Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology 1/2003

Open Access 01-12-2003 | Review

Specific genetic modifications of domestic animals by gene targeting and animal cloning

Authors: Bin Wang, Jiangfeng Zhou

Published in: Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology | Issue 1/2003

Login to get access

Abstract

The technology of gene targeting through homologous recombination has been extremely useful for elucidating gene functions in mice. The application of this technology was thought impossible in the large livestock species until the successful creation of the first mammalian clone "Dolly" the sheep. The combination of the technologies for gene targeting of somatic cells with those of animal cloning made it possible to introduce specific genetic mutations into domestic animals. In this review, the principles of gene targeting in somatic cells and the challenges of nuclear transfer using gene-targeted cells are discussed. The relevance of gene targeting in domestic animals for applications in bio-medicine and agriculture are also examined.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
go back to reference Evans MJ, Kaufman MH: Establishment in culture of pluripotential cells from mouse embryos. Nature. 1981, 292: 154-156.CrossRefPubMed Evans MJ, Kaufman MH: Establishment in culture of pluripotential cells from mouse embryos. Nature. 1981, 292: 154-156.CrossRefPubMed
2.
go back to reference Martin GR: Isolation of a pluripotent cell line from early mouse embryos cultured in medium conditioned by teratocarcinoma stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981, 78: 7634-7638.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Martin GR: Isolation of a pluripotent cell line from early mouse embryos cultured in medium conditioned by teratocarcinoma stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981, 78: 7634-7638.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
3.
go back to reference Doetschman T, Gregg RG, Maeda N, Hooper ML, Melton DW, Thompson S, Smithies O: Targetted correction of a mutant HPRT gene in mouse embryonic stem cells. Nature. 1987, 330: 576-578.CrossRefPubMed Doetschman T, Gregg RG, Maeda N, Hooper ML, Melton DW, Thompson S, Smithies O: Targetted correction of a mutant HPRT gene in mouse embryonic stem cells. Nature. 1987, 330: 576-578.CrossRefPubMed
4.
go back to reference Thomas KR, Capecchi MR: Site-directed mutagenesis by gene targeting in mouse embryo-derived stem cells. Cell. 1987, 51: 503-512.CrossRefPubMed Thomas KR, Capecchi MR: Site-directed mutagenesis by gene targeting in mouse embryo-derived stem cells. Cell. 1987, 51: 503-512.CrossRefPubMed
5.
go back to reference Houdebine LM: The methods to generate transgenic animals and to control transgene expression. J Biotechnol. 2002, 98: 145-160.CrossRefPubMed Houdebine LM: The methods to generate transgenic animals and to control transgene expression. J Biotechnol. 2002, 98: 145-160.CrossRefPubMed
6.
go back to reference Wheeler MB: Development and validation of swine embryonic stem cells: a review. Reprod Fertil Dev. 1994, 6: 563-568.CrossRefPubMed Wheeler MB: Development and validation of swine embryonic stem cells: a review. Reprod Fertil Dev. 1994, 6: 563-568.CrossRefPubMed
7.
go back to reference Stice SL, Strelchenko NS, Keefer CL, Matthews L: Pluripotent bovine embryonic cell lines direct embryonic development following nuclear transfer. Biol Reprod. 1996, 54: 100-110.CrossRefPubMed Stice SL, Strelchenko NS, Keefer CL, Matthews L: Pluripotent bovine embryonic cell lines direct embryonic development following nuclear transfer. Biol Reprod. 1996, 54: 100-110.CrossRefPubMed
8.
go back to reference Wilmut I, Schnieke AE, McWhir J, Kind AJ, Campbell KH: Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells. Nature. 1997, 385: 810-813.CrossRefPubMed Wilmut I, Schnieke AE, McWhir J, Kind AJ, Campbell KH: Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells. Nature. 1997, 385: 810-813.CrossRefPubMed
9.
