Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Neuropsychology Review
Published in: Neuropsychology Review 2/2017

01-06-2017 | Review

The Differential Contributions of Conceptual Representation Format and Language Structure to Levels of Semantic Abstraction Capacity

Author: Guido Gainotti

Published in: Neuropsychology Review | Issue 2/2017

Login to get access

Abstract

This paper reviews some controversies concerning the original and revised versions of the ‘hub-and-spoke’ model of conceptual representations and their implication for abstraction capacity levels. The ‘hub-and-spoke’ model, which is based on data gathered in patients with semantic dementia (SD), is the most authoritative model of conceptual knowledge. Patterson et al.’s (Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 8(12), 976-987, 2007) classical version of this model maintained that conceptual representations are stored in a unitary ‘amodal’ format in the right and left anterior temporal lobes (ATLs), because in SD the semantic disorder cuts across modalities and categories. Several authors questioned the unitary nature of these representations. They showed that the semantic impairment is ‘multi-modal’only in the advanced stages of SD, when atrophy affects the ATLs bilaterally, but that impariments can be modality-specific in lateralised (early) stages of the disease. In these cases, SD mainly affects lexical-semantic knowledge when atrophy predominates on the left side and pictorial representations when atrophy prevails on the right side. Some aspects of the model (i.e. the importance of spokes, the multimodal format of representations and the graded convergence of modalities within the ATLs), which had already been outlined by Rogers et al. (Psychological Review, 111(1), 205–235, 2004) in a computational model of SD, were strengthened by these results. The relevance of these theoretical problems and of empirical data concerning the neural substrate of concrete and abstract words is discussed critically. The conclusion of the review is that the highest levels of abstraction are due more to the structuring influence of language than to the format of representations.
Literature
Acres, K., Taylor, K. I., Moss, H. E., Stamatakis, E. A., & Tyler, L. K. (2009). Complementary hemispheric asymmetries in object naming and recognition: a voxel-based correlational study. Neuropsychologia, 47(8–9), 1836–1843.PubMedCrossRef
Antonucci, S. M., Beeson, P. M., Labiner, D. M., & Rapcsak, S. Z. (2008). Lexical retrieval and semantic knowledge in patients with left inferior temporal lobe lesions. Aphasiology, 22(3), 281–304.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Arrigoni, G., & De Renzi, E. (1964). Constructional apraxia and hemispheric locus of lesion. Cortex, 1, 170–197.CrossRef
Bajada, C.J., Haroon, H.A., Azadbakht, H., Parker, G.J., Lambon Ralph, M.A., Cloutman, L.L. (2016). The tract terminations in the temporal lobe: Their location and associated functions. Cortex. 2016 Apr 1.
Binder, J. R., Desai, R. H., Graves, W. W., & Conant, L. L. (2009). Where is the semantic system? A critical review and meta-analysis of 120 functional imaging studies. Cerebral Cortex, 19, 2767–2796.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Binney, R. J., Embleton, K. V., Jefferies, E., Parker, G. J., & Lambon Ralph, M. A. (2010). The ventral and inferolateral aspects of the anterior temporal lobe are crucial in semantic memory: evidence from a novel direct comparison of distortion-corrected fMRI, rTMS, and semantic dementia. Cerebral Cortex, 20(11), 2728–2738.PubMedCrossRef
Binney, R. J., Parker, G. J., & Lambon Ralph, M. A. (2012). Convergent connectivity and graded specialization in the rostral human temporal lobe as revealed by diffusion-weighted imaging probabilistic tractography. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 24, 1998–2014.PubMedCrossRef
Bloom, A. (1981). The linguistic shaping of thought: A study in the impact of language on thinking in China and the west. New Jersey, Lawrence Erlbaum Ass: Hillsdale.
Bonner, M. F., Vesely, L., Price, C., Anderson, C., Richmond, L., Farag, C., et al. (2009). Reversal of the concreteness effect in semantic dementia. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 26, 568–579.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Borghi, A.M., Flumini, A., Cimatti, F., Marocco, D., Scorolli, C. (2011). Manipulating objects and telling words: a study on concrete and abstract words acquisition. Frontiers in Psychology, Feb 9;2:15.
