Top

Published in:

Open Access 04-08-2021 | Review

The Effect of Mindfulness-based Programs on Cognitive Function in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Authors: Tim Whitfield, Thorsten Barnhofer, Rebecca Acabchuk, Avi Cohen, Michael Lee, Marco Schlosser, Eider M. Arenaza-Urquijo, Adriana Böttcher, Willoughby Britton, Nina Coll-Padros, Fabienne Collette, Gaël Chételat, Sophie Dautricourt, Harriet Demnitz-King, Travis Dumais, Olga Klimecki, Dix Meiberth, Inès Moulinet, Theresa Müller, Elizabeth Parsons, Lauren Sager, Lena Sannemann, Jodi Scharf, Ann-Katrin Schild, Edelweiss Touron, Miranka Wirth, Zuzana Walker, Ethan Moitra, Antoine Lutz, Sara W. Lazar, David Vago, Natalie L. Marchant

Published in: Neuropsychology Review | Issue 3/2022

Abstract

Mindfulness-based programs (MBPs) are increasingly utilized to improve mental health. Interest in the putative effects of MBPs on cognitive function is also growing. This is the first meta-analysis of objective cognitive outcomes across multiple domains from randomized MBP studies of adults. Seven databases were systematically searched to January 2020. Fifty-six unique studies (n = 2,931) were included, of which 45 (n = 2,238) were synthesized using robust variance estimation meta-analysis. Meta-regression and subgroup analyses evaluated moderators. Pooling data across cognitive domains, the summary effect size for all studies favored MBPs over comparators and was small in magnitude (g = 0.15; [0.05, 0.24]). Across subgroup analyses of individual cognitive domains/subdomains, MBPs outperformed comparators for executive function (g = 0.15; [0.02, 0.27]) and working memory outcomes (g = 0.23; [0.11, 0.36]) only. Subgroup analyses identified significant effects for studies of non-clinical samples, as well as for adults aged over 60. Across all studies, MBPs outperformed inactive, but not active comparators. Limitations include the primarily unclear within-study risk of bias (only a minority of studies were considered low risk), and that statistical constraints rendered some p-values unreliable. Together, results partially corroborate the hypothesized link between mindfulness practices and cognitive performance. This review was registered with PROSPERO [CRD42018100904].

Available only for authorised users

Agelink van Rentergem, J. A., de Vent, N. R., Schmand, B. A., Murre, J. M. J., Staaks, J. P. C., Huizenga, H. M., & Consortium, A. (2020). The Factor Structure of Cognitive Functioning in Cognitively Healthy Participants: a Meta-Analysis and Meta-Analysis of Individual Participant Data. Neuropsychology Review, 30(1), 51–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-019-09423-6

Allen, M., Dietz, M., Blair, K. S., van Beek, M., Rees, G., Vestergaard-Poulsen, P., Lutz, A., & Roepstorff, A. (2012). Cognitive-affective neural plasticity following active-controlled mindfulness intervention. The Journal of Neuroscience, 32(44), 15601–15610. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.2957-12.2012

Anderson, N. D., & Craik, F. I. (2017). 50 Years of Cognitive Aging Theory. The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 72(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbw108

Anderson, N. D., Lau, M. A., Segal, Z. V., & Bishop, S. R. (2007). Mindfulness-based stress reduction and attentional control. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 14(6), 449–463. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.544CrossRef

Bachmann, K., Lam, A. P., Soros, P., Kanat, M., Hoxhaj, E., Matthies, S., Feige, B., Muller, H., Ozyurt, J., Thiel, C. M., & Philipsen, A. (2018). Jul). Effects of mindfulness and psychoeducation on working memory in adult ADHD: A randomised, controlled fMRI study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 106, 47–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2018.05.002CrossRefPubMed

Baird, B., Mrazek, M. D., Phillips, D. T., & Schooler, J. W. (2014). Domain-specific enhancement of metacognitive ability following meditation training. Journal of Experimental Psychology General, 143(5), 1972–1979. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036882

Basso, J. C., McHale, A., Ende, V., Oberlin, D. J., & Suzuki, W. A. (2019). Brief, daily meditation enhances attention, memory, mood, and emotional regulation in non-experienced meditators. Behavioural Brain Research, 356, 208–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2018.08.023

Becerra, R., Dandrade, C., & Harms, C. (2017). Can Specific Attentional Skills be Modified with Mindfulness Training for Novice Practitioners? Current Psychology, 36(3), 657–664. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-016-9454-y

Berk, L., van Boxtel, M., & van Os, J. (2017). Can mindfulness-based interventions influence cognitive functioning in older adults? A review and considerations for future research. Aging Ment Health, 21(11), 1113–1120. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2016.1247423

Bhome, R., Berry, A. J., Huntley, J. D., & Howard, R. J. (2018). Interventions for subjective cognitive decline: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open, 8(7), e021610. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-021610

Biermann, J. S. (2011). Improving cognition in normally aging older adults: A randomized controlled trial of mindfulness meditation (samatha) as a treatment for attentional inhibitory deficits (Publication Number 3476705) [Ph.D., The University of Akron]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. Ann Arbor. https://search.proquest.com/docview/897963487?accountid=14511

