Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 3/2010

01-03-2010 | Original Paper

The Everyday Feeling Questionnaire: the structure and validation of a measure of general psychological well-being and distress

Authors: Rudolf Uher, Robert Goodman

Published in: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology | Issue 3/2010

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Psychological distress and well-being underlie the continuum of susceptibility to common mental disorders. Our objective was to provide a simple and acceptable measure of psychological distress and well-being to collect information from subjects and informants in non-clinical samples, to explore its internal structure, concurrent and external validity.

Method

Self and partner versions of the ten-item Everyday Feeling Questionnaire (EFQ) were administered to 5,279 adults. The 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) was used to establish concurrent validity. Socioeconomic status, child psychopathology, and family functioning served as external validators.

Results

The EFQ was internally consistent with all items loading strongly on a single common factor. Item response analysis showed excellent sensitivity of the ten items, balanced contribution of well-being and distress items and good information content across a broad range. The internal structure of partner version did not differ from self-report. The constructs measured by the EFQ and GHQ were distinct, but highly correlated. The EFQ’s correlations with external validators were stronger than GHQ’s ones.

Conclusion

Psychological well-being and distress are measurable as a single construct, using the EFQ. The partner-report version will facilitate the collection of data on multiple household members or on the same individual from two or more sources.
Literature
1.
2.
go back to reference Vollebergh WAM, Iedema J, Bijl RV, de Graaf R, Smit F, Ormel J (2001) The structure and stability of common mental disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58:597–603CrossRefPubMed Vollebergh WAM, Iedema J, Bijl RV, de Graaf R, Smit F, Ormel J (2001) The structure and stability of common mental disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58:597–603CrossRefPubMed
3.
go back to reference Prisciandaro JJ, Roberts JE (2008) A comparison of the predictive abilities of dimensional and categorical models of unipolar depression in the National Comorbidity Survey. Psychol Med. doi:10.1017/S0033291708004522 Prisciandaro JJ, Roberts JE (2008) A comparison of the predictive abilities of dimensional and categorical models of unipolar depression in the National Comorbidity Survey. Psychol Med. doi:10.​1017/​S003329170800452​2
4.
go back to reference Diener E, Suh EM, Lucas RE, Smith HL (1999) Subjective well-being: three decades of progress. Psychol Bull 125:276–302CrossRef Diener E, Suh EM, Lucas RE, Smith HL (1999) Subjective well-being: three decades of progress. Psychol Bull 125:276–302CrossRef
5.
go back to reference Ryff CD, Keyes CL (1995) The structure of psychological well-being revisited. J Pers Soc Psychol 69:719–727CrossRefPubMed Ryff CD, Keyes CL (1995) The structure of psychological well-being revisited. J Pers Soc Psychol 69:719–727CrossRefPubMed
6.
go back to reference Abbott RA, Ploubidis GB, Huppert FA, Kuh D, Wandsworth MEJ, Croudace TJ (2006) Psychometric evaluation and predictive validity of Ryff’s psychological well-being items in a UK birth cohort sample of women. Health Qual Life Outcomes 4:1–16CrossRef Abbott RA, Ploubidis GB, Huppert FA, Kuh D, Wandsworth MEJ, Croudace TJ (2006) Psychometric evaluation and predictive validity of Ryff’s psychological well-being items in a UK birth cohort sample of women. Health Qual Life Outcomes 4:1–16CrossRef
7.
go back to reference Beekman AT, Penninx BW, Deeg DJ, de Beurs E, Geerling SW, van Tilburg W (2002) The impact of depression on the well-being, disability and use of services in older adults: a longitudinal perspective. Acta Psychiatr Scand 105:20–27CrossRefPubMed Beekman AT, Penninx BW, Deeg DJ, de Beurs E, Geerling SW, van Tilburg W (2002) The impact of depression on the well-being, disability and use of services in older adults: a longitudinal perspective. Acta Psychiatr Scand 105:20–27CrossRefPubMed