Breedin, S. D., Saffran, E. M., & Coslett, H. B. (1994). Reversal of the concreteness effect in a patient with semantic dementia. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 11, 617–660.CrossRef
Butler, C. R., Bramati, S. M., Miller, B. L., & Gorno-Tempini, M. L. (2009). The neural correlates of verbal and nonverbal semantic processing deficits in neurodegenerative disease. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, 22, 73–80.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Burton, A. M., Bruce, V., & Johnston, R. A. (1990). Understanding face recognition with an interactive activation model. British Journal of Psychology, 81, 361–381.PubMedCrossRef
Caplan, D., Holmes, J. M., & Marshall, J. C. (1974). Word classes and hemispheric specialization. Neuropsychologia, 12, 331–337.PubMedCrossRef
Caramazza, A., Hillis, A., Rapp, B. C., & Romani, C. (1990). The multiple semantic hypothesis: multiple confusions? Cognitive Neuropsychology, 7, 161–189.CrossRef
Catricalà, E., Della Rosa, P. A., Plebani, V., Vigliocco, G., & Cappa, S. F. (2014). Abstract and concrete categories? Evidences from neurodegenerative diseases. Neuropsychologia, 64, 271–281.PubMedCrossRef
Cipolotti, L., & Warrington, E. K. (1995). Semantic memory and reading abilities: a case report. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 1, 104–110.PubMedCrossRef
Coltheart, M. (1980). Deep dyslexia: A review of the syndrome. In M. Coltheart, K. Patterson, & J. C. Marshall (Eds.), Deep dyslexia (pp. 22–47). London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Corballis, M. C. (1993). The lopsided ape. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Damasio, A. R. (1989). Time-locked multiregional retroactivation: a systems level proposal for the neural substrates of recall and recognition. Cognition, 33, 25–62.PubMedCrossRef
Damasio, A. R. (1990). Category-related recognition defects as a clue to the neural substrates of knowledge. Trends in Neurosciences, 13, 95–98.PubMedCrossRef
Day, J. (1977). Right-hemisphere language processing in normal right-handers. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 3, 518–528.PubMed
Degroot, A. M. B. (1989). Representational aspects of word imageability and word frequency as assessed through word association. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 15, 824–845.
De Renzi, E. (1982). Disorders of space exploration and cognition. New York: Wiley and Sons.
De Renzi, E., Scotti, G., & Spinnler, H. (1969). Perceptual and associative disorders of visual recognition. Their relation to the side of cerebral lesion. Neurology, 19, 634–642.PubMedCrossRef
De Renzi, E., & Spinnler, H. (1966). Visual recognition in patients with unilateral cerebral disease. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 142(6), 515–525.PubMedCrossRef
Domoto-Reilly, K., Sapolsky, D., Brickhouse, M., & Dickerson, B. C. (2012). Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Naming impairment in Alzheimer’s disease is associated with left anterior temporal lobe atrophy. NeuroImage, 63, 348–355.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Dove, G. (2014). Thinking in words: language as an embodied medium of thought. Topics in Cognitive Science, 6(3), 371–389.PubMedCrossRef
Ellis, H. D., & Shepherd, J. W. (1974). Recognition of abstract and concrete words presented in left and right visual fields. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 103, 1035–1036.PubMedCrossRef
Faglioni, P., Spinnler, H., & Vignolo, L. A. (1969). Contrasting behavior of right and left hemisphere-damaged patients on a discriminative and a semantic task of auditory recognition. Cortex, 5(4), 366–389.PubMedCrossRef
Fiebach, C. J., & Friederici, A. D. (2004). Processing concrete words: fMRI evidence against a specific right-hemisphere involvement. Neuropsychologia, 42(1), 62–70.PubMedCrossRef
Fodor, J. (1975). The language of thought. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Fodor, J. (1987). Psychosemantics: The problem of meaning in the philosophy of mind. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Franklin, A., Drivonikou, G. V., Bevis, L., Davies, I. R., Kay, P., & Regier, T. (2008a). Categorical perception of color is lateralized to the right hemisphere in infants, but to the left hemisphere in adults. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 105(9), 3221–3225.CrossRef
