Skip to main content
Top
Published in: BMC Psychiatry 1/2019

Open Access 01-12-2019 | Suicide | Research article

Are volunteering and caregiving associated with suicide risk? A Census-based longitudinal study

Authors: Michael Rosato, Foteini Tseliou, David M. Wright, Aideen Maguire, Dermot O’Reilly

Published in: BMC Psychiatry | Issue 1/2019

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Opposing risks have been identified between different prosocial activities, with volunteering having been linked to better mental health while caregiving has been associated with higher prevalence and incidence of depression. This study explored suicide risk of people engaged in prosocial activities of caregiving and/or volunteering.

Methods

A Census-based record linkage study of 1,018,000 people aged 25–74 years (130,816 caregivers; 110,467 volunteers; and 42,099 engaged in both) was undertaken. Caregiving (light: 1–19; intense: ≥20 h/week), volunteering and mental health status were derived from 2011 Census records. Suicide risk (45 months follow-up) was assessed using Cox models adjusted for baseline mental health.

Results

Intense caregiving was associated with worse mental health (ORadj = 1.15: 95%CI = 1.12, 1.18) and volunteering with better mental health (OR = 0.87: 95%CI = 0.84, 0.89). For those engaged in both activities, likelihood of poor mental health was determined by caregiving level. There were 528 suicides during follow-up, with those engaged in both activities having the lowest risk of suicide (HR = 0.34: 95%CI = 0.14, 0.84). Engaging in either volunteering or caregiving was associated with lower suicide risk for those with good mental health at baseline (HR = 0.66: 95%CI = 0.49, 0.88) but not for their peers with baseline poor mental health (HR = 1.02: 95%CI = 0.69, 1.51).