8.
go back to reference Spijker J, Graaf R, Bijl RV, Beekman AT, Ormel J, Nolen WA (2004) Functional disability and depression in the general population. Results from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS). Acta Psychiatr Scand 110:208–214CrossRefPubMed Spijker J, Graaf R, Bijl RV, Beekman AT, Ormel J, Nolen WA (2004) Functional disability and depression in the general population. Results from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS). Acta Psychiatr Scand 110:208–214CrossRefPubMed
9.
go back to reference Goodman R (2001) Psychometric properties of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 40:1337–1345CrossRefPubMed Goodman R (2001) Psychometric properties of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 40:1337–1345CrossRefPubMed
10.
go back to reference Shojaei T, Wazana A, Pitrou I, Kovess V (2008) The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: validation study in French school-aged children and cross-cultural comparisons. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. doi:10.1007/s00127-008-0489-8 Shojaei T, Wazana A, Pitrou I, Kovess V (2008) The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: validation study in French school-aged children and cross-cultural comparisons. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. doi:10.​1007/​s00127-008-0489-8
11.
go back to reference Vostanis P (2006) Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: research and clinical applications. Curr Opin Psychiatry 19:367–372CrossRefPubMed Vostanis P (2006) Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: research and clinical applications. Curr Opin Psychiatry 19:367–372CrossRefPubMed
12.
go back to reference Goldberg DP, Gater R, Sartorius N, Ustun TB, Piccinelli M, Gureje O, Rutter C (1997) The validity of two versions of the GHQ in the WHO study of mental illness in general health care. Psychol Med 27:191–197CrossRefPubMed Goldberg DP, Gater R, Sartorius N, Ustun TB, Piccinelli M, Gureje O, Rutter C (1997) The validity of two versions of the GHQ in the WHO study of mental illness in general health care. Psychol Med 27:191–197CrossRefPubMed
13.
go back to reference Harding TW, De Arango MV, Baltazar J, Climent CE, Ibrahim HHA, Ladrigo-Ignacio L, Srinivasa MR, Wig NN (1980) Mental disorders in primary health care: a study of their frequency and diagnosis in four developing countries. Psychol Med 10:231–241CrossRefPubMed Harding TW, De Arango MV, Baltazar J, Climent CE, Ibrahim HHA, Ladrigo-Ignacio L, Srinivasa MR, Wig NN (1980) Mental disorders in primary health care: a study of their frequency and diagnosis in four developing countries. Psychol Med 10:231–241CrossRefPubMed
14.
go back to reference Kessler RC, Andrews G, Colpe LJ, Hiripi E, Mroczek DK, Normand SL, Walters EE, Zaslavsky AM (2002) Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychol Med 32:959–976CrossRefPubMed Kessler RC, Andrews G, Colpe LJ, Hiripi E, Mroczek DK, Normand SL, Walters EE, Zaslavsky AM (2002) Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychol Med 32:959–976CrossRefPubMed
15.
go back to reference Derogatis LR, Lipman RS, Rickels K, Uhlenhuth EH, Covi L (1974) The Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL): a self-report symptom inventory. Behav Sci 19:1–15CrossRefPubMed Derogatis LR, Lipman RS, Rickels K, Uhlenhuth EH, Covi L (1974) The Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL): a self-report symptom inventory. Behav Sci 19:1–15CrossRefPubMed
16.
go back to reference Heun R, Burkart M, Maier W, Bech P (1999) Internal and external validity of the WHO Well-Being Scale in the elderly general population. Acta Psychiatr Scand 99:171–178CrossRefPubMed Heun R, Burkart M, Maier W, Bech P (1999) Internal and external validity of the WHO Well-Being Scale in the elderly general population. Acta Psychiatr Scand 99:171–178CrossRefPubMed
17.