Franklin, A., Drivonikou, G. V., Clifford, A., Kay, P., Regier, T., & Davies, I. R. (2008b). Lateralization of categorical perception of color changes with color term acquisition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 105(47), 18221–18225.CrossRef
Franklin, S. (1989). Dissociations in auditory word comprehension; evidence from nine fluent aphasic patients. Aphasiology, 3, 189–207.CrossRef
Gainotti, G. (2007). Different patterns of famous people recognition disorders in patients with right and left anterior temporal lesions: a systematic review. Neuropsychologia, 45, 1591–1607.PubMedCrossRef
Gainotti, G. (2011a). The organization and dissolution of semantic-conceptual knowledge: is the ‘amodal hub’ the only plausible model? Brain and Cognition, 75, 299–309.PubMedCrossRef
Gainotti, G. (2011b). What the study of voice recognition in normal subjects and brain-damaged patients tells us about models of familiar people recognition. Neuropsychologia, 49, 2273–2282.PubMedCrossRef
Gainotti, G. (2012). The format of conceptual representations disrupted in semantic dementia: a position paper. Cortex, 48, 521–529.PubMedCrossRef
Gainotti, G. (2013). Laterality effects in normal subjects’ recognition of familiar faces, voices and names. Perceptual and representational components. Neuropsychologia, 51, 1151–1160.PubMedCrossRef
Gainotti, G. (2015). Is the difference between right and left ATLs due to the distinction between general and social cognition or between verbal and non-verbal representations? Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 51, 296–312.PubMedCrossRef
Galton, C. J., Patterson, K., Graham, K., Lambon Ralph, M. A., Williams, G., Antoun, N., et al. (2001). Differing patterns of temporal atrophy in Alzheimer’s disease and semantic dementia. Neurology, 57, 216–225.PubMedCrossRef
Gazzaniga, M. S. (2000). Cerebral specialization and interhemispheric communication: does the corpus callosum enable the human condition? Brain, 123(7), 1293–1326.PubMedCrossRef
Gibson, J. J. (1979). The ecological approach to visual perception. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Gorno-Tempini, M. L., Rankin, K. P., Woolley, J. D., Rosen, H. J., Phengrasamy, L., & Miller, B. L. (2004). Cognitive and behavioral profile in a case of right anterior temporal lobe neurodegeneration. Cortex, 40, 631–644.PubMedCrossRef
Graham, K. S., Patterson, K., & Hodges, J. R. (1995). Progressive pure anomia: insufficient activation of phonology by meaning. Neurocase, 1, 25–38.CrossRef
Grossman, M., & Wilson, M. (1987). Stimulus categorization by brain-damaged patients. Brain and Cognition, 6(1), 55–71.PubMedCrossRef
Hebb, D. O. (1949). The organization of behaviour: A neurophysiological theory. Hoboken: Wiley.
Hines, D. (1976). Recognition of verbs, abstract nouns and concrete nouns from the left and right visual half-fields. Neuropsychologia, 14, 211–216.PubMedCrossRef
Hines, D. (1977). Differences in tachistoscopic recognition between abstract and concrete words as a function of visual half-field and frequency. Cortex, 13, 66–73.PubMedCrossRef
Hodges, J. R., Patterson, K., Oxbury, S., & Funnell, E. (1992). Semantic dementia. Progressive fluent aphasia with temporal lobe atrophy. Brain, 115, 1783–1806.PubMedCrossRef
Hoffman, P., Binney, R. J., & Lambon Ralph, M. A. (2015). Differing contributions of inferior prefrontal and anterior temporal cortex to concrete and abstract conceptual knowledge. Cortex, 63, 250–266.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Hoffman, P., Jefferies, E., & Lambon Ralph, M. A. (2010). Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex plays an executive regulation role in comprehension of abstract words: convergent neuropsychological and rTMS evidence. Journal of Neuroscience, 46, 15450–15456.CrossRef
Hoffman, P., Jones, R. W., & Lambon Ralph, M. A. (2012). The degraded concept representation system in semantic dementia: damage to pan-modal hub, then visual spoke. Brain, 135, 3770–3780.PubMedCrossRef
Hoffman, P., Jones, R. W., & Lambon Ralph, M. A. (2013). Be concrete to be comprehended: consistent imageability effects in semantic dementia for nouns, verbs, synonyms and associates. Cortex, 49(5), 1206–1218.PubMedCrossRef