Conclusions

Although an increased risk of poor mental health was identified amongst caregivers, there was no evidence of an increased risk of suicide.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Arno PS, Levine C, Memmott MM. The economic value of informal caregiving. Health Aff. 1999;18:182–8.CrossRef Arno PS, Levine C, Memmott MM. The economic value of informal caregiving. Health Aff. 1999;18:182–8.CrossRef
3.
4.
go back to reference Christakis N, Allison P. Inter-spousal mortality effects: Care-giver burden across the spectrum of disabling disease. In: Cutler D, Wise D, editors. Health at older ages: the causes and consequences of declining disability among the elderly. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 2009. Christakis N, Allison P. Inter-spousal mortality effects: Care-giver burden across the spectrum of disabling disease. In: Cutler D, Wise D, editors. Health at older ages: the causes and consequences of declining disability among the elderly. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 2009.
5.
go back to reference Mochari-Greenberger H, Mosca L. Caregiver burden and nonachievement of healthy lifestyle behaviors among family caregivers of cardiovascular disease patients. Am J Health Promot. 2012;27:84–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Mochari-Greenberger H, Mosca L. Caregiver burden and nonachievement of healthy lifestyle behaviors among family caregivers of cardiovascular disease patients. Am J Health Promot. 2012;27:84–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Legg L, Weir CJ, Langhorne P, Smith LN, Stott DJ. Is informal caregiving independently associated with poor health? A population-based study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2013;67:95–7.PubMedCrossRef Legg L, Weir CJ, Langhorne P, Smith LN, Stott DJ. Is informal caregiving independently associated with poor health? A population-based study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2013;67:95–7.PubMedCrossRef
7.
8.
go back to reference Cuijpers P. Depressive disorders in caregivers of dementia patients: a systematic review. Aging Ment Health. 2005;9:325–30.PubMedCrossRef Cuijpers P. Depressive disorders in caregivers of dementia patients: a systematic review. Aging Ment Health. 2005;9:325–30.PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Shah AJ, Wadoo O, Latoo J. Psychological distress in Carers of people with men tal disorders. Br J Med Pract. 2010;3(3):a327. Shah AJ, Wadoo O, Latoo J. Psychological distress in Carers of people with men tal disorders. Br J Med Pract. 2010;3(3):a327.
10.
go back to reference Capistrant BD, Berkman LF, Glymour MM. Does duration of spousal caregiving affect risk of depression onset? Evidence from the health and retirement study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014;22:766–70.PubMedCrossRef Capistrant BD, Berkman LF, Glymour MM. Does duration of spousal caregiving affect risk of depression onset? Evidence from the health and retirement study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014;22:766–70.PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Joling KJ, van Hout HPJ, Schellevis FG, van der Horst HE, Scheltens P, Knol DL, et al. Incidence of Depression and Anxiety in the Spouses of Patients With Dementia: A Naturalistic Cohort Study of Recorded Morbidity With a 6-Year Follow-Up. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2010;18:146–53.PubMedCrossRef Joling KJ, van Hout HPJ, Schellevis FG, van der Horst HE, Scheltens P, Knol DL, et al. Incidence of Depression and Anxiety in the Spouses of Patients With Dementia: A Naturalistic Cohort Study of Recorded Morbidity With a 6-Year Follow-Up. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2010;18:146–53.PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Oshio T. The association between involvement in family caregiving and mental health among middle-aged adults in Japan. Soc Sci Med. 2014;115:121–9.PubMedCrossRef Oshio T. The association between involvement in family caregiving and mental health among middle-aged adults in Japan. Soc Sci Med. 2014;115:121–9.PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Smith L, Onwumere J, Craig T, McManus S, Bebbington P, Kuipers E. Mental and physical illness in caregivers: results from an English national survey sample. Br J Psychiatry. 2014;205:197–203.PubMedCrossRef Smith L, Onwumere J, Craig T, McManus S, Bebbington P, Kuipers E. Mental and physical illness in caregivers: results from an English national survey sample. Br J Psychiatry. 2014;205:197–203.PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Stansfeld S, Smuk M, Onwumere J, Clark C, Pike C, McManus S, et al. Stressors and common mental disorder in informal carers – an analysis of the English adult psychiatric morbidity survey 2007. Soc Sci Med. 2014;120:190–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Stansfeld S, Smuk M, Onwumere J, Clark C, Pike C, McManus S, et al. Stressors and common mental disorder in informal carers – an analysis of the English adult psychiatric morbidity survey 2007. Soc Sci Med. 2014;120:190–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
15.