go back to reference DNA Replication, Repair, and Recombination. In Molecular Cell Biology. Edited by: Harvey L, David B, Arnola B, Lawrence Z, Paul M, James D. 1997, New York: W.H. Freeman and Company, 365-404. 3 DNA Replication, Repair, and Recombination. In Molecular Cell Biology. Edited by: Harvey L, David B, Arnola B, Lawrence Z, Paul M, James D. 1997, New York: W.H. Freeman and Company, 365-404. 3
10.
go back to reference Schiestl RH, Petes TD: Integration of DNA fragments by illegitimate recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991, 88: 7585-7589.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Schiestl RH, Petes TD: Integration of DNA fragments by illegitimate recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991, 88: 7585-7589.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
11.
go back to reference Bishop JO, Smith P: Mechanism of chromosomal integration of microinjected DNA. Mol Biol Med. 1989, 6: 283-298.PubMed Bishop JO, Smith P: Mechanism of chromosomal integration of microinjected DNA. Mol Biol Med. 1989, 6: 283-298.PubMed
13.
go back to reference Capecchi MR: The new mouse genetics: altering the genome by gene targeting. Trends Genet. 1989, 5: 70-76.CrossRefPubMed Capecchi MR: The new mouse genetics: altering the genome by gene targeting. Trends Genet. 1989, 5: 70-76.CrossRefPubMed
14.
go back to reference Wakayama T, Perry AC, Zuccotti M, Johnson KR, Yanagimachi R: Full-term development of mice from enucleated oocytes injected with cumulus cell nuclei. Nature. 1998, 394: 369-374.CrossRefPubMed Wakayama T, Perry AC, Zuccotti M, Johnson KR, Yanagimachi R: Full-term development of mice from enucleated oocytes injected with cumulus cell nuclei. Nature. 1998, 394: 369-374.CrossRefPubMed
15.
go back to reference Kato Y, Tani T, Sotomaru Y, Kurokawa K, Kato J, Doguchi H, Yasue H, Tsunoda Y: Eight calves cloned from somatic cells of a single adult. Science. 1998, 282: 2095-2098.CrossRefPubMed Kato Y, Tani T, Sotomaru Y, Kurokawa K, Kato J, Doguchi H, Yasue H, Tsunoda Y: Eight calves cloned from somatic cells of a single adult. Science. 1998, 282: 2095-2098.CrossRefPubMed
16.
go back to reference Baguisi A, Behboodi E, Melican DT, Pollock JS, Destrempes MM, Cammuso C, Williams JL, Nims SD, Porter CA, Midura P, et al: Production of goats by somatic cell nuclear transfer. Nat Biotechnol. 1999, 17: 456-461.CrossRefPubMed Baguisi A, Behboodi E, Melican DT, Pollock JS, Destrempes MM, Cammuso C, Williams JL, Nims SD, Porter CA, Midura P, et al: Production of goats by somatic cell nuclear transfer. Nat Biotechnol. 1999, 17: 456-461.CrossRefPubMed
17.
go back to reference Keefer CL, Baldassarre H, Keyston R, Wang B, Bhatia B, Bilodeau AS, Zhou JF, Leduc M, Downey BR, Lazaris A, et al: Generation of dwarf goat (Capra hircus) clones following nuclear transfer with transfected and nontransfected fetal fibroblasts and in vitro-matured oocytes. Biol Reprod. 2001, 64: 849-856.CrossRefPubMed Keefer CL, Baldassarre H, Keyston R, Wang B, Bhatia B, Bilodeau AS, Zhou JF, Leduc M, Downey BR, Lazaris A, et al: Generation of dwarf goat (Capra hircus) clones following nuclear transfer with transfected and nontransfected fetal fibroblasts and in vitro-matured oocytes. Biol Reprod. 2001, 64: 849-856.CrossRefPubMed
18.