Hoffman, P., & Lambon Ralph, M. A. (2011). Reverse concreteness effects are not a typical feature of semantic dementia: evidence for the hub-and-spoke model of conceptual representation. Cerebral Cortex, 21(9), 2103–2112.PubMedCrossRef
Howard, D., & Patterson, K. (1992). Pyramids and palm trees: Access from pictures and words. Thames Valley Test Company: Bury St Edmunds (UK).
Humphreys, G. W., & Riddoch, M. J. (1988). On the case for multiple semantic systems - a reply. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 5, 143–150.CrossRef
Humphries, C., Willard, K., Buchsbaum, B., & Hickok, G. (2001). Role of anterior temporal cortex in auditory sentence comprehension: an fMRI study. Neuroreport, 12, 1749–1752.PubMedCrossRef
Hurley, R. S., Paller, K. A., Rogalski, E. J., & Mesulam, M. M. (2012). Neural mechanisms of object naming and word comprehension in primary progressive aphasia. Journal of Neuroscience, 32(14), 4848–4855.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Ikeda, M., Patterson, K., Graham, K. S., Lambon Ralph, M. A., & Hodges, J. R. (2006). A horse of a different colour: do patients with semantic dementia recognise different versions of the same object as the same? Neuropsychologia, 44, 566–575.PubMedCrossRef
Jackson, R. L., Hoffman, P., Pobric, G., & Lambon Ralph, M. A. (2015). The nature and neural correlates of semantic association versus conceptual similarity. Cerebral Cortex, 25(11), 4319–4333.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
James, C. T. (1975). The role of semantic information in lexical decisions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 104, 130–136.
Jefferies, E., Patterson, K., Jones, R. W., & Lambon Ralph, M. A. (2009). Comprehension of concrete and abstract words in semantic dementia. Neuropsychology, 23, 492–499.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Joseph, R. (1988). The right cerebral hemisphere: emotion, music, visual-spatial skills, body-image, dreams, and awareness. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44(5), 630–673.PubMedCrossRef
Katz, R. B., & Goodglass, H. (1990). Deep dysphasia: analysis of a rare form of repetition disorder. Brain and Language, 39, 153–185.PubMedCrossRef
Knott, R., Patterson, K., & Hodges, J. R. (1997). Lexical and semantic binding effects in short-term memory: evidence from semantic dementia. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 14, 1165–1216.CrossRef
Lambon Ralph, M. A. (2014). Neurocognitive insights on conceptual knowledge and its breakdown. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London: B Biological Sciences, 369, 1–12.
Lambon Ralph, M. A., McClelland, J. L., Patterson, K., Galton, C. J., & Hodges, J. R. (2001). No right to speak? The relationship between object naming and semantic impairment: neuropsychological evidence and a computational model. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 13, 341–356.PubMedCrossRef
Lambon Ralph, M. A., & Patterson, K. (2008). Generalization and differentiation in semantic memory insights from semantic dementia. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1124, 61–76.PubMedCrossRef
Lambon Ralph, M. A., Pobric, G., & Jefferies, E. (2009). Conceptual knowledge is underpinned by the temporal pole bilaterally: convergent evidence from rTMS. Cerebral Cortex, 19, 832–838.PubMedCrossRef
Lambon Ralph, M. A., Sage, K., Jones, R. W., & Mayberry, E. J. (2010). Coherent concepts are computed in the anterior temporal lobes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 107(6), 2717–2722.CrossRef
Libon, D. J., Rascovsky, K., Powers, J., Irwin, D. J., Boller, A., Weinberg, D., et al. (2013). Comparative semantic profiles in semantic dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Brain, 136(8), 2497–2509.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Loiselle, M., Rouleau, I., Nguyen, D. K., Dubeau, F., Macoir, J., Whatmough, C., et al. (2012). Comprehension of concrete and abstract words in patients with selective anterior temporal lobe resection and in patients with selective amygdalo-hippocampectomy. Neuropsychologia, 50(5), 630–639.PubMedCrossRef
Lyons, J. (1981). Language and linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Macoir, J. (2009). Is a plum a memory problem? Longitudinal study of the reversal of concreteness effect in a patient with semantic dementia. Neuropsychologia, 47(2), 518–535.PubMedCrossRef
