Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Immunologic Research
Published in: Immunologic Research 2-3/2014

01-12-2014 | FRONTIERS IN AUTOIMMUNITY

The olfactory function is impaired in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies

Authors: L. Iaccarino, N. Shoenfeld, M. Rampudda, M. Zen, M. Gatto, A. Ghirardello, N. Bassi, L. Punzi, Y. Shoenfeld, A. Doria

Published in: Immunologic Research | Issue 2-3/2014

Login to get access

Abstract

The aim of our study was to analyze olfactory function in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM). We performed a case–control study on 60 IIM patients (48 females and 12 males) and 60 healthy controls (HC) recruited by the best friend method, matched for age, sex and lifestyle. Olfactory function was analyzed by “Sniffin’ sticks test” and expressed through a score (TDI), indicating normosmia (TDI > 30), hyposmia (TDI 15–30) and anosmia (TDI < 15). Mood was investigated by Beck depression inventory (BDI) test. Statistic was performed using SPSS package. Mean ± SD TDI was significantly reduced in patients versus HC (26.8 ± 5.2 vs. 31.4 ± 3.5, p < 0.001). Anosmia was detected in two patients (3.3 %) and no HC, hyposmia in 41 patients and 14 HC (68.3 vs. 23.3 %, p < 0.0001) and normosmia in 17 patients and 48 HC (28.3 vs. 76.6 %, p < 0.0001). In the multivariate analysis carried out in the pool population of patients and HC, low TDI score was associated with age ≥50 years (p < 0.0001), disease status (p < 0.0001) and high BDI (p = 0.007). When adjusting for BDI, disease status was still associated with low TDI (p = 0.037). In IIM, TDI was lower in subjects aged ≥50 years (p = 0.008) and in patients who were taking corticosteroids (p < 0.0001). In the multivariate analysis carried out in IIM patients, low TDI was associated with age ≥50 years (p = 0.001) and prednisone intake (p < 0.0001). The olfactory function is impaired in IIM patients. An underlying immune-mediated mechanism is conceivable, yet a possible interference due to age, steroid intake and depression should be considered.
Literature
1.
Perricone C, Shoenfeld N, Agmon-Levin N, de Carolis C, Perricone R, Shoenfeld Y. Smell and autoimmunity: a comprehensive review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2013;45:87–96.CrossRefPubMed
2.
Benkler M, Agmon-Levin N, Shoenfeld Y. Parkinson’s disease, autoimmunity, and olfaction. Int J Neurosci. 2009;119:2133–43.CrossRefPubMed
3.
Makowska I, Kloszewska I, Grabowska A, Szatkowska I, Rymarczyk K. Olfactory deficits in normal aging and Alzheimer’s disease in the polish elderly population. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2011;26:270–9.CrossRefPubMed
4.
Erb K, Bohner G, Harms L, Goektas O, Fleiner F, Dommes E, Schmidt FA, Dahlslett B, Lüdemann L. Olfactory function in patients with multiple sclerosis: a diffusion tensor imaging study. J Neurol Sci. 2012;316:56–60.CrossRefPubMed
5.
Shoenfeld N, Agmon-Levin N, Flitman-Katzevman I, Paran D, Katz BS, Kivity S, Langevitz P, Zandman-Goddard G, Shoenfeld Y. The sense of smell in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60:1484–7.CrossRefPubMed
6.
Kamel UF, Maddison P, Whitaker R. Impact of primary Sjogren’s syndrome on smell and taste: effect on quality of life. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009;48:1512–4.CrossRef
7.
Katzav A, Solodeev I, Brodsky O, Chapman J, Pick CG, Blank M, et al. Induction of autoimmune depression in mice by anti-ribosomal P antibodies via the limbic system. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56:938–48.CrossRefPubMed
8.
Shoenfeld Y. To smell autoimmunity: anti-P-ribosomal autoantibodies, depression, and the olfactory system. J Autoimmun. 2007;28:165–9.CrossRefPubMed
9.
Katzav A, Ben-Ziv T, Chapman J, Blank M, Reichlin M, Shoenfeld Y. Anti-P ribosomal antibodies induce defect in smell capability in a model of CNS –SLE (depression). J Autoimmun. 2008;31:393–8.CrossRefPubMed
10.
Katzav A, Ben-Ziv T, Blank M, Pick CG, Shoenfeld Y, Chapman J. Antibody-specific behavioral effects: intracerebroventricular injection of antiphospholipid antibodies induces hyperactive behaviour while anti-ribosomal-P antibodies induces depression and smell deficits in mice. J Neuroimmunol. 2014;272:10–5.CrossRefPubMed
11.
