Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Journal of Hematology & Oncology
Published in: Journal of Hematology & Oncology 1/2017

Open Access 01-12-2017 | Review

The next generation of immunotherapy: keeping lung cancer in check

Authors: Ashwin Somasundaram, Timothy F. Burns

Published in: Journal of Hematology & Oncology | Issue 1/2017

Login to get access

Abstract

Lung cancer is the deadliest malignancy with more cancer deaths per year than the next three cancers combined. Despite remarkable advances in targeted therapy, advanced lung cancer patients have not experienced a significant improvement in mortality. Lung cancer has been shown to be immunogenic and responsive to checkpoint blockade therapy. Checkpoint signals such as CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 dampen T cell activation and allow tumors to escape the adaptive immune response. Response rates in patients with pretreated, advanced NSCLC were much higher and more durable with PD-1 blockade therapy compared to standard-of-care, cytotoxic chemotherapy. Therefore, PD-1 inhibitors such as nivolumab and pembrolizumab were rapidly approved for both squamous and nonsquamous lung cancer in the pretreated population. The advent of these new therapies have revolutionized the treatment of lung cancer; however, the majority of NSCLC patients still do not respond to PD-1/PD-L1 inhibition leaving an unmet need for a large and growing population.
Immunotherapy combinations with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or novel immunomodulatory agents are currently being examined with the hope of achieving higher response rates and improving overall survival rate. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy has been theorized to increase the release of tumor antigen leading to increased responses with immunotherapy. However, cytotoxic chemotherapy and radiation therapy may also destroy actively proliferating T cells. The correct combination and order of therapy is under investigation. The majority of patients who do respond to immunotherapy have a durable response attributed to the effect of adaptive immune system’s memory. Unfortunately, some patients’ tumors do progress afterward and investigation of checkpoint blockade resistance is still nascent.
This review will summarize the latest efficacy and safety data for early and advanced NSCLC in both the treatment-naïve and pretreated settings. The emerging role of immunotherapy for the treatment of small cell lung cancer and malignant mesothelioma will also be discussed.
Literature
1.
2.
3.
4.
Lynch TJ, Bondarenko I, Luft A, Serwatowski P, Barlesi F, Chacko R, Sebastian M, Neal J, Lu H, Cuillerot JM, Reck M. Ipilimumab in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin as first-line treatment in stage IIIB/IV non-small-cell lung cancer: results from a randomized, double-blind, multicenter phase II study. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(17):2046–54.CrossRefPubMed
5.
Konishi J, Yamazaki K, Azuma M, Kinoshita I, Dosaka-Akita H, Nishimura M. B7-H1 expression on non-small cell lung cancer cells and its relationship with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and their PD-1 expression. Clin Cancer Res. 2004;10(15):5094–100.CrossRefPubMed
6.
Topalian SL, Hodi FS, Brahmer JR, Gettinger SN, Smith DC, McDermott DF, Powderly JD, Carvajal RD, Sosman JA, Atkins MB. Safety, activity, and immune correlates of anti–PD-1 antibody in cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(26):2443–54.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
7.
Hamid O, Robert C, Daud A, Hodi FS, Hwu WJ, Kefford R, Wolchok JD, Hersey P, Joseph RW, Weber JS, Dronca R, Gangadhar TC, Patnaik A, Zarour H, Joshua AM, Gergich K, Elassaiss-Schaap J, Algazi A, Mateus C, Boasberg P, Tumeh PC, Chmielowski B, Ebbinghaus SW, Li XN, Kang SP, Ribas A. Safety and tumor responses with lambrolizumab (anti-PD-1) in melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(2):134–44.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