McCarthy, R.A., & Warrington, E.K. (2016). Past, present, and prospects: reflections 40 years on from the selective impairment of semantic memory (Warrington, 1975). Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 69, 1941–1968.
Merck, C., Jonin, P. Y., Laisney, M., Vichard, H., & Belliard, S. (2014). When the zebra loses its stripes but is still in the savannah: results from a semantic priming paradigm in semantic dementia. Neuropsychologia, 53, 221–232.PubMedCrossRef
Mesulam, M. M., Wieneke, C., Hurley, R., Rademaker, A., Thompson, C. K., Weintraub, S., et al. (2013). Words and objects at the tip of the left temporal lobe in primary progressive aphasia. Brain, 136(2), 601–618.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Mion, M., Patterson, K., Acosta-Cabronero, J., Pengas, G., Izquierdo-Garcia, D., Hong, Y. T., et al. (2010). What the left and right anterior fusiform gyri tell us about semantic memory. Brain, 133(11), 3256–3268.PubMedCrossRef
Paivio, A. (1971). Imagery and verbal processes. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
Paivio, A. (1986). Mental representations: A dual coding approach. Oxford. England: Oxford University Press.
Papagno, C., Capasso, R., & Miceli, G. (2009). Reversed concreteness effect for nouns in a subject with semantic dementia. Neuropsychologia, 47(4), 1138–1148.PubMedCrossRef
Patterson, K., Nestor, P. J., & Rogers, T. T. (2007). Where do you know what you know? The representation of semantic knowledge in the human brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 8(12), 976–987.PubMedCrossRef
Phylyshyn, Z. W. (1973). What the mind’s eye tells to the mind’s brain: a critique of mental imagery. Psychological Bulletin, 80, 1–24.CrossRef
Pobric, G., Jefferies, E., Lambon Ralph, M.A. (2007). Anterior temporal lobes mediate semantic representation: mimicking semantic dementia by using rTMS in normal participants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 104, 20137–20141.
Pobric, G., Jefferies, E., & Lambon Ralph, M. A. (2010a). Amodal semantic representations depend on both anterior temporal lobes: evidence from repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neuropsychologia, 48, 1336–1342.PubMedCrossRef
Pobric, G., Jefferies, E., & Lambon Ralph, M. A. (2010b). Category-specific versus category-general semantic impairment induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Current Biology, 20(10), 964–968.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Pobric, G., Lambon Ralph, M. A., & Jefferies, E. (2009). The role of the anterior temporal lobes in the comprehension of concrete and abstract words: rTMS evidence. Cortex, 45, 1104–1110.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Reilly, J., Peelle, J. E., Garcia, A., & Crutch, S. J. (2016). Linking somatic and symbolic representation in semantic memory: the dynamic multilevel reactivation framework. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 23(4), 1002–1014.PubMedCrossRef
Rice, G. E., Hoffman, P., & Lambon Ralph, M. A. (2015a). Graded specialization within and between the anterior temporal lobes. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1359, 84–97.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Rice, G. E., Lambon Ralph, M. A., & Hoffman, P. (2015b). The roles of left versus right anterior temporal lobes in conceptual knowledge: an ALE meta-analysis of 97 functional neuroimaging studies. Cerebral Cortex, 25(11), 4374–4391.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Rogers, T. T., Lambon Ralph, M. A., Garrard, P., Bozeat, S., McClelland, J. L., Hodges, J. R., et al. (2004). The structure and deterioration of semantic memory: a neuropsychological and computational investigation. Psychological Review, 111(1), 205–235.PubMedCrossRef
Schapiro, A. C., McClelland, J. L., Welbourne, S. R., Rogers, T. T., & Lambon Ralph, M. A. (2013). Why bilateral damage is worse than unilateral damage to the brain. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 25(12), 2107–2123.PubMedCrossRef
Shimotake, A., Matsumoto, R., Ueno, T., Kunieda, T., Saito, S., Hoffman, P., et al. (2015). Direct exploration of the role of the ventral anterior temporal lobe in semantic memory: cortical stimulation and local field potential evidence from subdural grid electrodes. Cerebral Cortex, 25(10), 3802–3817.PubMedCrossRef