go back to reference O’Dwyer ST, Moyle W, Pachana NA, Sung B, Barrett S. Feeling that life is not worth living (death thoughts) among middle-aged, Australian women providing unpaid care. Maturitas. 2014;77:375–9.PubMedCrossRef O’Dwyer ST, Moyle W, Pachana NA, Sung B, Barrett S. Feeling that life is not worth living (death thoughts) among middle-aged, Australian women providing unpaid care. Maturitas. 2014;77:375–9.PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference O'Dwyer ST, Moyle W, Zimmer-Gembeck M, De Leo D. Suicidal ideation in family carers of people with dementia: a pilot study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2013;28:1182–8.PubMed O'Dwyer ST, Moyle W, Zimmer-Gembeck M, De Leo D. Suicidal ideation in family carers of people with dementia: a pilot study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2013;28:1182–8.PubMed
17.
go back to reference Jenkinson CE, Dickens AP, Jones K, Thompson-Coon J, Taylor RS, Rogers M, et al. Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:773.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Jenkinson CE, Dickens AP, Jones K, Thompson-Coon J, Taylor RS, Rogers M, et al. Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:773.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Anderson ND, Damianakis T, Kröger E, Wagner LM, Dawson DR, Binns MA, et al. The benefits associated with volunteering among seniors: a critical review and recommendations for future research. Psychol Bull. 2014;140:1505–33.PubMedCrossRef Anderson ND, Damianakis T, Kröger E, Wagner LM, Dawson DR, Binns MA, et al. The benefits associated with volunteering among seniors: a critical review and recommendations for future research. Psychol Bull. 2014;140:1505–33.PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Pearlin LI. Role strains and personal stress. In: Kaplan HB, editor. Psychosocial stress: Trends in theory and research. New York: Academic Press; 1983. Pearlin LI. Role strains and personal stress. In: Kaplan HB, editor. Psychosocial stress: Trends in theory and research. New York: Academic Press; 1983.
20.
go back to reference Wilson J, Musick M. The effects of volunteering on the volunteer. Law Contemp Probl. 1999;62:141–68.CrossRef Wilson J, Musick M. The effects of volunteering on the volunteer. Law Contemp Probl. 1999;62:141–68.CrossRef
21.
go back to reference Li Y, Ferraro KF. Volunteering and depression in later life: social benefit or selection processes? J Health Soc Behav. 2005;46:68–84.PubMedCrossRef Li Y, Ferraro KF. Volunteering and depression in later life: social benefit or selection processes? J Health Soc Behav. 2005;46:68–84.PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference House JS, Umberson D, Landis KR. Structures and processes of social support. Annu Rev Sociol. 1988;14:293–318.CrossRef House JS, Umberson D, Landis KR. Structures and processes of social support. Annu Rev Sociol. 1988;14:293–318.CrossRef
23.
go back to reference Su Y, Ferraro KF. Social relations and health assessments among older people: do the effects of integration and social contributions vary cross-culturally? J Gerontol Soc Sci. 1997;52:S27–36.CrossRef Su Y, Ferraro KF. Social relations and health assessments among older people: do the effects of integration and social contributions vary cross-culturally? J Gerontol Soc Sci. 1997;52:S27–36.CrossRef
24.
go back to reference Van Willigen M. Differential benefits of volunteering across the life course. J Gerontol B Pscyhol Sci Soc Sci. 2000:S308–18. Van Willigen M. Differential benefits of volunteering across the life course. J Gerontol B Pscyhol Sci Soc Sci. 2000:S308–18.
25.
go back to reference Musick MA, Wilson J. Volunteering and depression: the role of psychological and social resources in different age groups. Soc Sci Med. 2003;56:259–69.PubMedCrossRef Musick MA, Wilson J. Volunteering and depression: the role of psychological and social resources in different age groups. Soc Sci Med. 2003;56:259–69.PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Pilkington PD, Windsor TD, Crisp DA. Volunteering and subjective well-being in midlife and older adults: the role of supportive social networks. J Gerontol B Pscyhol Sci Soc Sci. 2012;67:249–60.CrossRef Pilkington PD, Windsor TD, Crisp DA. Volunteering and subjective well-being in midlife and older adults: the role of supportive social networks. J Gerontol B Pscyhol Sci Soc Sci. 2012;67:249–60.CrossRef
27.
28.
go back to reference Krause N, Herzog AR, Baker E. Providing support to others and well-being in later life. J Gerontol. 1992;47:300–11.CrossRef Krause N, Herzog AR, Baker E. Providing support to others and well-being in later life. J Gerontol. 1992;47:300–11.CrossRef
29.
go back to reference Konrath S, Fuhrel-Forbis A, Lou A, Brown S. Motives for volunteering are associated with mortality risk in older adults. Health Psychol. 2012;31:87–96.PubMedCrossRef Konrath S, Fuhrel-Forbis A, Lou A, Brown S. Motives for volunteering are associated with mortality risk in older adults. Health Psychol. 2012;31:87–96.PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Okun MA, O'Rourke HP, Keller B, Johnson KA, Enders C. Value-expressive volunteer motivation and volunteering by older adults: relationships with religiosity and spirituality. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2015;70:860–70.PubMedCrossRef Okun MA, O'Rourke HP, Keller B, Johnson KA, Enders C. Value-expressive volunteer motivation and volunteering by older adults: relationships with religiosity and spirituality. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2015;70:860–70.PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Morrow-Howell N. Volunteering in later life: research Frontiers. J Gerontol: Series B. 2010;65B:461–9.CrossRef Morrow-Howell N. Volunteering in later life: research Frontiers. J Gerontol: Series B. 2010;65B:461–9.CrossRef