Bowden, D., Gaudry, C., An, S. C., & Gruzelier, J. (2012). A Comparative Randomised Controlled Trial of the Effects of Brain Wave Vibration Training, Iyengar Yoga, and Mindfulness on Mood, Well-Being, and Salivary Cortisol. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2012, 234713. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/234713

Brown, K. W., Goodman, R. J., Ryan, R. M., & Anālayo, B. (2016). Mindfulness Enhances Episodic Memory Performance: Evidence from a Multimethod Investigation. PLoS ONE, 11(4), e0153309. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153309CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Bubb, R. (2014). Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction as a Cognitive Intervention in Older Adults: A Feasibility Study (Publication Number 3644754) [Ph.D., Bryn Mawr College]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. Ann Arbor. https://search.proquest.com/docview/1625052533?accountid=14511

Bueno, V. F., Kozasa, E. H., da Silva, M. A., Alves, T. M., Louza, M. R., & Pompeia, S. (2015). Mindfulness Meditation Improves Mood, Quality of Life, and Attention in Adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. BioMed Research International, 2015, 962857. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/962857CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Cásedas, L., Pirruccio, V., Vadillo, M. A., & Lupiáñez, J. (2020). Does Mindfulness Meditation Training Enhance Executive Control? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials in Adults. Mindfulness, 11(2), 411–424. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-019-01279-4

Chiesa, A., Calati, R., & Serretti, A. (2011). Does mindfulness training improve cognitive abilities? A systematic review of neuropsychological findings. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(3), 449–464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.11.003

Choles, J. R. (2018). Impacts of Mindfulness Training on Mechanisms Underlying Stress Reduction in Teachers: Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial (Publication Number 10750824) [M.S., Portland State University]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. Ann Arbor. https://search.proquest.com/docview/2090029096?accountid=14511

Churcher Clarke, A., Chan, J. M. Y., Stott, J., Royan, L., & Spector, A. (2017). An adapted mindfulness intervention for people with dementia in care homes: Feasibility pilot study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 32(12), e123–e131. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.4669CrossRefPubMed

Cohen, R. A. (2011). Continuous Performance Tests. In J. S. Kreutzer, J. DeLuca, & B. Caplan (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology (pp. 699–701). Springer New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-79948-3_1280

Colzato, L. S., Sellaro, R., Samara, I., Baas, M., & Hommel, B. (2015a). Dec). Meditation-induced states predict attentional control over time. Consciousness and Cognition, 37, 57–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2015.08.006CrossRefPubMed

Colzato, L. S., Sellaro, R., Samara, I., & Hommel, B. (2015b). Sep). Meditation-induced cognitive-control states regulate response-conflict adaptation: Evidence from trial-to-trial adjustments in the Simon task. Consciousness and Cognition, 35, 110–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2015.04.012CrossRefPubMed

Cooper, S. R., Gonthier, C., Barch, D. M., & Braver, T. S. (2017). The Role of Psychometrics in Individual Differences Research in Cognition: A Case Study of the AX-CPT [Original Research]. Frontiers in Psychology, 8(1482). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01482

Cornelis, M. C., Wang, Y., Holland, T., Agarwal, P., Weintraub, S., & Morris, M. C. (2019). Age and cognitive decline in the UK Biobank. PLoS ONE, 14(3), e0213948. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213948CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Crane, R. S., Brewer, J., Feldman, C., Kabat-Zinn, J., Santorelli, S., Williams, J. M. G., & Kuyken, W. (2017). What defines mindfulness-based programs? The warp and the weft. Psychological Medicine, 47(6), 990–999. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291716003317

De Raedt, R., Baert, S., Demeyer, I., Goeleven, E., Raes, A., Visser, A., Wysmans, M., Jansen, E., Schacht, R., Van Aalderen, J. R., & Speckens, A. (2012). Changes in Attentional Processing of Emotional Information Following Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy in People with a History of Depression: Towards an Open Attention for all Emotional Experiences. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36(6), 612–620. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-011-9411-x

de Vibe, M., Bjørndal, A., Fattah, S., Dyrdal, G. M., Halland, E., & Tanner-Smith, E. E. (2017). Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) for improving health, quality of life and social functioning in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 13(1), 1–264. https://doi.org/10.4073/csr.2017.11

Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 135–168. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750CrossRefPubMed

Enkavi, A. Z., Eisenberg, I. W., Bissett, P. G., Mazza, G. L., MacKinnon, D. P., Marsch, L. A., & Poldrack, R. A. (2019). Large-scale analysis of test–retest reliabilities of self-regulation measures. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(12), 5472–5477. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1818430116CrossRef

Fabio, R. A., & Towey, G. E. (2018). Long-term meditation: the relationship between cognitive processes, thinking styles and mindfulness. Cognitive Processing, 19(1), 73–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-017-0844-3

Falkenstein, M., Hoormann, J., & Hohnsbein, J. (1999). ERP components in Go/Nogo tasks and their relation to inhibition. Acta Psychologica, 101(2–3), 267–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-6918(99)00008-6CrossRefPubMed

Fam, J., Sun, Y., Qi, P., Lau, R. C., Feng, L., Kua, E. H., & Mahendran, R. (2020). Mindfulness practice alters brain connectivity in community-living elders with mild cognitive impairment. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 74(4), 257–262. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12972

Fan, J., McCandliss, B. D., Sommer, T., Raz, A., & Posner, M. I. (2002). Testing the efficiency and independence of attentional networks. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14(3), 340–347. https://doi.org/10.1162/089892902317361886