Skipper-Kallal, L. M., Mirman, D., & Olson, I. R. (2015). Converging evidence from fMRI and aphasia that the left temporoparietal cortex has an essential role in representing abstract semantic knowledge. Cortex, 69, 104–120.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Snowden, J., Goulding, P. J., & Neary, D. (1989). Semantic dementia: a form of circumscribed cerebral atrophy. Behavioural Neurology, 2, 167–182.
Snowden, J. S., Thompson, J. C., & Neary, D. (2004). Knowledge of famous faces and names in semantic dementia. Brain, 127(4), 860–872.PubMedCrossRef
Thierry, G., Giraud, A. L., & Price, C. (2003). Hemispheric dissociation in access to the human semantic system. Neuron, 38(3), 499–506.PubMedCrossRef
Thierry, G., & Price, C. (2006). Dissociating verbal and nonverbal conceptual processing in the human brain. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18(6), 1018–1028.PubMedCrossRef
Vignolo, L. A. (1982). Auditory agnosia. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Biological Sciences Series B, 298(1089), 49–57.CrossRef
Visser, M., Jefferies, E., Embleton, K. V., & Lambon Ralph, M. A. (2012). Both the middle temporal gyrus and the ventral anterior temporal area are crucial for multimodal semantic processing: distortion-corrected fMRI evidence for a double gradient of information convergence in the temporal lobes. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 24(8), 1766–1778.PubMedCrossRef
Wang, J., Conder, J. A., Blitzer, D. N., & Shinkareva, S. V. (2010). Neural representation of abstract and concrete concepts: a meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies. Human Brain Mapping, 31(10), 1459–1468.PubMedCrossRef
Warrington, E. K. (1975). The selective impairment of semantic memory. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 27, 635–657.PubMedCrossRef
Warrington, E. K., & McCarthy, R. (1983). Category-specific access dysphasia. Brain, 106, 859–878.PubMedCrossRef
Warrington, E. K., & McCarthy, R. (1987). Categories of knowledge: further fractionations and an attempted integration. Brain, 110, 1465–1473.CrossRef
Warrington, E. K., & Shallice, T. (1984). Category-specific semantic impairments. Brain, 107, 829–854.PubMedCrossRef
Yi, H. A., Moore, P., & Grossman, M. (2007). Reversal of the concreteness effect for verbs in semantic dementia. Neuropsychology, 21, 9–19.PubMedCrossRef
Zannino, G. D., Caltagirone, C., & Carlesimo, G. A. (2015). The contribution of neurodegenerative diseases to the modelling of semantic memory: a new proposal and a review of the literature. Neuropsychologia, 75, 274–290.PubMedCrossRef
Zannino, G. D., Perri, R., Monaco, M., Caltagirone, C., & Carlesimo, G. A. (2014). The special status of verbal knowledge in semantic memory: evidence from performance of semantically impaired subjects on verbalizable and non-verbalizable versions of the object decision task. Brain and Language, 128, 9–17.PubMedCrossRef
Zipse, L., Norton, A., Marchina, S., & Schlaug, G. (2012). When right is all that is left: plasticity of right-hemisphere tracts in a young aphasic patient. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1252(1), 237–245.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Metadata
Title
The Differential Contributions of Conceptual Representation Format and Language Structure to Levels of Semantic Abstraction Capacity
Author
Guido Gainotti
Publication date
01-06-2017
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Neuropsychology Review / Issue 2/2017
Print ISSN: 1040-7308
Electronic ISSN: 1573-6660
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-016-9339-8

Other articles of this Issue 2/2017

Neuropsychology Review 2/2017 Go to the issue

Review

Historical Perspectives on Ancient Greek Derived “a” Prefixed Nomenclature for Acquired Neurocognitive Impairment

Review

Heterogeneity of Neuropsychological Impairment in HIV Infection: Contributions from Mild Cognitive Impairment

Review

Long-Term Neuropsychological Outcomes of Childhood Onset Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM): a Meta-Analysis

Review

Neuropsychological Test Administration by Videoconference: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Erratum

Erratum to: The Differential Contributions of Conceptual Representation Format and Language Structure to Levels of Semantic Abstraction Capacity

Review

Neuropsychological Measures in the Arab World: A Systematic Review