32.
go back to reference Morrow-Howell N, Hong S, Tang F. Who benefits from volunteering? Variations in Perceived Benefits. Gerontologist. 2009;49:91–102.CrossRefPubMed Morrow-Howell N, Hong S, Tang F. Who benefits from volunteering? Variations in Perceived Benefits. Gerontologist. 2009;49:91–102.CrossRefPubMed
33.
go back to reference Li Y. Recovering from spousal bereavement in later life: does volunteer participation play a role? J Gerontol B Soc Sci. 2007;62:S257–66.CrossRef Li Y. Recovering from spousal bereavement in later life: does volunteer participation play a role? J Gerontol B Soc Sci. 2007;62:S257–66.CrossRef
34.
go back to reference Sugihara Y, Sugisawa H, Shibata H, Harada K. Productive roles, gender, and depressive symptoms: evidence from a National Longitudinal Study of late-middle-aged Japanese. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2008;63:P227–34.PubMedCrossRef Sugihara Y, Sugisawa H, Shibata H, Harada K. Productive roles, gender, and depressive symptoms: evidence from a National Longitudinal Study of late-middle-aged Japanese. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2008;63:P227–34.PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Poulin MJ. Volunteering predicts health among those who value others: two national studies. Health Psychol. 2014;33:120–9.PubMedCrossRef Poulin MJ. Volunteering predicts health among those who value others: two national studies. Health Psychol. 2014;33:120–9.PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference López J, López-Arrieta J, Crespo M. Factors associated with the positive impact of caring for elderly and dependent relatives. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2005;41:81–94.PubMedCrossRef López J, López-Arrieta J, Crespo M. Factors associated with the positive impact of caring for elderly and dependent relatives. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2005;41:81–94.PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Wolff JL, Dy SM, Frick KD, Kasper JD. End-of-life care: findings from a national survey of informal caregivers. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167:40–6.PubMedCrossRef Wolff JL, Dy SM, Frick KD, Kasper JD. End-of-life care: findings from a national survey of informal caregivers. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167:40–6.PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Brown SL, Smith DM, Schulz R, Kabeto MU, Ubel PA, Poulin M, et al. Caregiving behavior is associated with decreased mortality risk. Psychol Sci. 2009;20:488–94.PubMedCrossRef Brown SL, Smith DM, Schulz R, Kabeto MU, Ubel PA, Poulin M, et al. Caregiving behavior is associated with decreased mortality risk. Psychol Sci. 2009;20:488–94.PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference O'Reilly D, Connolly S, Rosato M, Patterson. Is caring associated with an increased risk of mortality? A longitudinal study. Soc Sci Med. 2008;67:1282–90.PubMedCrossRef O'Reilly D, Connolly S, Rosato M, Patterson. Is caring associated with an increased risk of mortality? A longitudinal study. Soc Sci Med. 2008;67:1282–90.PubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Ramsay S, Grundy E, O'Reilly D. The relationship between informal caregiving and mortality: an analysis using the ONS longitudinal study of England and Wales. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2013;67:655–60.PubMedCrossRef Ramsay S, Grundy E, O'Reilly D. The relationship between informal caregiving and mortality: an analysis using the ONS longitudinal study of England and Wales. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2013;67:655–60.PubMedCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Fredman L, Cauley JA, Hochberg M, Ensrud KE, Doros G, for the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. Mortality Associated with Caregiving, General Stress, and Caregiving-Related Stress in Elderly Women: Results of Caregiver-Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010;58:937–43.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Fredman L, Cauley JA, Hochberg M, Ensrud KE, Doros G, for the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. Mortality Associated with Caregiving, General Stress, and Caregiving-Related Stress in Elderly Women: Results of Caregiver-Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010;58:937–43.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Roth DL, Haley WE, Hovater M, Perkins M, Wadley VG, Judd S. Family caregiving and all-cause mortality: findings from a population-based propensity-matched analysis. Am J Epidemiol. 2013;178:1571–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Roth DL, Haley WE, Hovater M, Perkins M, Wadley VG, Judd S. Family caregiving and all-cause mortality: findings from a population-based propensity-matched analysis. Am J Epidemiol. 2013;178:1571–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