Fisher, Z., & Tipton, E. (2017). robumeta: Robust Variance Meta-Regression. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=robumeta

Flook, L., Goldberg, S. B., Pinger, L., Bonus, K., & Davidson, R. J. (2013). Mindfulness for teachers: A pilot study to assess effects on stress, burnout and teaching efficacy. Mind, Brain and Education, 7(3). https://doi.org/10.1111/mbe.12026

Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). "Mini-mental state". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12(3), 189–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6

Fountain-Zaragoza, S., & Prakash, R. S. (2017). Mindfulness Training for Healthy Aging: Impact on Attention, Well-Being, and Inflammation. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 9, 11–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2017.00011CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Gallant, S. N. (2016). Feb). Mindfulness meditation practice and executive functioning: Breaking down the benefit. Consciousness and Cognition, 40, 116–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2016.01.005CrossRefPubMed

Gard, T., Holzel, B. K., & Lazar, S. W. (2014). Jan). The potential effects of meditation on age-related cognitive decline: A systematic review. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1307, 89–103. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.12348CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Garland, E. L. (2011). Trait Mindfulness Predicts Attentional and Autonomic Regulation of Alcohol Cue-Reactivity. Journal of Psychophysiology, 25(4), 180–189. https://doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803/a000060CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Garland, E. L., Baker, A. K., & Howard, M. O. (2017). Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement Reduces Opioid Attentional Bias Among Prescription Opioid-Treated Chronic Pain Patients. Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research, 8(4), 493–509. https://doi.org/10.1086/694324CrossRef

Garland, E. L., Froeliger, B. E., Passik, S. D., & Howard, M. O. (2013). Attentional bias for prescription opioid cues among opioid dependent chronic pain patients. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 36(6), 611–620. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-012-9455-8CrossRefPubMed

Garland, E. L., & Howard, M. O. (2013). Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement Reduces Pain Attentional Bias in Chronic Pain Patients. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 82(5), 311–318. https://doi.org/10.1159/000348868CrossRefPubMed

Giannandrea, A., Simione, L., Pescatori, B., Ferrell, K., Olivetti Belardinelli, M., Hickman, S. D., & Raffone, A. (2019). Effects of the Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Program on Mind Wandering and Dispositional Mindfulness Facets. Mindfulness, 10(1), 185–195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-1070-5

Gothe, N. P., & McAuley, E. (2015). Yoga and Cognition: A Meta-Analysis of Chronic and Acute Effects. Psychosomatic Medicine, 77(7), 784–797. https://doi.org/10.1097/psy.0000000000000218CrossRefPubMed

Greenberg, J., Reiner, K., & Meiran, N. (2012). “Mind the Trap”: Mindfulness Practice Reduces Cognitive Rigidity. PLoS ONE, 7(5), e36206. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0036206CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Greenberg, J., Reiner, K., Meiran, N. (2013) "Off with the old": Mindfulness practice improves backward inhibition Frontiers in Psychology, 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00618

Greenberg, J., Shapero, B. G., Mischoulon, D., & Lazar, S. W. (2017). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depressed individuals improves suppression of irrelevant mental-sets. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 267(3), 277–282. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-016-0746-x

Grossman, P., Kappos, L., Gensicke, H., D'Souza, M., Mohr, D. C., Penner, I. K., & Steiner, C. (2010). MS quality of life, depression, and fatigue improve after mindfulness training: a randomized trial. Neurology, 75(13), 1141–1149. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181f4d80d

Haddaway, N. R., Collins, A. M., Coughlin, D., & Kirk, S. (2015). The Role of Google Scholar in Evidence Reviews and Its Applicability to Grey Literature Searching. PLoS ONE, 10(9), e0138237. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138237CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Hazlett-Stevens, H., Singer, J., & Chong, A. (2019). Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction and Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy with Older Adults: A Qualitative Review of Randomized Controlled Outcome Research. Clinical Gerontologist, 42(4), 347–358. https://doi.org/10.1080/07317115.2018.1518282

Hedges, L. V., Tipton, E., & Johnson, M. C. (2010). Robust variance estimation in meta-regression with dependent effect size estimates. Research Synthesis Methods, 1(1), 39–65. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrsm.5CrossRefPubMed

Hempel, S., Miles, J. N., Booth, M. J., Wang, Z., Morton, S. C., & Shekelle, P. G. (2013). Risk of bias: a simulation study of power to detect study-level moderator effects in meta-analysis. Systematic Reviews, 2, 107. https://doi.org/10.1186/2046-4053-2-107

Heredia, L., Gasol, L., Ventura, D., Vicens, P., & Torrente, M. (2017). Mindfulness-based stress reduction training program increases psychological well-being, and emotional regulation, but not attentional performance. A pilot study. Mindfulness & Compassion, 2(2), 130–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mincom.2017.07.001

Higgins, J. P. T., Altman, D. G., Gøtzsche, P. C., Jüni, P., Moher, D., Oxman, A. D., Savović, J., Schulz, K. F., Weeks, L., & Sterne, J. A. C. (2011). The Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ, 343, d5928. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d5928CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Hölzel, B. K., Lazar, S. W., Gard, T., Schuman-Olivier, Z., Vago, D. R., & Ott, U. (2011). How Does Mindfulness Meditation Work? Proposing Mechanisms of Action From a Conceptual and Neural Perspective. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(6), 537–559. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691611419671