go back to reference Polejaeva IA, Chen SH, Vaught TD, Page RL, Mullins J, Ball S, Dai Y, Boone J, Walker S, Ayares DL, et al: Cloned pigs produced by nuclear transfer from adult somatic cells. Nature. 2000, 407: 86-90.CrossRefPubMed Polejaeva IA, Chen SH, Vaught TD, Page RL, Mullins J, Ball S, Dai Y, Boone J, Walker S, Ayares DL, et al: Cloned pigs produced by nuclear transfer from adult somatic cells. Nature. 2000, 407: 86-90.CrossRefPubMed
19.
go back to reference Chesne P, Adenot PG, Viglietta C, Baratte M, Boulanger L, Renard JP: Cloned rabbits produced by nuclear transfer from adult somatic cells. Nat Biotechnol. 2002, 20: 366-369.CrossRefPubMed Chesne P, Adenot PG, Viglietta C, Baratte M, Boulanger L, Renard JP: Cloned rabbits produced by nuclear transfer from adult somatic cells. Nat Biotechnol. 2002, 20: 366-369.CrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference Shin T, Kraemer D, Pryor J, Liu L, Rugila J, Howe L, Buck S, Murphy K, Lyons L, Westhusin M: A cat cloned b y nuclear transplantation. Nature. 2002, 415: 859-CrossRefPubMed Shin T, Kraemer D, Pryor J, Liu L, Rugila J, Howe L, Buck S, Murphy K, Lyons L, Westhusin M: A cat cloned b y nuclear transplantation. Nature. 2002, 415: 859-CrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference Schnieke AE, Kind AJ, Ritchie WA, Mycock K, Scott AR, Ritchie M, Wilmut I, Colman A, Campbell KH: Human factor IX transgenic sheep produced by transfer of nuclei from transfected fetal fibroblasts. Science. 1997, 278: 2130-2133.CrossRefPubMed Schnieke AE, Kind AJ, Ritchie WA, Mycock K, Scott AR, Ritchie M, Wilmut I, Colman A, Campbell KH: Human factor IX transgenic sheep produced by transfer of nuclei from transfected fetal fibroblasts. Science. 1997, 278: 2130-2133.CrossRefPubMed
22.
go back to reference Cibelli JB, Stice SL, Golueke PJ, Kane JJ, Jerry J, Blackwell C, Ponce de Leon FA, Robl JM: Cloned transgenic calves produced from nonquiescent fetal fibroblasts. Science. 1998, 280: 1256-1258.CrossRefPubMed Cibelli JB, Stice SL, Golueke PJ, Kane JJ, Jerry J, Blackwell C, Ponce de Leon FA, Robl JM: Cloned transgenic calves produced from nonquiescent fetal fibroblasts. Science. 1998, 280: 1256-1258.CrossRefPubMed
23.
go back to reference McCreath KJ, Howcroft J, Campbell KH, Colman A, Schnieke AE, Kind AJ: Production of gene-targeted sheep by nuclear transfer from cultured somatic cells. Nature. 2000, 405: 1066-1069.CrossRefPubMed McCreath KJ, Howcroft J, Campbell KH, Colman A, Schnieke AE, Kind AJ: Production of gene-targeted sheep by nuclear transfer from cultured somatic cells. Nature. 2000, 405: 1066-1069.CrossRefPubMed
24.
go back to reference Lai L, Kolber-Simonds D, Park KW, Cheong HT, Greenstein JL, Im GS, Samuel M, Bonk A, Rieke A, Day BN, et al: Production of alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase knockout pigs by nuclear transfer cloning. Science. 2002, 295: 1089-1092.CrossRefPubMed Lai L, Kolber-Simonds D, Park KW, Cheong HT, Greenstein JL, Im GS, Samuel M, Bonk A, Rieke A, Day BN, et al: Production of alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase knockout pigs by nuclear transfer cloning. Science. 2002, 295: 1089-1092.CrossRefPubMed
25.
go back to reference Deng C, Capecchi MR: Reexamination of gene targeting frequency as a function of the extent of homology between the targeting vector and the target locus. Mol Cell Biol. 1992, 12: 3365-3371.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Deng C, Capecchi MR: Reexamination of gene targeting frequency as a function of the extent of homology between the targeting vector and the target locus. Mol Cell Biol. 1992, 12: 3365-3371.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
26.