43.
go back to reference O'Reilly D, Rosato M, Maguire A, Wright D. Caregiving reduces mortality risk for most caregivers: a census-based record linkage study. Int J Epidemiol. 2015;44:1959–69.PubMedCrossRef O'Reilly D, Rosato M, Maguire A, Wright D. Caregiving reduces mortality risk for most caregivers: a census-based record linkage study. Int J Epidemiol. 2015;44:1959–69.PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference McCann JJ, Hebert LE, Bienias JL, Morris MC, Evans DA. Predictors of beginning and ending caregiving during a 3-year period in a biracial community population of older adults. Am J Public Health. 2004;94:1800–6.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef McCann JJ, Hebert LE, Bienias JL, Morris MC, Evans DA. Predictors of beginning and ending caregiving during a 3-year period in a biracial community population of older adults. Am J Public Health. 2004;94:1800–6.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
45.
go back to reference O’Reilly D, Rosato M, Catney G, Johnston F, Brolly M. Cohort description: the Northern Ireland longitudinal study (NILS). Int J Epidemiol. 2012;41:634–41.PubMedCrossRef O’Reilly D, Rosato M, Catney G, Johnston F, Brolly M. Cohort description: the Northern Ireland longitudinal study (NILS). Int J Epidemiol. 2012;41:634–41.PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Burr JA, Choi NG, Mutchler JE, Caro FG. Caregiving and volunteering: are private and public helping behaviors linked? J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2005;60:S247–56.PubMedCrossRef Burr JA, Choi NG, Mutchler JE, Caro FG. Caregiving and volunteering: are private and public helping behaviors linked? J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2005;60:S247–56.PubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Jegermalm M, Jeppsson GE. Caregiving and volunteering among older people in Sweden—prevalence and profiles. J Aging Soc Policy. 2009;21:352–73.PubMedCrossRef Jegermalm M, Jeppsson GE. Caregiving and volunteering among older people in Sweden—prevalence and profiles. J Aging Soc Policy. 2009;21:352–73.PubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Parker G, Lawton D. Different types of care, Different Types of Carer: Evidence from the General Household Survey. London: Her Majesty's Stationary Office; 1994. Parker G, Lawton D. Different types of care, Different Types of Carer: Evidence from the General Household Survey. London: Her Majesty's Stationary Office; 1994.
49.
go back to reference Young H, Grundy E, Jitlal M. Care providers, care receivers. A longitudinal perspective. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation; 2006. Young H, Grundy E, Jitlal M. Care providers, care receivers. A longitudinal perspective. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation; 2006.
50.
go back to reference Meltzer H, Lader D, Corbin T, Singleton N, Jenkins R, Brugha T. Non-fatal suicidal behaviour among adults aged 16 to 74 in Great Britain. London: The Stationary Office; 2002.CrossRef Meltzer H, Lader D, Corbin T, Singleton N, Jenkins R, Brugha T. Non-fatal suicidal behaviour among adults aged 16 to 74 in Great Britain. London: The Stationary Office; 2002.CrossRef
51.
go back to reference Singleton N, Lewis G. Better or worse: a longitudinal study of the mental health of adults living in Great Britain. London: The Stationary Office; 2003. Singleton N, Lewis G. Better or worse: a longitudinal study of the mental health of adults living in Great Britain. London: The Stationary Office; 2003.
52.
go back to reference Gunnell D, Harbord R, Singleton N, Jenkins R, Lewis G. Factors influencing the development and amelioration of suicidal thoughts in the general population. Br J Psychiatry. 2004;185:385–93.PubMedCrossRef Gunnell D, Harbord R, Singleton N, Jenkins R, Lewis G. Factors influencing the development and amelioration of suicidal thoughts in the general population. Br J Psychiatry. 2004;185:385–93.PubMedCrossRef
53.
go back to reference Okun MA, Yeung EW, Brown S. Volunteering by older adults and risk of mortality: a meta-analysis. Psychol Aging. 2013;28:564–77.CrossRefPubMed Okun MA, Yeung EW, Brown S. Volunteering by older adults and risk of mortality: a meta-analysis. Psychol Aging. 2013;28:564–77.CrossRefPubMed
54.
go back to reference Gruenewald TL, Karlamangla AS, Greendale GA, Singer BH, Seeman TE. Feelings of usefulness to others, disability, and mortality in older adults: the MacArthur study of successful aging. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2007;62:P28–37.PubMedCrossRef Gruenewald TL, Karlamangla AS, Greendale GA, Singer BH, Seeman TE. Feelings of usefulness to others, disability, and mortality in older adults: the MacArthur study of successful aging. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2007;62:P28–37.PubMedCrossRef
55.
go back to reference Hill PL, Turiano NA. Purpose in life as a predictor of mortality across adulthood. Psychol Sci. 2014;25:1482–6.PubMedCrossRef Hill PL, Turiano NA. Purpose in life as a predictor of mortality across adulthood. Psychol Sci. 2014;25:1482–6.PubMedCrossRef