Matus S, Burgos PV, Bravo-Zehnder M, Kraft R, Porras OH, Farías P, et al. Antiribosomal-P autoantibodies from psychiatric lupus target a novel neuronal surface protein causing calcium influx and apoptosis. J Exp Med. 2007;204:3221–34.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
12.
Fasunla JA, Hundt W, Lutz J, Förger F, Thürmel K, Steinbach S. Evaluation of smell and taste in patients with Wegener’s granulomatosis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2012;269:179–86.CrossRefPubMed
13.
Proft F, Steinbach S, Dechant C, Witt M, Reindl C, Schulz S, Vielhauer V, Hilge R, Laubender R, Manger K, Nüsslein H, Wendler J, Schuch F, Schulze-Koops H, Grunke M. Gustatory and olfactory function in patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener’s). Scand J Rheumatol. 2014;10:1–7.
14.
Ghirardello A, Zampieri S, Tarricone E, Iaccarino L, Gorza L, Doria A. Cutting edge issues in polymyositis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2011;41:179–89.CrossRefPubMed
15.
Ghirardello A, Bassi N, Palma L, Borella E, Domeneghetti M, Punzi L, Doria A. Autoantibodies in polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2013;15:335.CrossRefPubMed
16.
Tarricone E, Ghirardello A, Rampudda M, Bassi N, Punzi L, Doria A. Anti-SAE antibodies in autoimmune myositis: identification by unlabelled protein immunoprecipitation in an Italian patient cohort. J Immunol Methods. 2012;384:128–34.CrossRefPubMed
17.
Zampieri S, Biral D, Adami N, Ghirardello A, Rampudda ME, Tonello M, Doria A. Expression of myositis specific autoantigens during post-natal myogenesis. Neurol Res. 2008;30:145–8.CrossRefPubMed
18.
Ghirardello A, Zampieri S, Iaccarino L, Tarricone E, Bendo R, Gambari PF, Doria A. Anti-Mi-2 antibodies. Autoimmunity. 2005;38:79–83.CrossRefPubMed
19.
Franceschini F, Cavazzana I, Generali D, Quinzanini M, Viardi L, Ghirardello A, Doria A, Cattaneo R. Anti-Ku antibodies in connective tissue diseases: clinical and serological evaluation of 14 patients. J Rheumatol. 2002;29:1393–7.PubMed
20.
Iaccarino L, Gatto M, Bettio S, Caso F, Rampudda M, Zen M, Ghirardello A, Punzi L, Doria A. Overlap connective tissue disease syndromes. Autoimmun Rev. 2013;12:363–73.CrossRefPubMed
21.
Lega JC, Fabien N, Reynaud Q, Durieu I, Durupt S, Dutertre M, Cordier JF, Cottin V. The clinical phenotype associated with myositis specific and associated autoantibodies: a meta-analysis revisiting the so called anti-synthetase syndrome. Autoimmun Rev. 2014;13:883–91.CrossRefPubMed
22.
Mahler M, Miller FW, Fritzler MJ. Idiopathic inflammatory myositis and anti-synthetase syndrome: a comprehensive review. Autoimmun Rev. 2014;13:367–71.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
23.
Zampieri S, Ghirardello A, Iaccarino L, Tarricone E, Gambari PF, Doria A. Anti-Jo-1 antibodies. Autoimmunity. 2005;38:73–8.CrossRefPubMed
24.
Bohan A, Peter JB. Polymyositis and dermatomyositis (first of two parts). N Engl J Med. 1975;292:344–7.CrossRefPubMed
25.
Bohan A, Peter JB. Polymyositis and dermatomyositis (second of two parts). N Engl J Med. 1975;292:403–7.CrossRefPubMed
26.
Hummel T, Sekinger B, Wolf SR, Pauli E, Kobal G. “Sniffin’ sticks”: olfactory performance assessed by the combined testing of odor identification, odor discrimination and olfactory threshold. Chem Senses. 1997;22:39–52.CrossRefPubMed
27.
Rider LG, Werth VP, Huber AM, Alexanderson H, Rao AP, Ruperto N, et al. Measures of adult and juvenile dermatomypositis, polymyositis and inclusion body myositis. Arthritis Care Res. 2011;63:S118–57.CrossRef
28.
Ghirardello A, Rampudda M, Ekholm L, Bassi N, Tarricone E, Zampieri S, Zen M, Vattemi GA, Lundberg IE, Doria A. Diagnostic performance and validation of autoantibody testing in myositis by a commercial line blot assay. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2010;49:2370–4.CrossRef
29.
Beck AT, et al. Comparison of Beck Depression Inventories -IA and -II in psychiatric outpatients. J Pers Assess. 1996;67:588–97.CrossRefPubMed
30.
van Exel E, Jacobs J, Korswagen L-A, Voskuyl AE, Stek M, Dekker J, Bultink IEM. Depression in systemic lupus erythematosus, dependent on or independent of severity of disease. Lupus. 2013;22:1462–9.CrossRefPubMed
31.
Mombaerts P. Love at first smell—the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:2579–80.CrossRefPubMed
32.
Doherty PC. On the nose: shared themes for the sensory and immune self. Nat Immunol. 2003;4:1043–5.CrossRefPubMed
33.