go back to reference te Riele H, Maandag ER, Berns A: Highly efficient gene targeting in embryonic stem cells through homologous recombination with isogenic DNA constructs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992, 89: 5128-5132.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed te Riele H, Maandag ER, Berns A: Highly efficient gene targeting in embryonic stem cells through homologous recombination with isogenic DNA constructs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992, 89: 5128-5132.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
28.
go back to reference Templeton NS, Roberts DD, Safer B: Efficient gene targeting in mouse embryonic stem cells. Gene Ther. 1997, 4: 700-709.CrossRefPubMed Templeton NS, Roberts DD, Safer B: Efficient gene targeting in mouse embryonic stem cells. Gene Ther. 1997, 4: 700-709.CrossRefPubMed
29.
go back to reference Sedivy JM, Dutriaux A: Gene targeting and somatic cell genetics – a rebirth or a coming of age?. Trends Genet. 1999, 15: 88-90.CrossRefPubMed Sedivy JM, Dutriaux A: Gene targeting and somatic cell genetics – a rebirth or a coming of age?. Trends Genet. 1999, 15: 88-90.CrossRefPubMed
30.
go back to reference Denning C, Dickinson P, Burl S, Wylie D, Fletcher J, Clark AJ: Gene targeting in primary fetal fibroblasts from sheep and pig. Cloning Stem Cells. 2001, 3: 221-231.CrossRefPubMed Denning C, Dickinson P, Burl S, Wylie D, Fletcher J, Clark AJ: Gene targeting in primary fetal fibroblasts from sheep and pig. Cloning Stem Cells. 2001, 3: 221-231.CrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference Harrison SJ, Guidolin A, Faast R, Crocker LA, Giannakis C, D'Apice AJ, Nottle MB, Lyons I: Efficient generation of alpha(1,3) galactosyltransferase knockout porcine fetal fibroblasts for nuclear transfer. Transgenic Res. 2002, 11: 143-150.CrossRefPubMed Harrison SJ, Guidolin A, Faast R, Crocker LA, Giannakis C, D'Apice AJ, Nottle MB, Lyons I: Efficient generation of alpha(1,3) galactosyltransferase knockout porcine fetal fibroblasts for nuclear transfer. Transgenic Res. 2002, 11: 143-150.CrossRefPubMed
32.
go back to reference Clark AJ, Burl S, Denning C, Dickinson P: Gene targeting in livestock: a preview. Transgenic Res. 2000, 9: 263-275.CrossRefPubMed Clark AJ, Burl S, Denning C, Dickinson P: Gene targeting in livestock: a preview. Transgenic Res. 2000, 9: 263-275.CrossRefPubMed
33.
go back to reference Polejaeva IA, Campbell KH: New advances in somatic cell nuclear transfer: application in transgenesis. Theriogenology. 2000, 53: 117-126.CrossRefPubMed Polejaeva IA, Campbell KH: New advances in somatic cell nuclear transfer: application in transgenesis. Theriogenology. 2000, 53: 117-126.CrossRefPubMed
34.
go back to reference Kubota C, Yamakuchi H, Todoroki J, Mizoshita K, Tabara N, Barber M, Yang X: Six cloned calves produced from adult fibroblast cells after long-term culture. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000, 97: 990-995.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Kubota C, Yamakuchi H, Todoroki J, Mizoshita K, Tabara N, Barber M, Yang X: Six cloned calves produced from adult fibroblast cells after long-term culture. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000, 97: 990-995.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
35.
go back to reference Lanza RP, Cibelli JB, Blackwell C, Cristofalo VJ, Francis MK, Baerlocher GM, Mak J, Schertzer M, Chavez EA, Sawyer N, et al: Extension of cell life-span and telomere length in animals cloned from senescent somatic cells. Science. 2000, 288: 665-669.CrossRefPubMed Lanza RP, Cibelli JB, Blackwell C, Cristofalo VJ, Francis MK, Baerlocher GM, Mak J, Schertzer M, Chavez EA, Sawyer N, et al: Extension of cell life-span and telomere length in animals cloned from senescent somatic cells. Science. 2000, 288: 665-669.CrossRefPubMed
36.