56.
go back to reference McMunn A, Nazroo J, Wahrendorf M, Breeze E, Zaninotto P. Participation in socially-productive activities, reciprocity and wellbeing in later life: baseline results in England. Ageing Soc. 2009;29:765–82.CrossRef McMunn A, Nazroo J, Wahrendorf M, Breeze E, Zaninotto P. Participation in socially-productive activities, reciprocity and wellbeing in later life: baseline results in England. Ageing Soc. 2009;29:765–82.CrossRef
57.
go back to reference Kahana E, Bhatta T, Lovegreen LD, Kahana B, Midlarsky E. Altruism, helping, and volunteering: pathways to well-being in late life. J Aging Health. 2013;25:159–87.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kahana E, Bhatta T, Lovegreen LD, Kahana B, Midlarsky E. Altruism, helping, and volunteering: pathways to well-being in late life. J Aging Health. 2013;25:159–87.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
58.
go back to reference Greenfield JC, Morrow-Howell N, Teufel J. Do caregivers benefit more from educational and volunteer activities than their noncaregiving peers? J Gerontol Soc Work. 2012;55:738–44.PubMedCrossRef Greenfield JC, Morrow-Howell N, Teufel J. Do caregivers benefit more from educational and volunteer activities than their noncaregiving peers? J Gerontol Soc Work. 2012;55:738–44.PubMedCrossRef
59.
go back to reference Moen P, Dempster-McClain D, Williams RM. Successful aging: a life-course perspective on women's multiple roles and health. Am J Sociol. 1992;97:1612–38.CrossRef Moen P, Dempster-McClain D, Williams RM. Successful aging: a life-course perspective on women's multiple roles and health. Am J Sociol. 1992;97:1612–38.CrossRef
60.
go back to reference Roth DL, Fredman L, Haley WE. Informal caregiving and its impact on health: a reappraisal from population-based studies. Gerontologist. 2015;55:309–19.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Roth DL, Fredman L, Haley WE. Informal caregiving and its impact on health: a reappraisal from population-based studies. Gerontologist. 2015;55:309–19.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
61.
go back to reference Kim SK, Park M, Lee Y, Choi SH, Moon SY, Seo SW, Park KW, Ku BD, Han HJ, Park KH, Han SH, Kim EJ, Lee JH, Park SA, Shim YS, Kim JH, Hong CH, Na DL, Ye BS, Kim HJ, Moon Y. Influence of personality on depression, burden, and health-related quality of life in family caregivers of persons with dementia. Int Psychogeriatr. 2017;29(2):227–37.PubMedCrossRef Kim SK, Park M, Lee Y, Choi SH, Moon SY, Seo SW, Park KW, Ku BD, Han HJ, Park KH, Han SH, Kim EJ, Lee JH, Park SA, Shim YS, Kim JH, Hong CH, Na DL, Ye BS, Kim HJ, Moon Y. Influence of personality on depression, burden, and health-related quality of life in family caregivers of persons with dementia. Int Psychogeriatr. 2017;29(2):227–37.PubMedCrossRef
63.
go back to reference Vitaliano PP, Strachan E, Dansie E, Goldberg J, Buchwald D. Does caregiving cause psychological distress? The case for familial and genetic vulnerabilities in female twins. Ann Behav Med. 2014;47:198–207.PubMedCrossRef Vitaliano PP, Strachan E, Dansie E, Goldberg J, Buchwald D. Does caregiving cause psychological distress? The case for familial and genetic vulnerabilities in female twins. Ann Behav Med. 2014;47:198–207.PubMedCrossRef
64.
go back to reference Dahlberg L, Demack S, Bambra C. Age and gender of informal carers: a population-based study in the UK. Health Soc Care Community. 2007;15(5):439–45.PubMedCrossRef Dahlberg L, Demack S, Bambra C. Age and gender of informal carers: a population-based study in the UK. Health Soc Care Community. 2007;15(5):439–45.PubMedCrossRef
65.
go back to reference Liu G, Dupre ME. Health trajectories of women in China: the role of parental caregiving. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2016;71(2):320–31.PubMedCrossRef Liu G, Dupre ME. Health trajectories of women in China: the role of parental caregiving. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2016;71(2):320–31.PubMedCrossRef
66.
go back to reference Miyawaki A, Tanaka H, Kobayashi Y, Kawachi I. Informal caregiving and mortality—who is protected and who is not? A prospective cohort study from Japan. Soc Sci Med. 2019;223:24–30.PubMedCrossRef Miyawaki A, Tanaka H, Kobayashi Y, Kawachi I. Informal caregiving and mortality—who is protected and who is not? A prospective cohort study from Japan. Soc Sci Med. 2019;223:24–30.PubMedCrossRef
67.
go back to reference Brown RM, Brown SL. Informal caregiving: a reappraisal of effects on caregivers. Soc Issues Policy Rev. 2014;8:74–102.CrossRef Brown RM, Brown SL. Informal caregiving: a reappraisal of effects on caregivers. Soc Issues Policy Rev. 2014;8:74–102.CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Are volunteering and caregiving associated with suicide risk? A Census-based longitudinal study
Authors
Michael Rosato
Foteini Tseliou
David M. Wright
Aideen Maguire
Dermot O’Reilly
Publication date
01-12-2019
Publisher
BioMed Central
Keywords
Suicide
Suicide
Published in
BMC Psychiatry / Issue 1/2019
Electronic ISSN: 1471-244X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-019-2255-8

Other articles of this Issue 1/2019

BMC Psychiatry 1/2019 Go to the issue