Isbel, B. D., Lagopoulos, J., Hermens, D. F., & Summers, M. J. (2019a). Mental training affects electrophysiological markers of attention resource allocation in healthy older adults. Neuroscience Letters, 698, 186–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2019.01.029

Isbel, B. D., Lagopoulos, J., Hermens, D. F., & Summers, M. J. (2019b). Mindfulness induces changes in anterior alpha asymmetry in healthy older adults. Mindfulness, 10(7), 1381–1394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-019-01106-wCrossRef

Ives-Deliperi, V. L., Howells, F., Stein, D. J., Meintjes, E. M., & Horn, N. (2013). The effects of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in patients with bipolar disorder: a controlled functional MRI investigation. Journal of Affective Disorders, 150(3), 1152–1157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.05.074

Jensen, C. G., Vangkilde, S., Frokjaer, V., & Hasselbalch, S. G. (2012). Mindfulness training affects attention--or is it attentional effort? Journal of Experimental Psychology General, 141(1), 106–123. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024931

Jermann, F., Van der Linden, M., Gex-Fabry, M., Guarin, A., Kosel, M., Bertschy, G., Aubry, J. M., & Bondolfi, G. (2013). Cognitive functioning in patients remitted from recurrent depression: Comparison with acutely depressed patients and controls and follow-up of a Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy Trial. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 37(5), 1004–1014. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-013-9544-1CrossRef

Jha, A. P., Denkova, E., Zanesco, A. P., Witkin, J. E., Rooks, J., & Rogers, S. L. (2019). Does mindfulness training help working memory ‘work’ better? Current Opinion in Psychology, 28, 273–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.02.012

Jha, A. P., Krompinger, J., & Baime, M. J. (2007). Mindfulness training modifies subsystems of attention. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 7(2), 109–119. https://doi.org/10.3758/CABN.7.2.109

Jha, A. P., Morrison, A. B., Dainer-Best, J., Parker, S., Rostrup, N., & Stanley, E. A. (2015). Minds “at attention”: Mindfulness training curbs attentional lapses in military cohorts. PLoS ONE, 10(2), e0116889. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116889CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Jha, A. P., Morrison, A. B., Parker, S. C., & Stanley, E. A. (2017). Practice Is Protective: Mindfulness Training Promotes Cognitive Resilience in High-Stress Cohorts. Mindfulness, 8(1), 46–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-015-0465-9

Jha, A. P., Stanley, E. A., Kiyonaga, A., Wong, L., & Gelfand, L. (2010). Examining the protective effects of mindfulness training on working memory capacity and affective experience. Emotion, 10(1), 54–64. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018438

Jha, A. P., Zanesco, A. P., Denkova, E., Morrison, A. B., Ramos, N., Chichester, K., Gaddy, J. W., & Rogers, S. L. (2020). Bolstering Cognitive Resilience via Train-the-Trainer Delivery of Mindfulness Training in Applied High-Demand Settings. Mindfulness, 11(3), 683–697. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-019-01284-7

Johansson, B., Bjuhr, H., & Rönnbäck, L. (2012). Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) improves long-term mental fatigue after stroke or traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 26(13–14), 1621–1628. https://doi.org/10.3109/02699052.2012.700082CrossRefPubMed

Johns, S. A., Von Ah, D., Brown, L. F., Beck-Coon, K., Talib, T. L., Alyea, J. M., Monahan, P. O., Tong, Y., Wilhelm, L., & Giesler, R. B. (2016). Randomized controlled pilot trial of mindfulness-based stress reduction for breast and colorectal cancer survivors: effects on cancer-related cognitive impairment. Journal of Cancer Survivorship, 10(3), 437–448. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11764-015-0494-3

Josefsson, T., Lindwall, M., & Broberg, A. G. (2014, 2014/02/01). The Effects of a Short-term Mindfulness Based Intervention on Self-reported Mindfulness, Decentering, Executive Attention, Psychological Health, and Coping Style: Examining Unique Mindfulness Effects and Mediators. Mindfulness, 5(1), 18–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-012-0142-1

Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Context: Past, Present, and Future. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10(2), 144–156. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bpg016CrossRef

Klainin-Yobas, P., Kowitlawakul, Y., Lopez, V., Tang, C. T., Hoek, K. E., Gan, G. L., Lei, F., Rawtaer, I., & Mahendran, R. (2019, 2019/10/01/). The effects of mindfulness and health education programs on the emotional state and cognitive function of elderly individuals with mild cognitive impairment: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, 68, 211–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2019.05.031

Koo, T. K., & Li, M. Y. (2016, Jun). A Guideline of Selecting and Reporting Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for Reliability Research. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine, 15(2), 155–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcm.2016.02.012

Korponay, C., Dentico, D., Kral, T. R. A., Ly, M., Kruis, A., Davis, K., Goldman, R., Lutz, A., & Davidson, R. J. (2019, 2019/08/19). The Effect of Mindfulness Meditation on Impulsivity and its Neurobiological Correlates in Healthy Adults. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 11963. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-47662-y