go back to reference Denning C, Burl S, Ainslie A, Bracken J, Dinnyes A, Fletcher J, King T, Ritchie M, Ritchie WA, Rollo M, et al: Deletion of the alpha(1,3)galactosyl transferase (GGTA1) gene and the prion protein (PrP) gene in sheep. Nat Biotechnol. 2001, 19: 559-562.CrossRefPubMed Denning C, Burl S, Ainslie A, Bracken J, Dinnyes A, Fletcher J, King T, Ritchie M, Ritchie WA, Rollo M, et al: Deletion of the alpha(1,3)galactosyl transferase (GGTA1) gene and the prion protein (PrP) gene in sheep. Nat Biotechnol. 2001, 19: 559-562.CrossRefPubMed
37.
go back to reference Dai Y, Vaught TD, Boone J, Chen SH, Phelps CJ, Ball S, Monahan JA, Jobst PM, McCreath KJ, Lamborn AE, et al: Targeted disruption of the alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase gene in cloned pigs. Nat Biotechnol. 2002, 20: 251-255.CrossRefPubMed Dai Y, Vaught TD, Boone J, Chen SH, Phelps CJ, Ball S, Monahan JA, Jobst PM, McCreath KJ, Lamborn AE, et al: Targeted disruption of the alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase gene in cloned pigs. Nat Biotechnol. 2002, 20: 251-255.CrossRefPubMed
38.
go back to reference Shiels PG, Kind AJ, Campbell KH, Waddington D, Wilmut I, Colman A, Schnieke AE: Analysis of telomere lengths in cloned sheep. Nature. 1999, 399: 316-317.CrossRefPubMed Shiels PG, Kind AJ, Campbell KH, Waddington D, Wilmut I, Colman A, Schnieke AE: Analysis of telomere lengths in cloned sheep. Nature. 1999, 399: 316-317.CrossRefPubMed
39.
go back to reference Bodnar AG, Ouellette M, Frolkis M, Holt SE, Chiu CP, Morin GB, Harley CB, Shay JW, Lichtsteiner S, Wright WE: Extension of life-span by introduction of telomerase into normal human cells. Science. 1998, 279: 349-352.CrossRefPubMed Bodnar AG, Ouellette M, Frolkis M, Holt SE, Chiu CP, Morin GB, Harley CB, Shay JW, Lichtsteiner S, Wright WE: Extension of life-span by introduction of telomerase into normal human cells. Science. 1998, 279: 349-352.CrossRefPubMed
40.
go back to reference Szabo S, Folkman J, Vattay P, Morales RE, Pinkus GS, Kato K: Accelerated healing of duodenal ulcers by oral administration of a mutein of basic fibroblast growth factor in rats. Gastroenterology. 1994, 106: 1106-1111.PubMed Szabo S, Folkman J, Vattay P, Morales RE, Pinkus GS, Kato K: Accelerated healing of duodenal ulcers by oral administration of a mutein of basic fibroblast growth factor in rats. Gastroenterology. 1994, 106: 1106-1111.PubMed
41.
go back to reference Jiang XR, Jimenez G, Chang E, Frolkis M, Kusler B, Sage M, Beeche M, Bodnar AG, Wahl GM, Tlsty TD, et al: Telomerase expression in human somatic cells does not induce changes associated with a transformed phenotype. Nat Genet. 1999, 21: 111-114.CrossRefPubMed Jiang XR, Jimenez G, Chang E, Frolkis M, Kusler B, Sage M, Beeche M, Bodnar AG, Wahl GM, Tlsty TD, et al: Telomerase expression in human somatic cells does not induce changes associated with a transformed phenotype. Nat Genet. 1999, 21: 111-114.CrossRefPubMed
42.
