Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Nutrition & Metabolism 1/2010

Open Access 01-12-2010 | Review

The cardiac and haemostatic effects of dietary hempseed

Authors: Delfin Rodriguez-Leyva, Grant N Pierce

Published in: Nutrition & Metabolism | Issue 1/2010

Login to get access

Abstract

Despite its use in our diet for hundreds of years, hempseed has surprisingly little research published on its physiological effects. This may have been in the past because the psychotropic properties wrongly attributed to hemp would complicate any conclusions obtained through its study. Hemp has a botanical relationship to drug/medicinal varieties of Cannabis. However, hempseed no longer contains psychotropic action and instead may provide significant health benefits. Hempseed has an excellent content of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. These compounds have beneficial effects on our cardiovascular health. Recent studies, mostly in animals, have examined the effects of these fatty acids and dietary hempseed itself on platelet aggregation, ischemic heart disease and other aspects of our cardiovascular health. The purpose of this article is to review the latest developments in this rapidly emerging research field with a focus on the cardiac and vascular effects of dietary hempseed.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
go back to reference Russo EB: History of cannabis and its preparations in saga, science, andsobriquet. Chem Biodivers. 2007, 4: 1614-48. 10.1002/cbdv.200790144.CrossRef Russo EB: History of cannabis and its preparations in saga, science, andsobriquet. Chem Biodivers. 2007, 4: 1614-48. 10.1002/cbdv.200790144.CrossRef
2.
go back to reference Manniche L: An ancient Egyptian herbal. 1989, Third University of Texas Press Printing Manniche L: An ancient Egyptian herbal. 1989, Third University of Texas Press Printing
3.
go back to reference Ross SA, Mehmedic Z, Murphy TP, Elsohly MA: GC-MS analysis of the totalΔ9-THC content of both drug-and fiber-type cannabis seeds. J Anal Toxicol. 2000, 24: 715-717.CrossRef Ross SA, Mehmedic Z, Murphy TP, Elsohly MA: GC-MS analysis of the totalΔ9-THC content of both drug-and fiber-type cannabis seeds. J Anal Toxicol. 2000, 24: 715-717.CrossRef
4.
go back to reference Holler JM, Bosy TZ, Dunkley CS, Levine B, Past MR, Jacobs A: Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol content of commercially available hemp products. J AnalToxicol. 2008, 32: 428-32. Holler JM, Bosy TZ, Dunkley CS, Levine B, Past MR, Jacobs A: Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol content of commercially available hemp products. J AnalToxicol. 2008, 32: 428-32.
6.
go back to reference Callaway JC: Hempseed as a nutritional resource: An overview. Euphytica. 2004, 140: 65-72. 10.1007/s10681-004-4811-6.CrossRef Callaway JC: Hempseed as a nutritional resource: An overview. Euphytica. 2004, 140: 65-72. 10.1007/s10681-004-4811-6.CrossRef
8.
go back to reference Napoli C, Ignarro LJ: Nitric oxide and pathogenic mechanisms involved inthedevelopment of vascular diseases. Arch Pharm Res. 2009, 32: 1103-8. 10.1007/s12272-009-1801-1.CrossRef Napoli C, Ignarro LJ: Nitric oxide and pathogenic mechanisms involved inthedevelopment of vascular diseases. Arch Pharm Res. 2009, 32: 1103-8. 10.1007/s12272-009-1801-1.CrossRef
9.
go back to reference Wells BJ, Mainous AG, Everett CJ: Association Between dietaryarginine and C-reactive protein. Nutrition. 2005, 21: 125-30. 10.1016/j.nut.2004.03.021.CrossRef Wells BJ, Mainous AG, Everett CJ: Association Between dietaryarginine and C-reactive protein. Nutrition. 2005, 21: 125-30. 10.1016/j.nut.2004.03.021.CrossRef
10.
go back to reference Ridker PM, Cushman M, Stampfer MJ, Tracy RP, Hennekens CH: Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men. N Engl J Med. 1997, 336: 973-9. 10.1056/NEJM199704033361401.CrossRef Ridker PM, Cushman M, Stampfer MJ, Tracy RP, Hennekens CH: Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men. N Engl J Med. 1997, 336: 973-9. 10.1056/NEJM199704033361401.CrossRef
11.
go back to reference Holub BJ: Clinical nutrition: 4. Omega-3 fatty acids in cardiovascularcare. CMAJ. 2002, 166: 608-15. Holub BJ: Clinical nutrition: 4. Omega-3 fatty acids in cardiovascularcare. CMAJ. 2002, 166: 608-15.
