Skip to main content
Top
Published in: International Journal of Legal Medicine 2/2014

01-03-2014 | Original Article

Spectrometric evaluation of post-mortem optical skin changes

Authors: Vera Sterzik, Lioudmila Belenkaia, Andreas W. Liehr, Michael Bohnert

Published in: International Journal of Legal Medicine | Issue 2/2014

Login to get access

Abstract

As to their optical properties, the components of human skin can be divided into two different categories: the light-scattering components shown as peaks and those absorbing light appearing as dips in the reflectance spectrum. As the post-mortem interval progresses, the concentration of scatterers and absorbers and thus the reflectance spectra change due to post-mortem tissue breakdown and degradation. Based on a total number of 532 reflectance spectrometric measurements in 195 deceased, a characteristic change in the reflectance spectra could be documented in the post-mortem course. Subsequently, an algorithm to calculate the post-mortem interval was developed by analysing the reflectance spectrometric extrema.
Literature
2.
go back to reference Blazek V (1980) Deutung ausgewählter, forensisch relevanter Veränderungen der wellenlängenabhängigen Hautreflexion. Biomed Tech 25:417–419CrossRef Blazek V (1980) Deutung ausgewählter, forensisch relevanter Veränderungen der wellenlängenabhängigen Hautreflexion. Biomed Tech 25:417–419CrossRef
3.
go back to reference Bohnert M, Weinmann W, Pollak S (1999) Spectrophotometric evaluation of postmortem lividity. Forensic Sci Int 99:149–158PubMedCrossRef Bohnert M, Weinmann W, Pollak S (1999) Spectrophotometric evaluation of postmortem lividity. Forensic Sci Int 99:149–158PubMedCrossRef
4.
go back to reference Bohnert M, Schulz K, Belenkaia L, Liehr AW (2008) Reoxygenation of hemoglobin in livores after postmortem exposure to a cold environment. Int J Legal Med 122:91–96PubMedCrossRef Bohnert M, Schulz K, Belenkaia L, Liehr AW (2008) Reoxygenation of hemoglobin in livores after postmortem exposure to a cold environment. Int J Legal Med 122:91–96PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference Green MA, Wright JC (1985) Postmortem interval estimation from body temperature data only. Forensic Sci Int 28:35–46PubMedCrossRef Green MA, Wright JC (1985) Postmortem interval estimation from body temperature data only. Forensic Sci Int 28:35–46PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Green MA, Wright JC (1985) The theoretical aspects of the time dependent Z equation as a means of postmortem interval estimation using body temperature data only. Forensic Sci Int 28:53–62PubMedCrossRef Green MA, Wright JC (1985) The theoretical aspects of the time dependent Z equation as a means of postmortem interval estimation using body temperature data only. Forensic Sci Int 28:53–62PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Henssge C (1982) Methoden zur Bestimmung der Todeszeit—Leichenabkühlung und Todeszeitbestimmung. Humboldt-Universität Henssge C (1982) Methoden zur Bestimmung der Todeszeit—Leichenabkühlung und Todeszeitbestimmung. Humboldt-Universität
8.
go back to reference Henssge C (1992) Rectal temperature time of death nomogram: dependence of corrective factors on the body weight under stronger thermic insulation conditions. Forensic Sci Int 54:51–66PubMedCrossRef Henssge C (1992) Rectal temperature time of death nomogram: dependence of corrective factors on the body weight under stronger thermic insulation conditions. Forensic Sci Int 54:51–66PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Henssge C, Althaus L, Bolt J et al (2000) Experiences with a compound method for estimating the time since death. I. Rectal temperature nomogram for time since death. Int J Legal Med 113:303–309PubMedCrossRef Henssge C, Althaus L, Bolt J et al (2000) Experiences with a compound method for estimating the time since death. I. Rectal temperature nomogram for time since death. Int J Legal Med 113:303–309PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Henssge C, Althaus L, Bolt J et al (2000) Experiences with a compound method for estimating the time since death. II. Integration of