go back to reference Ye Y, Niekrasz M, Kosanke S, Welsh R, Jordan HE, Fox JC, Edwards WC, Maxwell C, Cooper DK: The pig as a potential organ donor for man. A study of potentially transferable disease from donor pig to recipient man. Transplantation. 1994, 57: 694-703.CrossRefPubMed Ye Y, Niekrasz M, Kosanke S, Welsh R, Jordan HE, Fox JC, Edwards WC, Maxwell C, Cooper DK: The pig as a potential organ donor for man. A study of potentially transferable disease from donor pig to recipient man. Transplantation. 1994, 57: 694-703.CrossRefPubMed
43.
go back to reference Yang X, Tian XC, Dai Y, Wang B: Transgenic farm animals: applications in agriculture and biomedicine. Biotechnology annual review. 2000, 5: 269-292.CrossRefPubMed Yang X, Tian XC, Dai Y, Wang B: Transgenic farm animals: applications in agriculture and biomedicine. Biotechnology annual review. 2000, 5: 269-292.CrossRefPubMed
44.
go back to reference Tearle RG, Tange MJ, Zannettino ZL, Katerelos M, Shinkel TA, Van Denderen BJ, Lonie AJ, Lyons I, Nottle MB, Cox T, et al: The alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase knockout mouse. Implications for xenotransplantation. Transplantation. 1996, 61: 13-19.CrossRefPubMed Tearle RG, Tange MJ, Zannettino ZL, Katerelos M, Shinkel TA, Van Denderen BJ, Lonie AJ, Lyons I, Nottle MB, Cox T, et al: The alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase knockout mouse. Implications for xenotransplantation. Transplantation. 1996, 61: 13-19.CrossRefPubMed
45.
go back to reference Ramsoondar JJ, Machaty Z, Costa C, Williams BL, Fodor WL, Bondioli KR: Production of {alpha}1,3-Galactosyltransferase-Knockout Cloned Pigs Expressing Human {alpha}1,2-Fucosylosyltransferase. Biol Reprod. 2003, 2: 2- Ramsoondar JJ, Machaty Z, Costa C, Williams BL, Fodor WL, Bondioli KR: Production of {alpha}1,3-Galactosyltransferase-Knockout Cloned Pigs Expressing Human {alpha}1,2-Fucosylosyltransferase. Biol Reprod. 2003, 2: 2-
46.
go back to reference Phelps CJ, Koike C, Vaught TD, Boone J, Wells KD, Chen SH, Ball S, Specht SM, Polejaeva IA, Monahan JA, et al: Production of alpha 1,3-galactosyltransferase-deficient pigs. Science. 2003, 299: 411-414.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Phelps CJ, Koike C, Vaught TD, Boone J, Wells KD, Chen SH, Ball S, Specht SM, Polejaeva IA, Monahan JA, et al: Production of alpha 1,3-galactosyltransferase-deficient pigs. Science. 2003, 299: 411-414.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
47.
go back to reference Scott MR, Will R, Ironside J, Nguyen HO, Tremblay P, DeArmond SJ, Prusiner SB: Compelling transgenic evidence for transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prions to humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999, 96: 15137-15142.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Scott MR, Will R, Ironside J, Nguyen HO, Tremblay P, DeArmond SJ, Prusiner SB: Compelling transgenic evidence for transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prions to humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999, 96: 15137-15142.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
48.