Kurmi, N., Bhagyalakshmi, K., & Kini, R. (2019). Effect of mindfulness meditation on attention and visual scanning in elderly people A randomized control trial. National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 9(9), 865. https://doi.org/10.5455/njppp.2019.9.0620621062019.CrossRef

Kurmi, N., Bhagyalakshmi, K., & Kini, R. (2019b). Effect of mindfulness meditation on attention and working memory in elderly people. Indian Journal of Clinical Anatomy and Physiology, 6(1), 73–76. https://doi.org/10.18231/2394-2126.2019.0018

Kvarven, A., Strømland, E., & Johannesson, M. (2020). Comparing meta-analyses and preregistered multiple-laboratory replication projects. Nature Human Behaviour, 4(4), 423–434. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-019-0787-z

Lao, S. A., Kissane, D., & Meadows, G. (2016). Oct). Cognitive effects of MBSR/MBCT: A systematic review of neuropsychological outcomes. Consciousness and Cognition, 45, 109–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2016.08.017CrossRefPubMed

Larouche, E., Hudon, C., & Goulet, S. (2018). Investigating a Mindfulness-Based Intervention as an Attentional Network Training to Improve Cognition in Older Adults with Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized-controlled Trial. Neuropsychologie Clinique et Appliquée, 2(Autome/Fall).

Lebares, C. C., Guvva, E. V., Olaru, M., Sugrue, L. P., Staffaroni, A. M., Delucchi, K. L., Kramer, J. H., Ascher, N. L., & Harris, H. W. (2019). Efficacy of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Training in Surgery: Additional Analysis of the Mindful Surgeon Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Network Open, 2(5), e194108. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.4108

Lezak, M. D. (2012). Neuropsychological assessment (5th ed. ed.). Oxford University Press.

Li, Y., Liu, F., Zhang, Q., Liu, X., & Wei, P. (2018). The Effect of Mindfulness Training on Proactive and Reactive Cognitive Control. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1002. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01002CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Lutz, A., Jha, A. P., Dunne, J. D., & Saron, C. D. (2015). Investigating the phenomenological matrix of mindfulness-related practices from a neurocognitive perspective. The American Psychologist, 70(7), 632–658. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039585

Lutz, A., Slagter, H. A., Dunne, J. D., & Davidson, R. J. (2008). Attention regulation and monitoring in meditation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12(4), 163–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2008.01.005CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Lymeus, F., Lundgren, T., & Hartig, T. (2016). Attentional Effort of Beginning Mindfulness Training Is Offset With Practice Directed Toward Images of Natural Scenery. Environment and Behavior, 49(5), 536–559. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916516657390

Ma, D. Y. (2018). Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Community-Dwelling Adults with Anxiety Symptoms: An Exploration of Efficacy and Cognitive Mechanism (Publication Number 13837870) [Ph.D., The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Hong Kong)]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. Ann Arbor. https://search.proquest.com/docview/2183386847?accountid=14511

MacCoon, D. G., MacLean, K. A., Davidson, R. J., Saron, C. D., & Lutz, A. (2014). No Sustained Attention Differences in a Longitudinal Randomized Trial Comparing Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction versus Active Control. PLoS ONE, 9(6), e97551. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0097551CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Manglani, H. R., Samimy, S., Schirda, B., Nicholas, J. A., & Prakash, R. S. (2020). Effects of 4-week mindfulness training versus adaptive cognitive training on processing speed and working memory in multiple sclerosis. Neuropsychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000633

Martins, C. A. R. (2012). Silent healing: Mindfulness-based stress reduction program for older adults (Publication Number 3522535) [Ph.D., Institute of Transpersonal Psychology]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. Ann Arbor. https://search.proquest.com/docview/1086325806?accountid=14511

Matt, G. E., & Cook, T. D. (1994). Threats to the validity of research syntheses. In The handbook of research synthesis. (pp. 503–520). Russell Sage Foundation.

Mewborn, C. M., Lindbergh, C. A., & Stephen Miller, L. (2017). Cognitive Interventions for Cognitively Healthy, Mildly Impaired, and Mixed Samples of Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized-Controlled Trials. Neuropsychology Review, 27(4), 403–439. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-017-9350-8

Mitchell, J. T., McIntyre, E. M., English, J. S., Dennis, M. F., Beckham, J. C., & Kollins, S. H. (2017). A Pilot Trial of Mindfulness Meditation Training for ADHD in Adulthood: Impact on Core Symptoms, Executive Functioning, and Emotion Dysregulation. Journal of Attention Disorders, 21(13), 1105–1120. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054713513328CrossRefPubMed

Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & Group, P. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med, 6(7), e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097

Moore, A., & Malinowski, P. (2009). Meditation, mindfulness and cognitive flexibility. Conscious Cogn, 18(1), 176–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2008.12.008

Moreno, S. G., Sutton, A. J., Ades, A. E., Stanley, T. D., Abrams, K. R., Peters, J. L., & Cooper, N. J. (2009). Assessment of regression-based methods to adjust for publication bias through a comprehensive simulation study. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 9(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-9-2

Morris, S. B. (2007). Estimating Effect Sizes From Pretest-Posttest-Control Group Designs. Organizational Research Methods, 11(2), 364–386. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428106291059

Moynihan, J. A., Chapman, B. P., Klorman, R., Krasner, M. S., Duberstein, P. R., Brown, K. W., & Talbot, N. L. (2013). Mindfulness-based stress reduction for older adults: Effects on executive function, frontal alpha asymmetry and immune function. Neuropsychobiology, 68(1), 34–43. https://doi.org/10.1159/000350949CrossRefPubMed