non-temperature-based methods. Int J Legal Med 113:320–321PubMedCrossRef Henssge C, Althaus L, Bolt J et al (2000) Experiences with a compound method for estimating the time since death. II. Integration of non-temperature-based methods. Int J Legal Med 113:320–321PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Henssge C, Madea B (2004) Leichenerscheinungen und Todeszeitbestimmung. In: Brinkmann B, Madea B (eds) Handbuch Gerichtliche Medizin. Springer, Berlin, pp 79–226 Henssge C, Madea B (2004) Leichenerscheinungen und Todeszeitbestimmung. In: Brinkmann B, Madea B (eds) Handbuch Gerichtliche Medizin. Springer, Berlin, pp 79–226
12.
go back to reference Henssge C, Madea B (2004) Estimation of the time since death in the early post-mortem period. Forensic Sci Int 144:167–175PubMedCrossRef Henssge C, Madea B (2004) Estimation of the time since death in the early post-mortem period. Forensic Sci Int 144:167–175PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Henssge C, Madea B (2004) Leichenerscheinungen und Todeszeitbestimmung. In: Handbuch gerichtliche Medizin, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg Henssge C, Madea B (2004) Leichenerscheinungen und Todeszeitbestimmung. In: Handbuch gerichtliche Medizin, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg
14.
go back to reference Höppner F (2002) Time series abstraction methods—a survey. In: 32. Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Informatik e.v Höppner F (2002) Time series abstraction methods—a survey. In: 32. Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Informatik e.v
15.
go back to reference Kaatsch HJ, Stadler M, Nietert M (1993) Photometric measurement of color changes in livor mortis as a function of pressure and time. Int J Legal Med 106:91–97PubMedCrossRef Kaatsch HJ, Stadler M, Nietert M (1993) Photometric measurement of color changes in livor mortis as a function of pressure and time. Int J Legal Med 106:91–97PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Kaatsch HJ, Schmidtke W, Nietsch W (1994) Photometric measurement of pressure-induced blanching of livor mortis as an aid to estimating time of death. Int J Legal Med 106:91–97CrossRef Kaatsch HJ, Schmidtke W, Nietsch W (1994) Photometric measurement of pressure-induced blanching of livor mortis as an aid to estimating time of death. Int J Legal Med 106:91–97CrossRef
17.
go back to reference Koppes-Koenen K (1991) Untersuchungen zum parameterfreien Verfahren der Todeszeitbestimmung aus Körpertemperaturen von Green und Wright. Universität Köln Koppes-Koenen K (1991) Untersuchungen zum parameterfreien Verfahren der Todeszeitbestimmung aus Körpertemperaturen von Green und Wright. Universität Köln
18.
go back to reference Lins G (1973) Der Farbort der Totenflecken im Spektralfarbenzug. Beitr Gerichtl Med 31:203–212PubMed Lins G (1973) Der Farbort der Totenflecken im Spektralfarbenzug. Beitr Gerichtl Med 31:203–212PubMed
19.
go back to reference Lins G, Kutschera J (1974) Die farbmetrische Bewertung der Grünfäule der Leichenhaut im Rahmen der programmierten Farbwertintegration. Z Rechtsmed 75:201–212PubMedCrossRef Lins G, Kutschera J (1974) Die farbmetrische Bewertung der Grünfäule der Leichenhaut im Rahmen der programmierten Farbwertintegration. Z Rechtsmed 75:201–212PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Mall G, Hubig M, Beier G, Eisenmenger W (1998) Energy loss due to radiation in postmortem cooling. Part A: quantitative estimation of radiation using the Stefan–Boltzmann law. Int J Legal Med 111:299–304PubMedCrossRef Mall G, Hubig M, Beier G, Eisenmenger W (1998) Energy loss due to radiation in postmortem cooling. Part A: quantitative estimation of radiation using the Stefan–Boltzmann law. Int J Legal Med 111:299–304PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Mall G, Hubig M, Beier G, Büttner A, Eisenmenger W (1999) Energy loss due to radiation in postmortem cooling. Part B: Energy balance with respect to radiation. Int J Legal Med 112:233–240PubMedCrossRef Mall G, Hubig M, Beier G, Büttner A, Eisenmenger W (1999) Energy loss due to radiation in postmortem cooling. Part B: Energy balance with respect to