12.
go back to reference Ensminger AH, Konlande JE: Fats and other lipids. Foods & nutrition encyclopedia. Edited by: Ensminger AH, Konlande JE. 1993, CRC Press, 691- Ensminger AH, Konlande JE: Fats and other lipids. Foods & nutrition encyclopedia. Edited by: Ensminger AH, Konlande JE. 1993, CRC Press, 691-
14.
go back to reference Emken EA, Adlof RO, Rakoff H, Rohwedder WK: Metabolism of deuterium-labeled linolenic, linoleic, oleic, stearic and palmitic acid in humansubjects. Synthesis and application of isotopicallylabeledcompounds. Edited by: Baillie TA, Jones JR. 1988, Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers, 713-716. Emken EA, Adlof RO, Rakoff H, Rohwedder WK: Metabolism of deuterium-labeled linolenic, linoleic, oleic, stearic and palmitic acid in humansubjects. Synthesis and application of isotopicallylabeledcompounds. Edited by: Baillie TA, Jones JR. 1988, Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers, 713-716.
15.
go back to reference Simopoulos AP: The importance of the omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio incardiovascular disease and other chronic diseases. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2008, 233: 674-88. 10.3181/0711-MR-311.CrossRef Simopoulos AP: The importance of the omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio incardiovascular disease and other chronic diseases. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2008, 233: 674-88. 10.3181/0711-MR-311.CrossRef
16.
go back to reference Chang CS, Sun HL, Lii CK, Chen HW, Chen PY, Liu KL: Gamma-linolenic acid inhibits inflammatory responses by regulating NF-kappaB and AP-1 activationin lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. Inflammation. 2010, 33: 46-57. 10.1007/s10753-009-9157-8.CrossRef Chang CS, Sun HL, Lii CK, Chen HW, Chen PY, Liu KL: Gamma-linolenic acid inhibits inflammatory responses by regulating NF-kappaB and AP-1 activationin lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. Inflammation. 2010, 33: 46-57. 10.1007/s10753-009-9157-8.CrossRef
17.
go back to reference Horia E, Watkins BA: Comparison of stearidonic acid and alpha-linolenicacid on PGE2 production and COX-2 protein levels in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell cultures. J Nutr Biochem. 2005, 16: 184-92. 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2004.11.001.CrossRef Horia E, Watkins BA: Comparison of stearidonic acid and alpha-linolenicacid on PGE2 production and COX-2 protein levels in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell cultures. J Nutr Biochem. 2005, 16: 184-92. 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2004.11.001.CrossRef
18.
go back to reference Schwab US, Callaway JC, Erkkilä AT, Gynther J, Uusitupa MI, Järvinen T: Effects of hempseed and flaxseed oils on the profile of serum lipids, serum total andlipoprotein lipid concentrations and haemostatic factors. Eur J Nutr. 2006, 45: 470-7. 10.1007/s00394-006-0621-z.CrossRef Schwab US, Callaway JC, Erkkilä AT, Gynther J, Uusitupa MI, Järvinen T: Effects of hempseed and flaxseed oils on the profile of serum lipids, serum total andlipoprotein lipid concentrations and haemostatic factors. Eur J Nutr. 2006, 45: 470-7. 10.1007/s00394-006-0621-z.CrossRef
19.
go back to reference Callaway J, Schwab U, Harvima I, Halonen P, Mykkänen O, Hyvönen P, Järvinen T: Efficacy of dietary hempseed oil in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Dermatolog Treat. 2005, 16: 87-94. 10.1080/09546630510035832.CrossRef Callaway J, Schwab U, Harvima I, Halonen P, Mykkänen O, Hyvönen P, Järvinen T: Efficacy of dietary hempseed oil in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Dermatolog Treat. 2005, 16: 87-94. 10.1080/09546630510035832.CrossRef
20.
go back to reference Richard MN, Ganguly R, Steigerwald SN, Al-Khalifa A, Pierce GN: Dietary hempseed reduces platelet aggregation. J Thromb Haemost. 2007, 5: 424-5. 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.02327.x.CrossRef Richard MN, Ganguly R, Steigerwald SN, Al-Khalifa A, Pierce GN: Dietary hempseed reduces platelet aggregation. J Thromb Haemost. 2007, 5: 424-5. 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.02327.x.CrossRef
21.