Mrazek, M. D., Franklin, M. S., Phillips, D. T., Baird, B., & Schooler, J. W. (2013). Mindfulness training improves working memory capacity and GRE performance while reducing mind wandering. Psychological Science, 24(5), 776–781. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612459659

Norris, C. J., Creem, D., Hendler, R., & Kober, H. (2018). Brief Mindfulness Meditation Improves Attention in Novices: Evidence From ERPs and Moderation by Neuroticism. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 12, 315. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2018.00315CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Oken, B. S., Fonareva, I., Haas, M., Wahbeh, H., Lane, J. B., Zajdel, D., & Amen, A. (2010). Pilot controlled trial of mindfulness meditation and education for dementia caregivers. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 16(10), 1031–1038. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2009.0733

Pagnoni, G., & Cekic, M. (2007). Age effects on gray matter volume and attentional performance in Zen meditation. Neurobiology of Aging, 28(10), 1623–1627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.06.008

Payne, J. (2017). Mindfulness based cognitive therapy for people with mild dementia and depression: a feasibility pilot randomised controlled trial examining changes in quality of life and cognition (Publication Number 11001804) [Ph.D., University of London, University College London (United Kingdom)]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. Ann Arbor. https://search.proquest.com/docview/2116935083?accountid=14511

Petersen, S. E., & Posner, M. I. (2012). The attention system of the human brain: 20 years after. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 35, 73–89. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-062111-150525CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Pigott, T. D., & Polanin, J. R. (2020). Methodological Guidance Paper: High-Quality Meta-Analysis in a Systematic Review. Review of Educational Research, 90(1), 24–46. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654319877153CrossRef

Polak, E. L. (2009). Impact of Two Session of Mindfulness Training on Attention [University of Miami]. https://scholarship.miami.edu/discovery/delivery?vid=01UOML_INST:ResearchRepository&repId=12355329010002976

Posner, H., Curiel, R., Edgar, C., Hendrix, S., Liu, E., Loewenstein, D. A., Morrison, G., Shinobu, L., Wesnes, K., & Harvey, P. D. (2017). Outcomes Assessment in Clinical Trials of Alzheimer's Disease and its Precursors: Readying for Short-term and Long-term Clinical Trial Needs. Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience, 14(1–2), 22–29.

Quan, P., Wang, W., Chu, C., & Hou, L. (2018). Seven days of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy improves attention and coping style. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 46(3), 421–430. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.6623

Roeser, R. W., Schonert-Reichl, K. A., Jha, A., Cullen, M., Wallace, L., Wilensky, R., Oberle, E., Thomson, K., Taylor, C., & Harrison, J. (2013). Mindfulness training and reductions in teacher stress and burnout: Results from two randomized, waitlist-control field trials. Journal of Educational Psychology, 105(3), 787–804. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032093CrossRef

Rothschild, S., Kaplan, G., Golan, T., & Barak, Y. (2017). Mindfulness meditation in the Israel Defense Forces: Effect on cognition and satisfaction with life–A randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Integrative Medicine, 10, 71–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eujim.2017.01.010

Sahdra, B. K., MacLean, K. A., Ferrer, E., Shaver, P. R., Rosenberg, E. L., Jacobs, T. L., Zanesco, A. P., King, B. G., Aichele, S. R., Bridwell, D. A., Mangun, G. R., Lavy, S., Wallace, B. A., & Saron, C. D. (2011). Enhanced response inhibition during intensive meditation training predicts improvements in self-reported adaptive socioemotional functioning. Emotion, 11(2), 299–312. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022764

Schaie, K. W., Willis, S. L., & Caskie, G. I. (2004). The Seattle longitudinal study: relationship between personality and cognition. Neuropsychology, Development, and Cognition. Section B, Aging, Neuropsychology and Cognition, 11(2–3), 304–324. https://doi.org/10.1080/13825580490511134

Schmertz, S. K., Anderson, P. L., & Robins, D. L. (2009). The relation between self-report mindfulness and performance on tasks of sustained attention. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 31(1), 60–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-008-9086-0CrossRef

Schoenberg, P. L., Hepark, S., Kan, C. C., Barendregt, H. P., Buitelaar, J. K., & Speckens, A. E. (2014). Effects of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on neurophysiological correlates of performance monitoring in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Clinical Neurophysiology, 125(7), 1407–1416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2013.11.031

Schoenberg, P. L., & Speckens, A. E. (2014). Modulation of induced frontocentral theta (Fm-θ) event-related (de-)synchronisation dynamics following mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in Major Depressive Disorder. Cognitive Neurodynamics, 8(5), 373–388. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11571-014-9294-0

Schofield, T. P., Creswell, J. D., & Denson, T. F. (2015). Brief mindfulness induction reduces inattentional blindness. Consciousness and Cognition, 37, 63–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2015.08.007

Schöne, B., Gruber, T., Graetz, S., Bernhof, M., & Malinowski, P. (2018). Mindful breath awareness meditation facilitates efficiency gains in brain networks: A steady-state visually evoked potentials study. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 13687. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-32046-5