8.
Brahmer JR, Tykodi SS, Chow LQ, Hwu WJ, Topalian SL, Hwu P, Drake CG, Camacho LH, Kauh J, Odunsi K, Pitot HC, Hamid O, Bhatia S, Martins R, Eaton K, Chen S, Salay TM, Alaparthy S, Grosso JF, Korman AJ, Parker SM, Agrawal S, Goldberg SM, Pardoll DM, Gupta A, Wigginton JM. Safety and activity of anti-PD-L1 antibody in patients with advanced cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(26):2455–65.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
9.
Brahmer J, Reckamp KL, Baas P, Crino L, Eberhardt WE, Poddubskaya E, Antonia S, Pluzanski A, Vokes EE, Holgado E, Waterhouse D, Ready N, Gainor J, Aren Frontera O, Havel L, Steins M, Garassino MC, Aerts JG, Domine M, Paz-Ares L, Reck M, Baudelet C, Harbison CT, Lestini B, Spigel DR. Nivolumab versus docetaxel in advanced squamous-cell non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(2):123–35.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
10.
Borghaei H, Paz-Ares L, Horn L, Spigel DR, Steins M, Ready NE, Chow LQ, Vokes EE, Felip E, Holgado E, Barlesi F, Kohlhaufl M, Arrieta O, Burgio MA, Fayette J, Lena H, Poddubskaya E, Gerber DE, Gettinger SN, Rudin CM, Rizvi N, Crino L, Blumenschein Jr GR, Antonia SJ, Dorange C, Harbison CT, Graf Finckenstein F, Brahmer JR. Nivolumab versus docetaxel in advanced nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(17):1627–39.CrossRefPubMed
11.
Garon EB, Rizvi NA, Hui R, Leighl N, Balmanoukian AS, Eder JP, Patnaik A, Aggarwal C, Gubens M, Horn L, Carcereny E, Ahn MJ, Felip E, Lee JS, Hellmann MD, Hamid O, Goldman JW, Soria JC, Dolled-Filhart M, Rutledge RZ, Zhang J, Lunceford JK, Rangwala R, Lubiniecki GM, Roach C, Emancipator K, Gandhi L. Pembrolizumab for the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(21):2018–28.CrossRefPubMed
12.
Herbst RS, Baas P, Kim D-W, Felip E, Pérez-Gracia JL, Han J-Y, Molina J, Kim J-H, Arvis CD, Ahn M-J. Pembrolizumab versus docetaxel for previously treated, PD-L1-positive, advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (KEYNOTE-010): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2016;387(10027):1540–50.CrossRefPubMed
13.
Fehrenbacher L, Spira A, Ballinger M, Kowanetz M, Vansteenkiste J, Mazieres J, Park K, Smith D, Artal-Cortes A, Lewanski C, Braiteh F, Waterkamp D, He P, Zou W, Chen DS, Yi J, Sandler A, Rittmeyer A. Atezolizumab versus docetaxel for patients with previously treated non-small-cell lung cancer (POPLAR): a multicentre, open-label, phase 2 randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2016;387(10030):1837–46.CrossRefPubMed
14.
Smith DA, Vansteenkiste JF, Fehrenbacher L, Park K, Mazieres J, Rittmeyer A, Artal-Cortes A, Lewanski CR, Braiteh FS, Yi J, He P, Zou W, Kowanetz M, Waterkamp D, Ballinger M, Chen DS, Sandler A, Spira AI. Updated survival and biomarker analyses of a randomized phase II study of atezolizumab vs docetaxel in 2L/3L NSCLC (POPLAR). ASCO Meeting Abstracts. 2016;34(15_suppl):9028.
15.
Rittmeyer A, Barlesi F, Waterkamp D, Park K, Ciardiello F, von Pawel J, Gadgeel SM, Hida T, Kowalski DM, Dols MC, Cortinovis DL, Leach J, Polikoff J, Barrios C, Kabbinavar F, Frontera OA, De Marinis F, Turna H, Lee JS, Ballinger M, Kowanetz M, He P, Chen DS, Sandler A, Gandara DR. Atezolizumab versus docetaxel in patients with previously treated non-small-cell lung cancer (OAK): a phase 3, open-label, multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2017;389(10066):255–65.CrossRefPubMed
16.
Herbst RS, Gandara DR, Hirsch FR, Redman MW, LeBlanc M, Mack PC, Schwartz LH, Vokes E, Ramalingam SS, Bradley JD, Sparks D, Zhou Y, Miwa C, Miller VA, Yelensky R, Li Y, Allen JD, Sigal EV, Wholley D, Sigman CC, Blumenthal GM, Malik S, Kelloff GJ, Abrams JS, Blanke CD, Papadimitrakopoulou VA. Lung Master Protocol (Lung-MAP)—a biomarker-driven protocol for accelerating development of therapies for squamous cell lung cancer: SWOG S1400. Clin Cancer Res. 2015;21(7):1514–24.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