go back to reference Prociuk MA, Edel AL, Richard MN, Gavel NT, Ander BP, Dupasquier CM, Pierce GN: Cholesterol-induced stimulation of platelet aggregation is prevented byahempseed-enriched diet. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2008, 86: 153-9. 10.1139/Y08-011.CrossRef Prociuk MA, Edel AL, Richard MN, Gavel NT, Ander BP, Dupasquier CM, Pierce GN: Cholesterol-induced stimulation of platelet aggregation is prevented byahempseed-enriched diet. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2008, 86: 153-9. 10.1139/Y08-011.CrossRef
22.
go back to reference Prociuk M, Edel A, Gavel N, Deniset J, Ganguly R, Austria J, Ander B, Lukas A, Pierce G: The effects of dietary hempseed on cardiac ischemia/reperfusioninjury in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Exp Clin Cardiol. 2006, 11: 198-205. Prociuk M, Edel A, Gavel N, Deniset J, Ganguly R, Austria J, Ander B, Lukas A, Pierce G: The effects of dietary hempseed on cardiac ischemia/reperfusioninjury in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Exp Clin Cardiol. 2006, 11: 198-205.
23.
go back to reference Al-Khalifa A, Maddaford TG, Chahine MN, Austria JA, Edel AL, Richard MN, Ander BP, Gavel N, Kopilas M, Ganguly R, Ganguly PK, Pierce GN: Effect ofdietary hempseed intake on cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol RegulIntegr Comp Physiol. 2007, 292: R1198-203.CrossRef Al-Khalifa A, Maddaford TG, Chahine MN, Austria JA, Edel AL, Richard MN, Ander BP, Gavel N, Kopilas M, Ganguly R, Ganguly PK, Pierce GN: Effect ofdietary hempseed intake on cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol RegulIntegr Comp Physiol. 2007, 292: R1198-203.CrossRef
24.
go back to reference Kaul N, Kreml R, Austria JA, Richard MN, Edel AL, Dibrov E, Hirono S, Zettler ME, Pierce GN: A comparison of fish oil, flaxseed oil and hempseed oil supplementation on selected parameters of cardiovascular health in healthy volunteers. J Am Coll Nutr. 2008, 27: 51-8.CrossRef Kaul N, Kreml R, Austria JA, Richard MN, Edel AL, Dibrov E, Hirono S, Zettler ME, Pierce GN: A comparison of fish oil, flaxseed oil and hempseed oil supplementation on selected parameters of cardiovascular health in healthy volunteers. J Am Coll Nutr. 2008, 27: 51-8.CrossRef
25.
go back to reference Kinosian B, Glick H, Preiss L, Puder KL: Cholesterol and coronary heartdisease: predicting risks in men by changes in levels and ratios. J Investig Med. 1995, 43: 443-450. Kinosian B, Glick H, Preiss L, Puder KL: Cholesterol and coronary heartdisease: predicting risks in men by changes in levels and ratios. J Investig Med. 1995, 43: 443-450.
26.
go back to reference Iacono JM, Dougherty RM: Lack of effect of linoleic acid on thehigh-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol fraction of plasma lipoproteins. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991, 53: 660-4. Iacono JM, Dougherty RM: Lack of effect of linoleic acid on thehigh-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol fraction of plasma lipoproteins. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991, 53: 660-4.
27.
go back to reference Zock PL, Katan MB: Hydrogenation alternatives: effects of trans fattyacids and stearic acid versus linoleic acid on serum lipids and lipoproteins inhumans. J Lipid Res. 1992, 33: 399-410. Zock PL, Katan MB: Hydrogenation alternatives: effects of trans fattyacids and stearic acid versus linoleic acid on serum lipids and lipoproteins inhumans. J Lipid Res. 1992, 33: 399-410.
28.
go back to reference Mensink RP, Zock PL, Kester AD, Katan MB: Effects of dietaryfatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serumlipids andapolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003, 77: 1146-55. Mensink RP, Zock PL, Kester AD, Katan MB: Effects of dietaryfatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serumlipids andapolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003, 77: 1146-55.