Shapiro, S. L., Carlson, L. E., Astin, J. A., & Freedman, B. (2006). Mechanisms of mindfulness. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(3), 373–386. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20237CrossRefPubMed

Sherman, D. S., Mauser, J., Nuno, M., & Sherzai, D. (2017). The Efficacy of Cognitive Intervention in Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI): a Meta-Analysis of Outcomes on Neuropsychological Measures. Neuropsychological Review, 27(4), 440–484. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-017-9363-3

Simons, D. J., Boot, W. R., Charness, N., Gathercole, S. E., Chabris, C. F., Hambrick, D. Z., & Stine-Morrow, E. A. (2016). Do "Brain-Training" Programs Work? Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 17(3), 103–186. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100616661983

Slagter, H. A., Lutz, A., Greischar, L. L., Francis, A. D., Nieuwenhuis, S., Davis, J. M., & Davidson, R. J. (2007). Mental training affects distribution of limited brain resources. PLoS Biology, 5(6), e138. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0050138

Smart, C. M., Karr, J. E., Areshenkoff, C. N., Rabin, L. A., Hudon, C., Gates, N., Ali, J. I., Arenaza-Urquijo, E. M., Buckley, R. F., Chetelat, G., Hampel, H., Jessen, F., Marchant, N. L., Sikkes, S. A. M., Tales, A., van der Flier, W. M., Wesselman, L., & and the Subjective Cognitive Decline Initiative Working, G. (2017). Non-Pharmacologic Interventions for Older Adults with Subjective Cognitive Decline: Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Preliminary Recommendations. Neuropsychology Review, 27(3), 245–257. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-017-9342-8

Smart, C. M., Segalowitz, S. J., Mulligan, B. P., Koudys, J., & Gawryluk, J. R. (2016). Mindfulness Training for Older Adults with Subjective Cognitive Decline: Results from a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 52(2), 757–774. https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-150992

Soler, J., Elices, M., Pascual, J. C., Martín-Blanco, A., Feliu-Soler, A., Carmona, C., & Portella, M. J. (2016). Effects of mindfulness training on different components of impulsivity in borderline personality disorder: Results from a pilot randomized study. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul, 3, 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40479-015-0035-8CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Spineli, L. M., & Pandis, N. (2020, Dec). Problems and pitfalls in subgroup analysis and meta-regression. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 158(6), 901–904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2020.09.001

Sterne, J. A., Gavaghan, D., & Egger, M. (2000). Publication and related bias in meta-analysis: power of statistical tests and prevalence in the literature. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 53(11), 1119–1129. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0895-4356(00)00242-0

Tang, V., Poon, W. S., & Kwan, P. (2015). Mindfulness-based therapy for drug-resistant epilepsy: An assessor-blinded randomized trial. Neurology, 85(13), 1100–1107. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000001967

Trautwein, F.-M., Kanske, P., Böckler, A., & Singer, T. (2020). Differential benefits of mental training types for attention, compassion, and theory of mind. Cognition, 194, 104039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2019.104039

Trinquart, L., Dunn, A. G., & Bourgeois, F. T. (2018). Registration of published randomized trials: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Medicine, 16(1), 173. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-018-1168-6

Vago, D. R., Gupta, R. S., & Lazar, S. W. (2019). Measuring cognitive outcomes in mindfulness-based intervention research: a reflection on confounding factors and methodological limitations. Current Opinion in Psychology, 28, 143–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.12.015

Vago, D. R., & Nakamura, Y. (2011). Selective attentional bias towards pain-related threat in fibromyalgia: Preliminary evidence for effects of mindfulness meditation training. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 35(6), 581–594. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-011-9391-xCrossRef

Vago, D. R., & Silbersweig, D. (2012). Self-awareness, self-regulation, and self-transcendence (S-ART): a framework for understanding the neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness [Review]. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6(296). https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2012.00296

Van Dam, N. T., van Vugt, M. K., Vago, D. R., Schmalzl, L., Saron, C. D., Olendzki, A., Meissner, T., Lazar, S. W., Kerr, C. E., Gorchov, J., Fox, K. C. R., Field, B. A., Britton, W. B., Brefczynski-Lewis, J. A., & Meyer, D. E. (2018). Mind the Hype: A Critical Evaluation and Prescriptive Agenda for Research on Mindfulness and Meditation. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 13(1), 36–61. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617709589

van den Hurk, P. A. M., van Aalderen, J. R., Giommi, F., Donders, R. A. R. T., Barendregt, H. P., & Speckens, A. E. M. (2012). An Investigation of the Role of Attention in Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Recurrently Depressed Patients. Journal of Experimental Psychopathology, 3(1), 103–120. https://doi.org/10.5127/jep.024811

van der Flier, W. M., & Scheltens, P. (2005). Epidemiology and risk factors of dementia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 76(suppl 5), v2–v7. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2005.082867CrossRef

Van Veen, V., & Carter, C. S. (2002). The timing of action-monitoring processes in the anterior cingulate cortex. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14(4), 593–602. https://doi.org/10.1162/08989290260045837

Verbeek, J., Salmi, J., Pasternack, I., Jauhiainen, M., Laamanen, I., Schaafsma, F., Hulshof, C., & van Dijk, F. (2005). A search strategy for occupational health intervention studies. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 62(10), 682–687. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.2004.019117

Veritas Health Innovation (Melbourne). Covidence systematic review software. www.covidence.org. Last accessed August 6, 2020.