17.
Gubens MA, Sequist LV, Stevenson J, Powell SF, Villaruz LC, Gadgeel SM, Langer CJ, Patnaik A, Borghaei H, Jalal SI, Fiore J, Ge JY, Raftopoulos H, Gandhi L. Phase I/II study of pembrolizumab (pembro) plus ipilimumab (ipi) as second-line therapy for NSCLC: KEYNOTE-021 cohorts D and H. ASCO Meeting Abstracts. 2016;34(15_suppl):9027.
18.
Gettinger S, Rizvi NA, Chow LQ, Borghaei H, Brahmer J, Ready N, Gerber DE, Shepherd FA, Antonia S, Goldman JW. Nivolumab monotherapy for first-line treatment of advanced non–small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2016:34(25):JCO669929.CrossRef
19.
Rizvi NA, Hellmann MD, Brahmer JR, Juergens RA, Borghaei H, Gettinger S, Chow LQ, Gerber DE, Laurie SA, Goldman JW, Shepherd FA, Chen AC, Shen Y, Nathan FE, Harbison CT, Antonia S. Nivolumab in combination with platinum-based doublet chemotherapy for first-line treatment of advanced non–small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(25):2969–79.CrossRefPubMed
20.
21.
Reck M, Rodriguez-Abreu D, Robinson AG, Hui R, Csoszi T, Fulop A, Gottfried M, Peled N, Tafreshi A, Cuffe S, O'Brien M, Rao S, Hotta K, Leiby MA, Lubiniecki GM, Shentu Y, Rangwala R, Brahmer JR. Pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy for PD-L1-positive non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(19):1823–33.CrossRefPubMed
22.
23.
Hellmann M, Ramalingam S, Reck M, O'Byrne K, Paz-Ares L, Harbison CT, Bhagavatheeswaran P, Nathan F, Brahmer J. An open label randomized Phase III trial of nivolumab or nivolumab plus ipilimumab vs platinum doublet chemotherapy (PT-DC) in patients with chemotherapy-naïve stage IV or recurrent non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)(CheckMate 227). J Immunother Cancer. 2015;3(2):1.
24.
Hall RD, Gadgeel SM, Garon EB, Bria E, Reck M, Vida J, Zhou H, Raftopoulos H, Gandhi L. Phase 3 study of platinum-based chemotherapy with or without pembrolizumab for first-line metastatic, nonsquamous non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC): KEYNOTE-189. ASCO Meeting Abstracts. 2016;34(15_suppl):TPS9104.
25.
NCT02366143. A phase III study of MPDL3280A (anti-PD-L1 antibody) in combination with carboplatin + paclitaxel with or without bevacizumab in patients with stage IV non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer [IMpower 150] [www.​clinicaltrials.​gov]. Accessed 1 Dec 2016.
26.
NCT02367781. A phase III study of MPDL3280A (anti-PD-L1 antibody) in combination with carboplatin + nab-paclitaxel in patients with non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer [IMpower 130] [www.​clinicaltrials.​gov]. Accessed 1 Dec 2016.
27.
NCT02367794. A study of atezolizumab in combination with carboplatin + paclitaxel or carboplatin + nab-paclitaxel compared with carboplatin + nab-paclitaxel in participants with stage IV squamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) [IMpower 131] [www.​clinicaltrials.​gov]. Accessed 1 Dec 2016.
28.
NCT02409342. A study of atezolizumab (MPDL3280A) compared with cisplatin or carboplatin + pemetrexed in patients with stage IV non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) [IMpower110] [www.​clinicaltrials.​gov]. Accessed 1 Dec 2016.
29.
NCT02409355. A study of atezolizumab (MPDL3280A) compared with gemcitabine + cisplatin or carboplatin in patients with stage IV squamous non-small cell lung cancer [IMpower111] [www.​clinicaltrials.​gov]. Accessed 1 Dec 2016.
30.
NCT02542293. Study of 1st line therapy study of MEDI4736 with tremelimumab versus SoC in non small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (NEPTUNE). [www.​clinicaltrials.​gov]. Accessed 1 Dec 2016.
31.
NCT02453282. Phase III open label first line therapy study of MEDI 4736 (Durvalumab) with or without tremelimumab versus SOC in non small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). [www.​clinicaltrials.​gov]. Accessed 1 Dec 2016.
32.