49.
go back to reference DeArmond SJ, Bouzamondo E: Fundamentals of prion biology and diseases. Toxicology. 2002, 181–182: 9-16.CrossRefPubMed DeArmond SJ, Bouzamondo E: Fundamentals of prion biology and diseases. Toxicology. 2002, 181–182: 9-16.CrossRefPubMed
50.
go back to reference Collinge J, Whittington MA, Sidle KC, Smith CJ, Palmer MS, Clarke AR, Jefferys JG: Prion protein is necessary for normal synaptic function. Nature. 1994, 370: 295-297.CrossRefPubMed Collinge J, Whittington MA, Sidle KC, Smith CJ, Palmer MS, Clarke AR, Jefferys JG: Prion protein is necessary for normal synaptic function. Nature. 1994, 370: 295-297.CrossRefPubMed
51.
go back to reference Brown DR, Qin K, Herms JW, Madlung A, Manson J, Strome R, Fraser PE, Kruck T, von Bohlen A, Schulz-Schaeffer W, et al: The cellular prion protein binds copper in vivo. Nature. 1997, 390: 684-687.CrossRefPubMed Brown DR, Qin K, Herms JW, Madlung A, Manson J, Strome R, Fraser PE, Kruck T, von Bohlen A, Schulz-Schaeffer W, et al: The cellular prion protein binds copper in vivo. Nature. 1997, 390: 684-687.CrossRefPubMed
52.
go back to reference Prusiner SB, Groth D, Serban A, Koehler R, Foster D, Torchia M, Burton D, Yang SL, DeArmond SJ: Ablation of the prion protein (PrP) gene in mice prevents scrapie and facilitates production of anti-PrP antibodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993, 90: 10608-10612.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Prusiner SB, Groth D, Serban A, Koehler R, Foster D, Torchia M, Burton D, Yang SL, DeArmond SJ: Ablation of the prion protein (PrP) gene in mice prevents scrapie and facilitates production of anti-PrP antibodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993, 90: 10608-10612.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
53.
go back to reference Bueler H, Raeber A, Sailer A, Fischer M, Aguzzi A, Weissmann C: High prion and PrPSc levels but delayed onset of disease in scrapie-inoculated mice heterozygous for a disrupted PrP gene. Mol Med. 1994, 1: 19-30.PubMed Bueler H, Raeber A, Sailer A, Fischer M, Aguzzi A, Weissmann C: High prion and PrPSc levels but delayed onset of disease in scrapie-inoculated mice heterozygous for a disrupted PrP gene. Mol Med. 1994, 1: 19-30.PubMed
54.
go back to reference Robl JM, Kasinathan P, Sullivan E, Kuroiwa Y, Tomizuka K, Ishida I: Artificial chromosome vectors and expression of complex proteins in transgenic animals. Theriogenology. 2003, 59: 107-113.CrossRefPubMed Robl JM, Kasinathan P, Sullivan E, Kuroiwa Y, Tomizuka K, Ishida I: Artificial chromosome vectors and expression of complex proteins in transgenic animals. Theriogenology. 2003, 59: 107-113.CrossRefPubMed
55.
go back to reference Clark M: Antibody humanization: a case of the 'Emperor's new clothes'?. Immunol Today. 2000, 21: 397-402.CrossRefPubMed Clark M: Antibody humanization: a case of the 'Emperor's new clothes'?. Immunol Today. 2000, 21: 397-402.CrossRefPubMed
56.
go back to reference Boulianne GL, Hozumi N, Shulman MJ: Production of functional chimaeric mouse/human antibody. Nature. 1984, 312: 643-646.CrossRefPubMed Boulianne GL, Hozumi N, Shulman MJ: Production of functional chimaeric mouse/human antibody. Nature. 1984, 312: 643-646.CrossRefPubMed
57.
go back to reference Aya J: Production of fully human antibodies by transgenic mice. Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 1995, 6: 561-566.CrossRef Aya J: Production of fully human antibodies by transgenic mice. Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 1995, 6: 561-566.CrossRef
58.