Webb, L., Perry-Parrish, C., Ellen, J., & Sibinga, E. (2018). Mindfulness instruction for HIV-infected youth: a randomized controlled trial. AIDS Care, 30(6), 688–695. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2017.1394434

Wells, R. E., Yeh, G. Y., Kerr, C. E., Wolkin, J., Davis, R. B., Tan, Y., et al. (2013). Meditation’s impact on default mode network and hippocampus in mild cognitive impairment: A pilot study. Neuroscience Letters, 556, 15–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2013.10.001.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Wenk-Sormaz, H. (2005). Meditation can reduce habitual responding. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 11(2), 42–58.

Wetherell, J. L., Hershey, T., Hickman, S., Tate, S. R., Dixon, D., Bower, E. S., & Lenze, E. J. (2017). Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Older Adults With Stress Disorders and Neurocognitive Difficulties: A Randomized Controlled Trial. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 78(7), e734-e743. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.16m10947

Whitmoyer, P., Fountain-Zaragoza, S., Andridge, R., Bredemeier, K., Londeree, A., Kaye, L., & Prakash, R. S. (2020, 2020/01/01). Mindfulness Training and Attentional Control in Older Adults: a Randomized Controlled Trial. Mindfulness, 11(1), 203–218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-019-01218-3

Williams, J. M., Crane, C., Barnhofer, T., Brennan, K., Duggan, D. S., Fennell, M. J., Hackmann, A., Krusche, A., Muse, K., Von Rohr, I. R., Shah, D., Crane, R. S., Eames, C., Jones, M., Radford, S., Silverton, S., Sun, Y., Weatherley-Jones, E., Whitaker, C. J., Russell, D., & Russell, I. T. (2014). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for preventing relapse in recurrent depression: a randomized dismantling trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 82(2), 275–286. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035036

Williams, J. M. G., Barnhofer, T., Crane, C., Herman, D., Raes, F., Watkins, E., & Dalgleish, T. (2007). Autobiographical memory specificity and emotional disorder. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 122–148. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.122CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Zanesco, A. P., Denkova, E., Rogers, S. L., MacNulty, W. K., & Jha, A. P. (2019). Mindfulness training as cognitive training in high-demand cohorts: An initial study in elite military servicemembers. Progress in Brain Research, 244, 323–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.10.001CrossRefPubMed

Zeidan, F., Johnson, S. K., Diamond, B. J., David, Z., & Goolkasian, P. (2010). Mindfulness meditation improves cognition: evidence of brief mental training. Consciousness and Cognition, 19(2), 597–605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2010.03.014

Zhang, H. (2013). A Mindfulness-Based Intervention for Urban, Low-Income, Pregnant African American Women (Publication Number 3614354) [Ph.D., Emory University]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. Ann Arbor. https://search.proquest.com/docview/1513246670?accountid=14511

Zhang, Q., Wang, Z., Wang, X., Liu, L., Zhang, J., & Zhou, R. (2019). The Effects of Different Stages of Mindfulness Meditation Training on Emotion Regulation. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 13, 208. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2019.00208CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Zhu, T., Xue, J., Montuclard, A., Jiang, Y., Weng, W., & Chen, S. (2019). Can Mindfulness-Based Training Improve Positive Emotion and Cognitive Ability in Chinese Non-clinical Population? A Pilot Study. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1549. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01549CrossRefPubMed

Title: The Effect of Mindfulness-based Programs on Cognitive Function in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Tim Whitfield
Thorsten Barnhofer
Rebecca Acabchuk
Avi Cohen
Michael Lee
Marco Schlosser
Eider M. Arenaza-Urquijo
Adriana Böttcher
Willoughby Britton
Nina Coll-Padros
Fabienne Collette
Gaël Chételat
Sophie Dautricourt
Harriet Demnitz-King
Travis Dumais
Olga Klimecki
Dix Meiberth
Inès Moulinet
Theresa Müller
Elizabeth Parsons
Lauren Sager
Lena Sannemann
Jodi Scharf
Ann-Katrin Schild
Edelweiss Touron
Miranka Wirth
Zuzana Walker
Ethan Moitra
Antoine Lutz
Sara W. Lazar
David Vago
Natalie L. Marchant
Publication date: 04-08-2021
Publisher: Springer US
Published in: Neuropsychology Review / Issue 3/2022
Print ISSN: 1040-7308
Electronic ISSN: 1573-6660
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-021-09519-y

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

The Effect of Mindfulness-based Programs on Cognitive Function in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Abstract

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 3/2022

The Impact of Right Temporal Lobe Epilepsy On Nonverbal Memory: Meta-regression of Stimulus- and Task-related Moderators

A Game a Day Keeps Cognitive Decline Away? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Commercially-Available Brain Training Programs in Healthy and Cognitively Impaired Older Adults

Are Sleep Complaints Related to Cognitive Functioning in Non-Central Nervous System Cancer? A Systematic Review

How to do Better N400 Studies: Reproducibility, Consistency and Adherence to Research Standards in the Existing Literature

Graph Theoretical Analysis of Brain Network Characteristics in Brain Tumor Patients: A Systematic Review

Correction to: Graph Theoretical Analysis of Brain Network Characteristics in Brain Tumor Patients: A Systematic Review