O'Brien MER, Hasan B, Dafni U, Menis J, Peters S, De Waele M, Stahel RA, Van Schil P, Coukos G, Lantuejoul S, Kerr KM, Melero I, Besse B, Paz-Ares LG. EORTC-ETOP randomized, phase 3 trial with anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody pembrolizumab versus placebo for patients with early stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) after resection and standard adjuvant chemotherapy: PEARLS (NCT02504372). ASCO Meeting Abstracts. 2016;34(15_suppl):TPS8571.
33.
Rothschild S, Zippelius A, Savic S, Gonzalez M, Weder W, Xyrafas A, Rusterholz C, Pless M. SAKK 16/14: anti-PD-L1 antibody durvalumab (MEDI4736) in addition to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with stage IIIA(N2) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)—a multicenter single-arm phase II trial. ASCO Meeting Abstracts. 2016;34(15_suppl):TPS8573.
34.
Forde PM, Smith K, Chaft JE, Hellmann MD, Merghoub T, Wolchok JD, Yang SC, Battafarano RJ, Gabrielson E, Georgiades C, Verde F, Rosner GL, Anagnostou V, Velculescu VE, Topalian SL, Pardoll DM, Brahmer JR. Neoadjuvant anti-PD1, nivolumab, in early stage resectable non-small-cell lung cancer. ASCO Meeting Abstracts. 2016;34(15_suppl):e20005.
35.
Schalper KA, Carvajal-Hausdorf DE, McLaughlin JF, Altan M, Chiang AC, Velcheti V, Kaftan E, Zhang J, Lu L, Rimm DL, Han B, Lu H, Zhao H, Herbst RS. Objective measurement and significance of PD-L1, B7-H3, B7-H4 and TILs in small cell lung cancer (SCLC). ASCO Meeting Abstracts. 2016;34(15_suppl):8566.
36.
Reck M, Luft A, Szczesna A, Havel L, Kim SW, Akerley W, Pietanza MC, Wu YL, Zielinski C, Thomas M, Felip E, Gold K, Horn L, Aerts J, Nakagawa K, Lorigan P, Pieters A, Kong Sanchez T, Fairchild J, Spigel D: Phase III randomized trial of ipilimumab plus etoposide and platinum versus placebo plus etoposide and platinum in extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2016.
37.
Antonia SJ, Lopez-Martin JA, Bendell J, Ott PA, Taylor M, Eder JP, Jager D, Pietanza MC, Le DT, de Braud F, Morse MA, Ascierto PA, Horn L, Amin A, Pillai RN, Evans J, Chau I, Bono P, Atmaca A, Sharma P, Harbison CT, Lin CS, Christensen O, Calvo E. Nivolumab alone and nivolumab plus ipilimumab in recurrent small-cell lung cancer (CheckMate 032): a multicentre, open-label, phase 1/2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016;17(7):883–95.CrossRefPubMed
38.
Ready N, Owonikoko TK, Postmus PE, Reck M, Peters S, Pieters A, Selvaggi G, Fairchild JP, Govindan R. CheckMate 451: a randomized, double-blind, phase III trial of nivolumab (nivo), nivo plus ipilimumab (ipi), or placebo as maintenance therapy in patients (pts) with extensive-stage disease small cell lung cancer (ED-SCLC) after first-line platinum-based doublet chemotherapy (PT-DC). ASCO Meeting Abstracts. 2016;34(15_suppl):TPS8579.
39.
Ott PA, Fernandez MEE, Hiret S, Kim D-W, Moss RA, Winser T, Yuan S, Cheng JD, Piperdi B, Mehnert JM: Pembrolizumab (MK-3475) in patients (pts) with extensive-stage small cell lung cancer (SCLC): preliminary safety and efficacy results from KEYNOTE-028. In: ASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings. Alexandria: J Clin Oncol; 2015. 7502.
40.
41.
Arguello D, El-Deiry WS, Zhou L, Reddy SS, Scott WJ, Abass AE, Kaiser LR, Hallman MA, Sawhney R, Jeong W, Kim ES, Liu SV, Ma PC, Gatalica Z, Reddy SK, Borghaei H, Testa JR. Incidence of ALK, cKIT, cMET, EGFR, PD1/PD-L1, and JAK3 alterations in 170 malignant pleural mesotheliomas (MPM) and 102 peritoneal mesotheliomas. ASCO Meeting Abstracts. 2016;34(15_suppl):e20076.
42.
Kindler HL, Scherpereel A, Calabro L, Aerts J, Cedres Perez S, Bearz A, Nackaerts K, Fennell DA, Kowalski D, Tsao AS, Taylor P, Grosso F, Antonia SJ, Nowak AK, Ibrahim RA, Taboada M, Puglisi M, Stockman PK, Maio M. Tremelimumab as second- or third-line treatment of unresectable malignant mesothelioma (MM): results from the global, double-blind, placebo-controlled DETERMINE study. ASCO Meeting Abstracts. 2016;34(15_suppl):8502.
43.
Hassan R, Thomas A, Patel MR, Nemunaitis JJ, Bennouna J, Powderly JD, Taylor MH, Dowlati A, Chen F, Leach J, Vaishampayan UN, Verschraegen CF, Delord J-P, Grote HJ, von Heydebreck A, Cuillerot J-M, Gulley JL. Avelumab (MSB0010718C; anti-PD-L1) in patients with advanced unresectable mesothelioma from the JAVELIN solid tumor phase Ib trial: safety, clinical activity, and PD-L1 expression. ASCO Meeting Abstracts. 2016;34(15_suppl):8503.
44.
Calabro L, Morra A, Giannarelli D, Annesi D, Bertocci E, Danielli R, Altomonte M, Di Giacomo AM, Maio M. Tremelimumab and durvalumab (MEDI4736) combination for first and second-line treatment of mesothelioma patients: the NIBIT-MESO-1 study. ASCO Meeting Abstracts. 2016;34(15_suppl):TPS8575.
45.
Creelan BC, Bepler G, Antonia S, Garrett T, Soliman HH. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity and clinical outcome following induction chemotherapy and concurrent chemoradiation in stage III non-small cell lung cancer. ASCO Meeting Abstracts. 2011;29(15_suppl):10538.
46.
Soliman HH, Minton SE, Han HS, Ismail-Khan R, Neuger A, Khambati F, Noyes D, Lush R, Chiappori AA, Roberts JD. A Phase I study of indoximod in patients with advanced malignancies. Oncotarget. 2016;7(16):22928–38.PubMedPubMedCentral
47.
NCT02073123. Study of IDO inhibitor in combination with checkpoint inhibitors for adult patients with metastatic melanoma. [www.​clinicaltrials.​gov]. Accessed 1 Dec 2016.
48.
Morgensztern D, Harb WA, Schalper KA, Price ML, Early B, Schreiber TH. Broadening response rates to PD-1 therapy in advanced lung adenocarcinoma: Viagenpumatucel-l (HS-110) in combination with nivolumab in the ongoing DURGA trial. ASCO Meeting Abstracts. 2016;34(15_suppl):TPS9102.
49.
Durm GA, Kio EA, Fisher WB, Titzer ML, Jabbour S, Breen T, Liu Z, Hanna NH. Phase II trial of consolidation Pembrolizumab following concurrent chemoradiation in patients (pts) with unresectable or inoperable stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): initial safety data from HCRN LUN 14-179. ASCO Meeting Abstracts. 2016;34(15_suppl):e20025.
50.
Ruiz R, Raez LE, Rolfo C. Entinostat (SNDX-275) for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2015;24(8):1101–9.CrossRefPubMed
51.
Johnson ML, Adjei AA, Ramalingam SS, Janne PA, Dominguez G, Gabrilovich D, Deleon L, Hasapidis JL, Diede SJ, Ordentlich P, Hellmann MD. Preliminary results of ENCORE 601, a phase 1b/2, open-label study of entinostat (ENT) in combination with pembrolizumab (PEMBRO) in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). ASCO Meeting Abstracts. 2016;34(15_suppl):e20659.
52.
Levy BP, Giaccone G, Besse B, Begic D, Wu X, Fandi A, Paz-Ares L. A phase II multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study of CC-486 plus pembrolizumab (pembro) vs pembro plus placebo (PBO) in previously treated patients (pts) with locally advanced/metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). ASCO Meeting Abstracts. 2016;34(15_suppl):TPS9107.
53.
Tolcher AW, Hong DS, Sullivan RJ, Mier JW, Shapiro G, Pearlberg J, Brail LH, Kharidia J, Han L, Dansky Ullmann C, Stern HM, Wolchok JD. IPI-549-01-A phase 1/1b first in human study of IPI-549, a PI3K-{gamma} inhibitor, as monotherapy and in combination with pembrolizumab in subjects with advanced solid tumors. ASCO Meeting Abstracts. 2016;34(15_suppl):TPS3111.
54.
Natale RB, Spigel DR, Sanborn RE, Chiappori A, Ramalingam SS, Dragnev KH, Shan J, Stepp L, McCleod M, Waterhouse DM, Gerber DE. PPHM 1501—an open-label, randomized, phase II trial of durvalumab (MEDI4736) with or without bavituximab in patients with previously treated metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): Safety report on first 18 patients. ASCO Meeting Abstracts. 2016;34(15_suppl):e14537.
55.
Zaretsky JM, Garcia-Diaz A, Shin DS, Escuin-Ordinas H, Hugo W, Hu-Lieskovan S, Torrejon DY, Abril-Rodriguez G, Sandoval S, Barthly L, Saco J, Homet Moreno B, Mezzadra R, Chmielowski B, Ruchalski K, Shintaku IP, Sanchez PJ, Puig-Saus C, Cherry G, Seja E, Kong X, Pang J, Berent-Maoz B, Comin-Anduix B, Graeber TG, Tumeh PC, Schumacher TN, Lo RS, Ribas A. Mutations associated with acquired resistance to PD-1 blockade in melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(9):819–29.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
56.
Schneider T, Kimpfler S, Warth A, Schnabel PA, Dienemann H, Schadendorf D, Hoffmann H, Umansky V. Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells and natural killer cells distinctly infiltrate primary tumors and draining lymph nodes in pulmonary adenocarcinoma. J Thorac Oncol. 2011;6(3):432–8.CrossRefPubMed
57.
58.
Ma W, Gilligan BM, Yuan J, Li T. Current status and perspectives in translational biomarker research for PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint blockade therapy. J Hematol Oncol. 2016;9(1):47.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
59.
Davar D, Socinski MA, Dacic S, Burns TF. Near complete response after single dose of nivolumab in patient with advanced heavily pre-treated KRAS mutant pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Exp Hematol Oncol. 2015;4:34.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
60.
Socinski M, Creelan B, Horn L, Reck M, Paz-Ares L, Steins M, Felip E, van den Heuvel M, Ciuleanu TE, Badin F, Ready N, Hiltermann TJN, Nair S, Juergens R, Peters S, Minenza E, Geese WJ, Bhagavatheeswaran P, Chen A, Carbone DP. NSCLC, metastaticCheckMate 026: A phase 3 trial of nivolumab vs investigator's choice (IC) of platinum-based doublet chemotherapy (PT-DC) as first-line therapy for stage iv/recurrent programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1)−positive NSCLC. Ann Oncol. 2016;27(suppl 6):vi552–587.
61.
NCT1450761. Trial in extensive-disease small cell lung cancer (ED-SCLC) subjects comparing ipilimumab plus etoposide and platinum therapy to etoposide and platinum therapy alone [www.​clinicaltrials.​gov]. Accessed 1 Dec 2016.
62.
NCT02763579. A study of carboplatin plus etoposide with or without atezolizumab in participants with untreated extensive-stage small cell lung cancer [IMpower133] [www.​clinicaltrials.​gov]. Accessed 1 Dec 2016.
Metadata
Title
The next generation of immunotherapy: keeping lung cancer in check
Authors
Ashwin Somasundaram
Timothy F. Burns
Publication date
01-12-2017
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Journal of Hematology & Oncology / Issue 1/2017
Electronic ISSN: 1756-8722
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13045-017-0456-5

Other articles of this Issue 1/2017

Journal of Hematology & Oncology 1/2017 Go to the issue

Letter to the Editor

A novel monoclonal antibody against the von Willebrand Factor A2 domain reduces its cleavage by ADAMTS13

Research

Indirect treatment comparison of dabrafenib plus trametinib versus vemurafenib plus cobimetinib in previously untreated metastatic melanoma patients

Letter to the Editor

Spectrum of somatic mutations detected by targeted next-generation sequencing and their prognostic significance in adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Review

Ongoing clinical trials of PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors for lung cancer in China

Research

The stem cell factor SALL4 is an essential transcriptional regulator in mixed lineage leukemia-rearranged leukemogenesis

Research

Eculizumab treatment: stochastic occurrence of C3 binding to individual PNH erythrocytes
Webinar | 19-02-2024 | 17:30 (CET)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on antibody–drug conjugates in cancer

Watch now

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are novel agents that have shown promise across multiple tumor types. Explore the current landscape of ADCs in breast and lung cancer with our experts, and gain insights into the mechanism of action, key clinical trials data, existing challenges, and future directions.

Dr. Véronique Diéras
Prof. Fabrice Barlesi
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Image Credits