go back to reference Pouwer F, Snoek FJ, van der Ploeg HM, Ader HJ, Heine RJ (2000) The well-being questionnaire: evidence for a three-factor structure with 12 items (W-BQ12). Psychol Med 30:455–462CrossRefPubMed Pouwer F, Snoek FJ, van der Ploeg HM, Ader HJ, Heine RJ (2000) The well-being questionnaire: evidence for a three-factor structure with 12 items (W-BQ12). Psychol Med 30:455–462CrossRefPubMed
18.
go back to reference Hu Y, Stewart-Brown S, Twigg L, Weich S (2007) Can the 12-item General Health Questionnaire be used to measure positive mental health? Psychol Med 37:1005–1013CrossRefPubMed Hu Y, Stewart-Brown S, Twigg L, Weich S (2007) Can the 12-item General Health Questionnaire be used to measure positive mental health? Psychol Med 37:1005–1013CrossRefPubMed
19.
go back to reference Schmitz N, Kruse J, Tress W (1999) Psychometric properties of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) in a German primary care sample. Acta Psychiatr Scand 100:462–468CrossRefPubMed Schmitz N, Kruse J, Tress W (1999) Psychometric properties of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) in a German primary care sample. Acta Psychiatr Scand 100:462–468CrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference Goldberg DP, Rickels K, Downing R, Hesbacher P (1976) A comparison of two psychiatric screening tests. Br J Psychiatry 129:61–67CrossRefPubMed Goldberg DP, Rickels K, Downing R, Hesbacher P (1976) A comparison of two psychiatric screening tests. Br J Psychiatry 129:61–67CrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference Patel V, Araya R, Chowdhary N, King M, Kirkwood B, Nayak S, Simon G, Weiss HA (2008) Detecting common mental disorders in primary care in India: a comparison of five screening questionnaires. Psychol Med 38:221–228CrossRefPubMed Patel V, Araya R, Chowdhary N, King M, Kirkwood B, Nayak S, Simon G, Weiss HA (2008) Detecting common mental disorders in primary care in India: a comparison of five screening questionnaires. Psychol Med 38:221–228CrossRefPubMed
22.
go back to reference Achenbach TM (2006) As others see us: clinical and research implications of cross-informant correlations for psychopathology. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 15:94–98CrossRef Achenbach TM (2006) As others see us: clinical and research implications of cross-informant correlations for psychopathology. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 15:94–98CrossRef
23.
go back to reference Sherr L, Dave S, Lucas P, Senior R, Nazareth I (2006) A feasibility study on recruiting fathers of young children to examine the impact of paternal depression on child development. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 36:295–309CrossRefPubMed Sherr L, Dave S, Lucas P, Senior R, Nazareth I (2006) A feasibility study on recruiting fathers of young children to examine the impact of paternal depression on child development. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 36:295–309CrossRefPubMed
24.
go back to reference Kahn RS, Brandt D, Whitaker RC (2004) Combined effect of mothers’ and fathers’ mental health symptoms on children’s behavioral and emotional well-being. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 158:721–729CrossRefPubMed Kahn RS, Brandt D, Whitaker RC (2004) Combined effect of mothers’ and fathers’ mental health symptoms on children’s behavioral and emotional well-being. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 158:721–729CrossRefPubMed
25.
go back to reference Ramchandani P, Stein A, Evans J, O’Connor TG (2005) Paternal depression in the postnatal period and child development: a prospective population study. Lancet 365:2201–2205CrossRefPubMed Ramchandani P, Stein A, Evans J, O’Connor TG (2005) Paternal depression in the postnatal period and child development: a prospective population study. Lancet 365:2201–2205CrossRefPubMed
26.
go back to reference Achenbach TM, Krukowski RA, Dumenci L, Ivanova MY (2005) Assessment of adult psychopathology: meta-analyses and implications of cross-informant correlations. Psychol Bull 131:361–382CrossRefPubMed Achenbach TM, Krukowski RA, Dumenci L, Ivanova MY (2005) Assessment of adult psychopathology: meta-analyses and implications of cross-informant correlations. Psychol Bull 131:361–382CrossRefPubMed
27.