Kivity S, Ortega-Hernandez OD, Shoenfeld Y. Olfaction—a window to the mind. Isr Med Assoc J. 2009;11:238–43.PubMed
34.
Ortega-Hernandez OD, Kivity S, Shoenfeld Y. Olfaction, psychiatric disorders and autoimmunity: is there a common genetic association? Autoimmunity. 2009;42:80–8.CrossRefPubMed
35.
Moscavitch SD, Szyper-Kravitz M, Shoenfeld Y. Autoimmune pathology accounts for common manifestations in a wide range of neuro-psychiatric disorders: the olfactory and immune system interrelationship. Clin Immunol. 2009;130:235–43.CrossRefPubMed
36.
Strous RD, Shoenfeld Y. To smell the immune system: olfaction, autoimmunity and brain involvement. Autoimmun Rev. 2006;6:54–60.CrossRefPubMed
37.
Nguyen AD, Shenton ME, Levitt JJ. Olfactory dysfunction in schizophrenia: a review of neuroanatomy and psychophysiological measurements. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2010;18:279–92.CrossRefPubMed
38.
Silva AM, Santos E, Moreira I, Bettencourt A, Coutinho E, Gonçalves A, Pinto C, Montalban X, Cavaco S. Olfactory dysfunction in multiple sclerosis: association with secondary progression. Mult Scler. 2012;18:616–21.CrossRefPubMed
39.
Hummel T, Kobal G, Gudziol H, Macky-Sim A. Normative data for the “Sniffin’ Sticks” including test of odor identification, odor discrimination, and olfactory threshold: an upgrade based on a group of more than 3,000 subjects. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2007;264:237–43.CrossRefPubMed
40.
Basta M, Dalakas MC. High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin exerts its beneficial effect in patients with dermatomyositis by blocking endomysial deposition of activated complement fragments. J Clin Invest. 1994;94:1729–35.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
41.
Ingram G, Hacobyan S, Robertson NP, Morgan BP. Complement in multiple sclerosis: its role in disease and potential as a biomarker. Clin Exp Immunol. 2009;155:128–39.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
42.
Perricone C, Agmon-Levin N, Shoenfeld N, de Carolis C, Guarino MD, Gigliucci G, Milana I, Novelli L, Valesini G, Perricone R, Shoenfeld Y. Evidence of impaired sense of smell in hereditary angioedema. Allergy. 2011;66:149–54.CrossRefPubMed
43.
44.
Iaccarino L, Ghirardello A, Bettio S, Zen M, Gatto M, Punzi L, Doria A. The clinical features, diagnosis and classification of dermatomyositis. J Autoimmun. 2014;48–49:122–7.CrossRefPubMed
45.
Palagnini L, Mosca M, Tani C, Gemignani A, Mauri M, Bomabardieri S. Depression and systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review. Lupus. 2013;2:409–16.CrossRef
46.
Souza FH, Levy-Neto M, Shinjo SK. Prevalence of clinical and laboratory manifestations and comorbidities in polymyositis according to gender. Rev Bras Reumatol. 2011;51:428–83.CrossRefPubMed
47.
Croy I, Symmank A, Schellong J, Hummel C, Gerber J, Joraschky P, Hummel T. Olfaction as a marker for depression in humans. J Affect Disord. 2014;160:80–6.CrossRefPubMed
48.
49.
Metadata
Title
The olfactory function is impaired in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies
Authors
L. Iaccarino
N. Shoenfeld
M. Rampudda
M. Zen
M. Gatto
A. Ghirardello
N. Bassi
L. Punzi
Y. Shoenfeld
A. Doria
Publication date
01-12-2014
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Immunologic Research / Issue 2-3/2014
Print ISSN: 0257-277X
Electronic ISSN: 1559-0755
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12026-014-8581-5

Other articles of this Issue 2-3/2014

Immunologic Research 2-3/2014 Go to the issue

PATHOGENESIS AND THERAPY IN AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES

Three decades of low-dose methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis: Can we predict toxicity?

FRONTIERS IN AUTOIMMUNITY

Evolution of multiple sclerosis in France since the beginning of hepatitis B vaccination

FRONTIERS IN AUTOIMMUNITY

The virus-induced HSPs regulate the apoptosis of operatus APCs that result in autoimmunity, not in homeostasis

FRONTIERS IN AUTOIMMUNITY

Predictors of maternal and fetal complications in SLE patients: a prospective study

FRONTIERS IN AUTOIMMUNITY

Risk factors of systemic lupus erythematosus flares during pregnancy

PATHOGENESIS AND THERAPY IN AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES

Autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA): clues and pitfalls in the pediatric background