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European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience
Published in: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 2/2023

13-08-2022 | Suicide | Original Paper

Maternal smoking around birth may lower the protective effects of breastfeeding on anxiety, depression and neuroticism in adult offspring: a UK biobank study

Authors: Li Liu, Shiqiang Cheng, Yan Wen, Yumeng Jia, Bolun Cheng, Peilin Meng, Xuena Yang, Yao Yao, Huijie Zhang, Zhen Zhang, Jingxi Zhang, Chune Li, Chuyu Pan, Yujing Chen, Feng Zhang

Published in: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience | Issue 2/2023

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Abstract

We aim to explore the combined effects of the smoking and breastfeeding on offspring mental health outcomes. We used data from UK biobank (N = 342,846) to evaluate joint effect of breastfeeding and maternal smoke during pregnancy (MSDP) on seven adult offspring mental health outcomes (self-reported depression, depression score, self-reported anxiety, anxiety score, neuroticism score, self-harm, suicide). We stratified individuals to MSDP group and non-MSDP group as well as breastfeeding group and non-breastfeeding group. Multiple linear regression and logistic regressions analysis were performed between independent variables (MSDP or breastfeeding) and dependent variables separately (seven mental health outcomes) in each stratum. Effect estimates were expressed as β values and OR values. Sex, age, 10 principle components of population structure, smoking, alcohol use, and Townsend deprivation index were examined as covariates. At MSDP grouping level, coefficients (odds ratio [OR]) for association of breastfed as a baby with self-reported anxiety (category variable) were 0.87 (95%CI, (0.82–0.93), P = 1.74 × 10–5) in the MSDP group and 0.83 (95%CI, (0.79–0.87), P = 2.76 × 10–17) in the non-MSDP group. At breastfeeding grouping level, OR for association of MSDP and self-reported anxiety were 1.15 (95%CI, (1.10–1.20), P = 5.36 × 10–11) in breastfeeding group and 1.12(95%CI, (1.06–1.20), P = 2.02 × 10–4) in non-breastfeeding group. At MSDP grouping level, negatively associations were found for breastfeeding and anxiety score (continuable variable) in MSDP group (-0.04 SD change per SD change in MSDP, 95% CI, (− 0.06, − 0.02), P = 2.42 × 10–3) and non-MSDP group (-0.06 SD change per SD change in MSDP, 95%CI, (− 0.07, − 0.04), P = 1.70 × 10–11). At breastfeeding grouping level, positive association was found for MSDP and anxiety score in the breastfeeding group (0.07 SD change per SD change in MSDP, 95%CI, (0.06–0.09), P = 1.49 × 10–20) and non-breastfeeding group (0.07 SD change per SD change in MSDP, 95%CI, (0.05–0.09), P = 7.19 × 10–8). Compared with non-MSDP group, the protective effect (reflected by coefficients) of breastfeeding on anxiety in the MSDP decreased. Our preliminary study found MSDP may lower the protective effect of breastfeeding on the adult offspring anxiety, depression and neuroticism, providing useful recommendations for health care service via quitting smoking during pregnancy and encouraging prolonged breastfeeding.
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Metadata
Title
Maternal smoking around birth may lower the protective effects of breastfeeding on anxiety, depression and neuroticism in adult offspring: a UK biobank study
Authors
Li Liu
Shiqiang Cheng
Yan Wen
Yumeng Jia
Bolun Cheng
Peilin Meng
Xuena Yang
Yao Yao
Huijie Zhang
Zhen Zhang
Jingxi Zhang
Chune Li
Chuyu Pan
Yujing Chen
Feng Zhang
Publication date
13-08-2022
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in
European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience / Issue 2/2023
Print ISSN: 0940-1334
Electronic ISSN: 1433-8491
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-022-01477-7

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