29.
go back to reference Marchioli R, Avanzini F, Barzi F: GISSI-Prevenzione Investigators. Assessment of absolute risk of death after myocardial infarction by use ofmultiple-risk-factor assessment equations: GISSI-Prevenzione mortality risk chart. Eur Heart J. 2001, 22: 2085-103. 10.1053/euhj.2000.2544.CrossRef Marchioli R, Avanzini F, Barzi F: GISSI-Prevenzione Investigators. Assessment of absolute risk of death after myocardial infarction by use ofmultiple-risk-factor assessment equations: GISSI-Prevenzione mortality risk chart. Eur Heart J. 2001, 22: 2085-103. 10.1053/euhj.2000.2544.CrossRef
30.
go back to reference Stampfer MJ, Sacks FM, Salvini S, Willett WC, Hennekens CH: Aprospective study of cholesterol, apolipoproteins, and the risk of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1991, 325: 373-381. 10.1056/NEJM199108083250601.CrossRef Stampfer MJ, Sacks FM, Salvini S, Willett WC, Hennekens CH: Aprospective study of cholesterol, apolipoproteins, and the risk of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1991, 325: 373-381. 10.1056/NEJM199108083250601.CrossRef
31.
go back to reference Miura K, Stamler J, Nakagawa H, International Study ofMacro-Micronutrients and Blood Pressure Research Group: Relationship of dietary linoleic acid toblood pressure. The International Study of Macro-Micronutrients and BloodPressure. Hypertension. 2008, 52: 408-14. 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.112383.CrossRef Miura K, Stamler J, Nakagawa H, International Study ofMacro-Micronutrients and Blood Pressure Research Group: Relationship of dietary linoleic acid toblood pressure. The International Study of Macro-Micronutrients and BloodPressure. Hypertension. 2008, 52: 408-14. 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.112383.CrossRef
32.
go back to reference Heagerty AM, Ollerenshaw JD, Robertson DI, Bing RF, Swales JD: Influenceofdietary linoleic acid on leucocyte sodium transport and blood pressure. BMJ. 1986, 293: 295-297. 10.1136/bmj.293.6542.295.CrossRef Heagerty AM, Ollerenshaw JD, Robertson DI, Bing RF, Swales JD: Influenceofdietary linoleic acid on leucocyte sodium transport and blood pressure. BMJ. 1986, 293: 295-297. 10.1136/bmj.293.6542.295.CrossRef
33.
go back to reference Sacks FM, Stampfer MJ, Monoz A, McManus K, Canessa M, Kass EH: Effect oflinoleic and oleic acids on blood pressure, blood viscosity, anderythrocyte cationtransport. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1987, 6: 179-185. Sacks FM, Stampfer MJ, Monoz A, McManus K, Canessa M, Kass EH: Effect oflinoleic and oleic acids on blood pressure, blood viscosity, anderythrocyte cationtransport. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1987, 6: 179-185.
34.
go back to reference Salonen JT, Salonen R, Ihanainen M, Parviainen M, Seppänen R, Kantola M, Seppänen K, Rauramaa R: Blood pressure, dietary fats, and antioxidants. Am J Clin Nutr. 1988, 48: 1226-1232. Salonen JT, Salonen R, Ihanainen M, Parviainen M, Seppänen R, Kantola M, Seppänen K, Rauramaa R: Blood pressure, dietary fats, and antioxidants. Am J Clin Nutr. 1988, 48: 1226-1232.
35.
go back to reference Cornwell DG, Panganamala RV: Atherosclerosis: an intracellulardeficiency in essential fatty acids. Prog Lipid Res. 1981, 20: 365-76. 10.1016/0163-7827(81)90069-2.CrossRef Cornwell DG, Panganamala RV: Atherosclerosis: an intracellulardeficiency in essential fatty acids. Prog Lipid Res. 1981, 20: 365-76. 10.1016/0163-7827(81)90069-2.CrossRef
36.
go back to reference Das UN: A defect in the activity of Delta6 and Delta5 desaturases may bea factor in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Prostaglandins LeukotEssent Fatty Acids. 2007, 76: 251-68. 10.1016/j.plefa.2007.03.001.CrossRef Das UN: A defect in the activity of Delta6 and Delta5 desaturases may bea factor in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Prostaglandins LeukotEssent Fatty Acids. 2007, 76: 251-68. 10.1016/j.plefa.2007.03.001.CrossRef
37.