go back to reference Caspi A, Taylor A, Smart M, Jackson J, Tagami S, Moffitt TE (2001) Can women provide reliable information about their children’s fathers? Cross-informant agreement about men’s lifetime antisocial behaviour. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 42:915–920CrossRefPubMed Caspi A, Taylor A, Smart M, Jackson J, Tagami S, Moffitt TE (2001) Can women provide reliable information about their children’s fathers? Cross-informant agreement about men’s lifetime antisocial behaviour. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 42:915–920CrossRefPubMed
28.
go back to reference Kamphuis JH, Emmelkamp PMG, de Vries V (2003) Moderated validity of clinical informant assessment: use in depression and personality. Clin Psychol Psychother 10:102–107CrossRef Kamphuis JH, Emmelkamp PMG, de Vries V (2003) Moderated validity of clinical informant assessment: use in depression and personality. Clin Psychol Psychother 10:102–107CrossRef
29.
go back to reference Barnette JJ (2000) Effects of stem and Likert response option reversals on survey internal consistency: if you feel the need, there is a better alternative to using those negatively worded stems. Educ Psychol Meas 60:361–370CrossRef Barnette JJ (2000) Effects of stem and Likert response option reversals on survey internal consistency: if you feel the need, there is a better alternative to using those negatively worded stems. Educ Psychol Meas 60:361–370CrossRef
30.
go back to reference Uher R, Farmer A, Maier W, Rietschel M, Hauser J, Marusic A, Mors O, Elkin A, Williamson RJ, Schmael C, Henigsberg N, Perez J, Mendlewicz J, Janzing JG, Zobel A, Skibinska M, Kozel D, Stamp AS, Bajs M, Placentino A, Barreto M, McGuffin P, Aitchison KJ (2008) Measuring depression: comparison and integration of three scales in the GENDEP study. Psychol Med 38:289–300CrossRefPubMed Uher R, Farmer A, Maier W, Rietschel M, Hauser J, Marusic A, Mors O, Elkin A, Williamson RJ, Schmael C, Henigsberg N, Perez J, Mendlewicz J, Janzing JG, Zobel A, Skibinska M, Kozel D, Stamp AS, Bajs M, Placentino A, Barreto M, McGuffin P, Aitchison KJ (2008) Measuring depression: comparison and integration of three scales in the GENDEP study. Psychol Med 38:289–300CrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference Ryff CD, Singer B (1996) Psychological well-being: meaning, measurement, and implications for psychotherapy research. Psychother Psychosom 65:14–23CrossRefPubMed Ryff CD, Singer B (1996) Psychological well-being: meaning, measurement, and implications for psychotherapy research. Psychother Psychosom 65:14–23CrossRefPubMed
32.
go back to reference Green H, McGinnity A, Meltzer H, Ford T, Godman R (2005) Mental health of children and young people in Great Britain, 2004. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke Green H, McGinnity A, Meltzer H, Ford T, Godman R (2005) Mental health of children and young people in Great Britain, 2004. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke
33.
34.
go back to reference Cairney J, Thorpe C, Rietschlin J, Avison WR (1999) 12-Month prevalence of depression among single and married mothers in the 1994 National Population Health Survey. Can J Public Health 90:320–324PubMed Cairney J, Thorpe C, Rietschlin J, Avison WR (1999) 12-Month prevalence of depression among single and married mothers in the 1994 National Population Health Survey. Can J Public Health 90:320–324PubMed
35.
go back to reference Lorant V, Deliege D, Eaton W, Robert A, Philippot P, Ansseau M (2003) Socioeconomic inequalities in depression: a meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol 157:98–112CrossRefPubMed Lorant V, Deliege D, Eaton W, Robert A, Philippot P, Ansseau M (2003) Socioeconomic inequalities in depression: a meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol 157:98–112CrossRefPubMed
36.
go back to reference Byles J, Byrne C, Boyle MH, Offord DR (1988) Ontario Child Health Study: reliability and validity of the general functioning subscale of the McMaster Family Assessment Device. Fam Process 27:97–104CrossRefPubMed Byles J, Byrne C, Boyle MH, Offord DR (1988) Ontario Child Health Study: reliability and validity of the general functioning subscale of the McMaster Family Assessment Device. Fam Process 27:97–104CrossRefPubMed