radiation. Int J Legal Med 112:233–240PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Mall G, Eckl M, Sinicina I, Peschel O, Hubig M (2004) Temperature-based death time estimation with only partially known environmental conditions. Int J Legal Med 119:185–194PubMedCrossRef Mall G, Eckl M, Sinicina I, Peschel O, Hubig M (2004) Temperature-based death time estimation with only partially known environmental conditions. Int J Legal Med 119:185–194PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Marshall T, Hoare F (1962) Estimating the time of death. The rectal cooling after death and its mathematical expression. Forensic Sci 7:56–81 Marshall T, Hoare F (1962) Estimating the time of death. The rectal cooling after death and its mathematical expression. Forensic Sci 7:56–81
24.
go back to reference Riede M, Schueppel R, Sylvester-Hvid KO, Kühne M, Röttger MC, Zimmermann K, Liehr AW (2010) On the communication of scientific results: the full-metadata format. Comput Phys Commun 181:651–662CrossRef Riede M, Schueppel R, Sylvester-Hvid KO, Kühne M, Röttger MC, Zimmermann K, Liehr AW (2010) On the communication of scientific results: the full-metadata format. Comput Phys Commun 181:651–662CrossRef
25.
go back to reference Schmidt O (1937) Die Bildung von Sulfhämoglobin in der Leiche. Dtsch Z ges Gerichtl Med 27:372–389 Schmidt O (1937) Die Bildung von Sulfhämoglobin in der Leiche. Dtsch Z ges Gerichtl Med 27:372–389
26.
go back to reference Schuller E, Pankratz H, Liebhardt E (1987) Farbortmessungen an Totenflecken. Beitr Gerichtl Med 45:169–173PubMed Schuller E, Pankratz H, Liebhardt E (1987) Farbortmessungen an Totenflecken. Beitr Gerichtl Med 45:169–173PubMed
27.
go back to reference Schuller E, Pankratz H, Wohlrab S, Liebhardt E (1988) Die Bestimmung des Farbortes der Totenflecken in Beziehung zur Wegdrückbarkeit. In: Bauer G (ed) Gerichtsmedizin. Festschrift für W. Holczabek, Franz Deuticke, Wien, pp 295–302 Schuller E, Pankratz H, Wohlrab S, Liebhardt E (1988) Die Bestimmung des Farbortes der Totenflecken in Beziehung zur Wegdrückbarkeit. In: Bauer G (ed) Gerichtsmedizin. Festschrift für W. Holczabek, Franz Deuticke, Wien, pp 295–302
28.
go back to reference Sylvester-Hvid KO, Tromholt T, Jorgensen M, Krebs FC, Niggemann M, Zimmermann K, Liehr AW (2011) Non-destructive lateral mapping of the thickness of the photoactive layer in polymer based solar cells. Prog Photovol: Res Appl. doi:10.1002/pip.1190 Sylvester-Hvid KO, Tromholt T, Jorgensen M, Krebs FC, Niggemann M, Zimmermann K, Liehr AW (2011) Non-destructive lateral mapping of the thickness of the photoactive layer in polymer based solar cells. Prog Photovol: Res Appl. doi:10.​1002/​pip.​1190
29.
go back to reference Thornton JI (1997) Visual color comparison in forensic science. Forensic Sci Rev 9:37–56 Thornton JI (1997) Visual color comparison in forensic science. Forensic Sci Rev 9:37–56
31.
go back to reference Vanezis P, Trujillo O (1996) Evaluation of hypostasis using a colorimeter measuring system and its application to assessment of the post-mortem interval (time of death). Forensic Sci Int 78:19–28PubMedCrossRef Vanezis P, Trujillo O (1996) Evaluation of hypostasis using a colorimeter measuring system and its application to assessment of the post-mortem interval (time of death). Forensic Sci Int 78:19–28PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Zimmermann K, Quack L, Liehr AW (2007) Pyphant—a python framework for modelling reusable information processing tasks. Python Pap 2:28–43 Zimmermann K, Quack L, Liehr AW (2007) Pyphant—a python framework for modelling reusable information processing tasks. Python Pap 2:28–43
Metadata
Title
Spectrometric evaluation of post-mortem optical skin changes
Authors
Vera Sterzik
Lioudmila Belenkaia
Andreas W. Liehr
Michael Bohnert
Publication date
01-03-2014
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in
International Journal of Legal Medicine / Issue 2/2014
Print ISSN: 0937-9827
Electronic ISSN: 1437-1596
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-013-0855-2

Other articles of this Issue 2/2014

International Journal of Legal Medicine 2/2014 Go to the issue