go back to reference Hu H, Pierce GN, Zhong G: The atherogenic effects of chlamydia aredependent on serum cholesterol and specific to Chlamydia pneumoniae. J Clin Invest. 1999, 103: 747-53. 10.1172/JCI4582.CrossRef Hu H, Pierce GN, Zhong G: The atherogenic effects of chlamydia aredependent on serum cholesterol and specific to Chlamydia pneumoniae. J Clin Invest. 1999, 103: 747-53. 10.1172/JCI4582.CrossRef
38.
go back to reference Hirono S, Dibrov E, Hurtado C, Kostenuk A, Ducas R, Pierce GN: Chlamydiapneumoniae stimulates proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells throughinduction of endogenous heat shock protein 60. Circ Res. 2003, 93: 710-6. 10.1161/01.RES.0000095720.46043.F2.CrossRef Hirono S, Dibrov E, Hurtado C, Kostenuk A, Ducas R, Pierce GN: Chlamydiapneumoniae stimulates proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells throughinduction of endogenous heat shock protein 60. Circ Res. 2003, 93: 710-6. 10.1161/01.RES.0000095720.46043.F2.CrossRef
39.
go back to reference Goyens PL, Spilker ME, Zock PL, Katan MB, Mensink RP: Conversion ofalpha-linolenic acid in humans is influenced by the absolute amounts ofalpha-linolenicacid and linoleic acid in the diet and not by their ratio. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006, 84: 44-53. Goyens PL, Spilker ME, Zock PL, Katan MB, Mensink RP: Conversion ofalpha-linolenic acid in humans is influenced by the absolute amounts ofalpha-linolenicacid and linoleic acid in the diet and not by their ratio. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006, 84: 44-53.
40.
go back to reference Hussein N, Ah-Sing E, Wilkinson P, Leach C, Griffin BA, Millward DJ: Long-chain conversion of [13C]linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid in response tomarkedchanges in their dietary intake in men. J Lipid Res. 2005, 46: 269-280. 10.1194/jlr.M400225-JLR200.CrossRef Hussein N, Ah-Sing E, Wilkinson P, Leach C, Griffin BA, Millward DJ: Long-chain conversion of [13C]linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid in response tomarkedchanges in their dietary intake in men. J Lipid Res. 2005, 46: 269-280. 10.1194/jlr.M400225-JLR200.CrossRef
41.
go back to reference Sacks FM, Campos H: Polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation, andcardiovascular disease: time to widen our view of the mechanisms. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006, 91: 398-400. 10.1210/jc.2005-2459.CrossRef Sacks FM, Campos H: Polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation, andcardiovascular disease: time to widen our view of the mechanisms. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006, 91: 398-400. 10.1210/jc.2005-2459.CrossRef
42.
go back to reference Willett WC: The role of dietary n-6 fatty acids in the prevention ofcardiovascular disease. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 2007, 8 (Suppl 1): S42-5. 10.2459/01.JCM.0000289275.72556.13.CrossRef Willett WC: The role of dietary n-6 fatty acids in the prevention ofcardiovascular disease. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 2007, 8 (Suppl 1): S42-5. 10.2459/01.JCM.0000289275.72556.13.CrossRef
43.
go back to reference Dupasquier CMC, Weber AM, Ander BP, Rampersad PP, Steigerwald S, Wigle JT, Mitchell RW, Kroeger EA, Gilchrist JSC, Moghadasian MM, Lukas A, Pierce GN: The effects of dietary flaxseed on vascular contractile function andatherosclerosis in rabbits during prolonged hypercholesterolemia. Am J Physiol. 2006, 291: H2987-H2996. Dupasquier CMC, Weber AM, Ander BP, Rampersad PP, Steigerwald S, Wigle JT, Mitchell RW, Kroeger EA, Gilchrist JSC, Moghadasian MM, Lukas A, Pierce GN: The effects of dietary flaxseed on vascular contractile function andatherosclerosis in rabbits during prolonged hypercholesterolemia. Am J Physiol. 2006, 291: H2987-H2996.