59.
go back to reference Mendez MJ, Green LL, Corvalan JR, Jia XC, Maynard-Currie CE, Yang XD, Gallo ML, Louie DM, Lee DV, Erickson KL, et al: Functional transplant of megabase human immunoglobulin loci recapitulates human antibody response in mice. Nat Genet. 1997, 15: 146-156.CrossRefPubMed Mendez MJ, Green LL, Corvalan JR, Jia XC, Maynard-Currie CE, Yang XD, Gallo ML, Louie DM, Lee DV, Erickson KL, et al: Functional transplant of megabase human immunoglobulin loci recapitulates human antibody response in mice. Nat Genet. 1997, 15: 146-156.CrossRefPubMed
60.
go back to reference Green LL, Hardy MC, Maynard-Currie CE, Tsuda H, Louie DM, Mendez MJ, Abderrahim H, Noguchi M, Smith DH, Zeng Y, et al: Antigen-specific human monoclonal antibodies from mice engineered with human Ig heavy and light chain YACs. Nat Genet. 1994, 7: 13-21.CrossRefPubMed Green LL, Hardy MC, Maynard-Currie CE, Tsuda H, Louie DM, Mendez MJ, Abderrahim H, Noguchi M, Smith DH, Zeng Y, et al: Antigen-specific human monoclonal antibodies from mice engineered with human Ig heavy and light chain YACs. Nat Genet. 1994, 7: 13-21.CrossRefPubMed
61.
go back to reference Kuroiwa Y, Kasinathan P, Choi YJ, Naeem R, Tomizuka K, Sullivan EJ, Knott JG, Duteau A, Goldsby RA, Osborne BA, et al: Cloned transchromosomic calves producing human immunoglobulin. Nat Biotechnol. 2002, 20: 889-894.CrossRefPubMed Kuroiwa Y, Kasinathan P, Choi YJ, Naeem R, Tomizuka K, Sullivan EJ, Knott JG, Duteau A, Goldsby RA, Osborne BA, et al: Cloned transchromosomic calves producing human immunoglobulin. Nat Biotechnol. 2002, 20: 889-894.CrossRefPubMed
62.
go back to reference Grobet L, Martin LJ, Poncelet D, Pirottin D, Brouwers B, Riquet J, Schoeberlein A, Dunner S, Menissier F, Massabanda J, et al: A deletion in the bovine myostatin gene causes the double-muscled phenotype in cattle. Nat Genet. 1997, 17: 71-74.CrossRefPubMed Grobet L, Martin LJ, Poncelet D, Pirottin D, Brouwers B, Riquet J, Schoeberlein A, Dunner S, Menissier F, Massabanda J, et al: A deletion in the bovine myostatin gene causes the double-muscled phenotype in cattle. Nat Genet. 1997, 17: 71-74.CrossRefPubMed
63.
go back to reference Elsea SH, Lucas RE: The mousetrap: what we can learn when the mouse model does not mimic the human disease. Ilar J. 2002, 43: 66-79.CrossRefPubMed Elsea SH, Lucas RE: The mousetrap: what we can learn when the mouse model does not mimic the human disease. Ilar J. 2002, 43: 66-79.CrossRefPubMed
64.
go back to reference Kent G, Iles R, Bear CE, Huan LJ, Griesenbach U, McKerlie C, Frndova H, Ackerley C, Gosselin D, Radzioch D, et al: Lung disease in mice with cystic fibrosis. J Clin Invest. 1997, 100: 3060-3069.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Kent G, Iles R, Bear CE, Huan LJ, Griesenbach U, McKerlie C, Frndova H, Ackerley C, Gosselin D, Radzioch D, et al: Lung disease in mice with cystic fibrosis. J Clin Invest. 1997, 100: 3060-3069.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
65.
go back to reference Snouwaert JN, Brigman KK, Latour AM, Iraj E, Schwab U, Gilmour MI, Koller BH: A murine model of cystic fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995, 151: S59-64.CrossRefPubMed Snouwaert JN, Brigman KK, Latour AM, Iraj E, Schwab U, Gilmour MI, Koller BH: A murine model of cystic fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995, 151: S59-64.CrossRefPubMed
66.
Metadata
Title
Specific genetic modifications of domestic animals by gene targeting and animal cloning
Authors
Bin Wang
Jiangfeng Zhou
Publication date
01-12-2003
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology / Issue 1/2003
Electronic ISSN: 1477-7827
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7827-1-103

Other articles of this Issue 1/2003

Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology 1/2003 Go to the issue