37.
go back to reference Miller IW, Epstein NB, Bishop DS, Keitner GI (1985) The MacMaster Family Assessment Device: reliability and validity. J Marital Fam Ther 11:345–356CrossRef Miller IW, Epstein NB, Bishop DS, Keitner GI (1985) The MacMaster Family Assessment Device: reliability and validity. J Marital Fam Ther 11:345–356CrossRef
38.
go back to reference Muthen LK, Muthen BO (2007) Mplus User’s Guide: statistical analysis with latent variables. Muthen & Muthen, Los Angeles Muthen LK, Muthen BO (2007) Mplus User’s Guide: statistical analysis with latent variables. Muthen & Muthen, Los Angeles
39.
go back to reference Flora DB, Curran PJ (2004) An empirical evaluation of alternative methods of estimation for confirmatory factor analysis with ordinal data. Psychol Methods 9:466–491CrossRefPubMed Flora DB, Curran PJ (2004) An empirical evaluation of alternative methods of estimation for confirmatory factor analysis with ordinal data. Psychol Methods 9:466–491CrossRefPubMed
40.
go back to reference Hazlett-Stevens H, Ullman JB, Craske MG (2004) Factor structure of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire: examination of a method factor. Assessment 11:361–370CrossRefPubMed Hazlett-Stevens H, Ullman JB, Craske MG (2004) Factor structure of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire: examination of a method factor. Assessment 11:361–370CrossRefPubMed
41.
go back to reference Mook J, Kleijn WC, van der Ploeg HM (1991) Symptom-positively and -negatively worded items in two popular self-report inventories of anxiety and depression. Psychol Rep 69:551–560CrossRefPubMed Mook J, Kleijn WC, van der Ploeg HM (1991) Symptom-positively and -negatively worded items in two popular self-report inventories of anxiety and depression. Psychol Rep 69:551–560CrossRefPubMed
42.
go back to reference Thissen D, Chen WH, Bock D (2003) MULTILOG 7. SSI Scientific Software International, Lincolnwood, USA. Ref Type: Computer Program Thissen D, Chen WH, Bock D (2003) MULTILOG 7. SSI Scientific Software International, Lincolnwood, USA. Ref Type: Computer Program
43.
go back to reference Baker F (2001) The basics of item response theory. ERIC clearing house on assessment and evaluation. University of Maryland, College Park Baker F (2001) The basics of item response theory. ERIC clearing house on assessment and evaluation. University of Maryland, College Park
45.
go back to reference ten Have M, Vollebergh W, Bijl RV, de GR (2001) Predictors of incident care service utilisation for mental health problems in the Dutch general population. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 36:141–149CrossRefPubMed ten Have M, Vollebergh W, Bijl RV, de GR (2001) Predictors of incident care service utilisation for mental health problems in the Dutch general population. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 36:141–149CrossRefPubMed
46.
go back to reference Galbaud du FG, Kovess V, Boivin JF (1994) Spouse similarity for psychological distress and well-being: a population study. Psychol Med 24:431–447CrossRef Galbaud du FG, Kovess V, Boivin JF (1994) Spouse similarity for psychological distress and well-being: a population study. Psychol Med 24:431–447CrossRef
47.
go back to reference Ready RE, Clark LA (2005) Psychiatric patient and informant reports of patient behavior. J Pers 73:1–22CrossRefPubMed Ready RE, Clark LA (2005) Psychiatric patient and informant reports of patient behavior. J Pers 73:1–22CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
The Everyday Feeling Questionnaire: the structure and validation of a measure of general psychological well-being and distress
Authors
Rudolf Uher
Robert Goodman
Publication date
01-03-2010
Publisher
Springer-Verlag
Published in
Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology / Issue 3/2010
Print ISSN: 0933-7954
Electronic ISSN: 1433-9285
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-009-0074-9

Other articles of this Issue 3/2010

Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 3/2010 Go to the issue