44.
go back to reference Dupasquier CMC, Dibrov E, Kneesh AL, Cheung PKM, Lee KGY, Alexander HK, Yeganeh B, Moghadasian MH, Pierce GN: Dietary flaxseed inhibitsatherosclerosis in the LDL receptor deficient mouse in part through anti-proliferative andanti-inflammatory actions. Am J Physiol. 2007, 293: H2394-2402. Dupasquier CMC, Dibrov E, Kneesh AL, Cheung PKM, Lee KGY, Alexander HK, Yeganeh B, Moghadasian MH, Pierce GN: Dietary flaxseed inhibitsatherosclerosis in the LDL receptor deficient mouse in part through anti-proliferative andanti-inflammatory actions. Am J Physiol. 2007, 293: H2394-2402.
45.
go back to reference Harris WS, Poston WC, Haddock CK: Tissue n-3 and n-6 fatty acids andrisk for coronary heart disease events. Atherosclerosis. 2007, 193: 1-10. 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.03.018.CrossRef Harris WS, Poston WC, Haddock CK: Tissue n-3 and n-6 fatty acids andrisk for coronary heart disease events. Atherosclerosis. 2007, 193: 1-10. 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.03.018.CrossRef
46.
go back to reference Leren P: The Oslo diet-heart study. Eleven-year report. Circulation. 1970, 42: 935-942.CrossRef Leren P: The Oslo diet-heart study. Eleven-year report. Circulation. 1970, 42: 935-942.CrossRef
47.
go back to reference Turpeinen O, Karvonen MJ, Pekkarinen M: Dietary prevention ofcoronaryheart disease: the Finnish mental hospital study. Int J Epidemiol. 1979, 8: 99-118. 10.1093/ije/8.2.99.CrossRef Turpeinen O, Karvonen MJ, Pekkarinen M: Dietary prevention ofcoronaryheart disease: the Finnish mental hospital study. Int J Epidemiol. 1979, 8: 99-118. 10.1093/ije/8.2.99.CrossRef
48.
go back to reference Medical Research Council: Controlled trial of soya-bean oil inmyocardialinfarction. Lancet. 1968, 2: 693-699. Medical Research Council: Controlled trial of soya-bean oil inmyocardialinfarction. Lancet. 1968, 2: 693-699.
49.
go back to reference Frantz ID, Dawson EA, Ashman PL, Gatewood LC, Bartsch GE, Kuba K, Brewer ER: Test of effect of lipid lowering by diet on cardiovascular risk. TheMinnesotacoronary survey. Arteriosclerosis. 1989, 9: 129-135.CrossRef Frantz ID, Dawson EA, Ashman PL, Gatewood LC, Bartsch GE, Kuba K, Brewer ER: Test of effect of lipid lowering by diet on cardiovascular risk. TheMinnesotacoronary survey. Arteriosclerosis. 1989, 9: 129-135.CrossRef
50.
go back to reference Patenaude A, Rodriguez-Leyva D, Edel AL, Dibrov E, Dupasquier CM, Austria JA, Richard MN, Chahine MN, Malcolmson LJ, Pierce GN: Bioavailability of alpha-linolenic acid from flaxseed diets as a function of the age of the subject. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009, 63: 1123-9. 10.1038/ejcn.2009.41.CrossRef Patenaude A, Rodriguez-Leyva D, Edel AL, Dibrov E, Dupasquier CM, Austria JA, Richard MN, Chahine MN, Malcolmson LJ, Pierce GN: Bioavailability of alpha-linolenic acid from flaxseed diets as a function of the age of the subject. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009, 63: 1123-9. 10.1038/ejcn.2009.41.CrossRef
51.
go back to reference Austria JA, Richard MN, Chahine MN, Edel AL, Malcolmson LJ, Dupasquier CM, Pierce GN: Bioavailability of alpha-linolenic acid in subjects afteringestion of three different forms of flaxseed. J Am Coll Nutr. 2008, 27: 214-21.CrossRef Austria JA, Richard MN, Chahine MN, Edel AL, Malcolmson LJ, Dupasquier CM, Pierce GN: Bioavailability of alpha-linolenic acid in subjects afteringestion of three different forms of flaxseed. J Am Coll Nutr. 2008, 27: 214-21.CrossRef
Metadata
Title
The cardiac and haemostatic effects of dietary hempseed
Authors
Delfin Rodriguez-Leyva
Grant N Pierce
Publication date
01-12-2010
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Nutrition & Metabolism / Issue 1/2010
Electronic ISSN: 1743-7075
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-7-32

Other articles of this Issue 1/2010

Nutrition & Metabolism 1/2010 Go to the issue
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine