, Froguel P, et al. Common genetic variation near MC4R is associated with waist circumference and insulin resistance. Nat Genet. 2008;40(6):716–8. doi:10.1038/ng.156.PubMedCrossRef Chambers JC, Elliott P, Zabaneh D, Zhang W, Li Y, Froguel P, et al. Common genetic variation near MC4R is associated with waist circumference and insulin resistance. Nat Genet. 2008;40(6):716–8. doi:10.​1038/​ng.​156.PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Marjoram P, Tavaré S. Modern computational approaches for analysing molecular genetic variation data. Nat Rev Genet. 2006;7(10):759–70. doi:10.1038/nrg1961.PubMedCrossRef Marjoram P, Tavaré S. Modern computational approaches for analysing molecular genetic variation data. Nat Rev Genet. 2006;7(10):759–70. doi:10.​1038/​nrg1961.PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Kimura H, Okano H, Tanaka RJ. Stochastic approach to molecular interactions and computational theory of metabolic and genetic regulations. J Theor Biol. 2007;248(4):590–607. doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2007.06.017.PubMedCrossRef Kimura H, Okano H, Tanaka RJ. Stochastic approach to molecular interactions and computational theory of metabolic and genetic regulations. J Theor Biol. 2007;248(4):590–607. doi:10.​1016/​j.​jtbi.​2007.​06.​017.PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Patterson N, Price AL, Reich D. Pulation structure and eigenanalysis. PLoS Genet. 2006;2(12):e190. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0020190.PubMedCrossRef Patterson N, Price AL, Reich D. Pulation structure and eigenanalysis. PLoS Genet. 2006;2(12):e190. doi:10.​1371/​journal.​pgen.​0020190.PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Teo KK, Ounpuu S, Hawken S, Pandey MR, Valentin V, Hunt D, et al. Tobacco use and risk of myocardial infarction in 52 countries in the INTERHEART study: a case-control study. Lancet. 2006;368(9536):647–58. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69249-0.PubMedCrossRef Teo KK, Ounpuu S, Hawken S, Pandey MR, Valentin V, Hunt D, et al. Tobacco use and risk of myocardial infarction in 52 countries in the INTERHEART study: a case-control study. Lancet. 2006;368(9536):647–58. doi:10.​1016/​S0140-6736(06)69249-0.PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Rosengren A, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Sliwa K, Zubaid M, Almahmeed WA, et al. Association of psychosocial risk factors with risk of acute myocardial infarction in 11119 cases and 13648 controls from 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet. 2004;364(9438):953–62. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17019-0.PubMedCrossRef Rosengren A, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Sliwa K, Zubaid M, Almahmeed WA, et al. Association of psychosocial risk factors with risk of acute myocardial infarction in 11119 cases and 13648 controls from 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet. 2004;364(9438):953–62. doi:10.​1016/​S0140-6736(04)17019-0.PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Danesh J, Youngman L, Clark S, Parish S, Peto R, Collins R. Helicobacter pylori infection and early onset myocardial infarction: case-control and sibling pairs study. BMJ. 1999;319(7218):1157–62.PubMed Danesh J, Youngman L, Clark S, Parish S, Peto R, Collins R. Helicobacter pylori infection and early onset myocardial infarction: case-control and sibling pairs study. BMJ. 1999;319(7218):1157–62.PubMed