Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders
Published in: Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders 1/2007

Open Access 01-12-2007 | Research

SOSORT consensus paper: school screening for scoliosis. Where are we today?

Authors: Theodoros B Grivas, Marian H Wade, Stefano Negrini, Joseph P O'Brien, Toru Maruyama, Martha C Hawes, Manuel Rigo, Hans Rudolf Weiss, Tomasz Kotwicki, Elias S Vasiliadis, Lior Neuhaus Sulam, Tamar Neuhous

Published in: Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders | Issue 1/2007

Login to get access

Abstract

This report is the SOSORT Consensus Paper on School Screening for Scoliosis discussed at the 4th International Conference on Conservative Management of Spinal Deformities, presented by SOSORT, on May 2007. The objectives were numerous, 1) the inclusion of the existing information on the issue, 2) the analysis and discussion of the responses by the meeting attendees to the twenty six questions of the questionnaire, 3) the impact of screening on frequency of surgical treatment and of its discontinuation, 4) the reasons why these programs must be continued, 5) the evolving aim of School Screening for Scoliosis and 6) recommendations for improvement of the procedure.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
Abbott EV: Screening for scoliosis: a worthwhile preventive measure. Can J Public Health. 1977, 68: 22-25.PubMed
2.
Adler NS, Csongradi J, Bleck EE: School screening for scoliosis. One experience in California using clinical examination and moiré photography. West J Med. 1984, 141: 631-633.PubMedPubMedCentral
3.
4.
Adair IV, Van Wijk MC, Armstrong GW: Moiré topography in scoliosis screening. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1977, 165-171.
5.
Allen BL, Ferguson RL: Topics of interest in pediatric orthopedics. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1985, 32: 1333-1345.PubMedCrossRef
6.
Amendt LE, Ause-Ellias KL, Eybers JL, Wadsworth CT, Nielsen DH, Weinstein SL: Validity and reliability testing of the Scoliometer. Phys Ther. 1990, 70: 108-117.PubMedCrossRef
7.
School screening programs for the early detection of scoliosis: a position statement. 1992, Rosemont, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
8.
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Bulletin. 1993
9.
Skaggs DL: Referrals from scoliosis screenings. Am Fam Physician. 2001, 64 (1): 32-35.PubMed
10.
Armstrong GW, Livermore NB, Suzuki N, Armstrong JG: Nonstandard vertebral rotation in scoliosis screening patients. Its prevalence and relation to the clinical deformity. Spine. 1982, 7: 50-54. 10.1097/00007632-198200710-00006.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Asher M, Beringer GB, Orrick J, Halverhout N: The current status of scoliosis screening in North America, 1986. Results of a survey by mailed questionnaire. Spine. 1989, 14: 652-662. 10.1097/00007632-198907000-00002.PubMedCrossRef
12.
Asher M, Beringer GB, Orrick J, Halverhout N: The current status of scoliosis screening in North America 1986: Results of a survey by mailed questionnaire. Scoliosis Screening Symposium, Combined Meeting of the Scoliosis Research Society and the British Scoliosis Society. Hamilton, Bermuda. 1986
13.
Asher M, Beringer GB, Orrick J, Halverhout N: What has transpired in North America?. Scoliosis Screening Symposium, Combined Meeting of the Scoliosis Research Society and the British Scoliosis Society. Hamilton, Bermuda. 1986
14.
Asher MA: Scoliosis evaluation. Orthop Clin North Am. 1988, 19: 805-814.PubMed
15.
Asher MA: Orthopedic screening: especially congenital dislocation of the hip and spinal deformity. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1977, 24: 713-721.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Asher MA, Adler F, Jacobs RR: Idiopathic adolescent scoliosis. Rationale and techniques of early detection. J Kans Med Soc. 1975, 76: 285-292.PubMed
17.
18.
Ashworth MA: Symposium on school screening for scoliosis. Combined Meeting of the Scoliosis Research Society of North America and the British Scoliosis Society. Bermuda. 1986
19.
Ashworth MA, Ersil AK: The measurement of rib hump inclination: a potential aid in scoliosis screening. 15th annual meeting of the Scoliosis Research Society. Chicago, IL. 1980
20.
Ashworth MA, Hancock JA, Ashworth L, Tessier KA: Scoliosis screening. An approach to cost/benefit analysis. Spine. 1988, 13: 1187-1188.CrossRefPubMed
21.
Aulisa L, Bartolini F, Tamburrelli F, Valassina A: [Early diagnosis of scoliosis: methodologic problem]. Arch Putti Chir Organi Mov. 1982, 32: 129-137.PubMed
22.
Baecke JA, Pessers FG, Verbeek AL: [Is screening for scoliosis useful?]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1984, 128: 2028-2032.PubMed
23.
Baker EA, Zangger B: School screening for idiopathic scoliosis. Am J Nurs. 1970, 70: 766-767. 10.2307/3421218.PubMedCrossRef
24.
Barrett JP, Lee MA: Evaluation of the adolescent for scoliosis after positive school screening. J Miss State Med Assoc. 1981, 22: 277-279.PubMed
25.
Beausejour M, Roy-Beaudry M, Goulet L, Labelle H: Patient characteristics at the initial visit to a scoliosis clinic: a cross-sectional study in a community without school screening. Spine. 2007, 32: 1349-1354. 10.1097/BRS.0b013e318059b5f7.PubMedCrossRef
26.
Beegel PM, Parisien VM: The early recognition of scoliosis. J Maine Med Assoc. 1973, 64: 56 passim
27.
28.
Benson GM: Spinal curvature in children screening and treatment. S D J Med. 1977, 30: 5-9.PubMed
29.
Benson KD, Benson DR, Wade B: Results of school screening for scoliosis. J Sch Health. 1977, 483-484.
30.
Berntsen E, Risgaard-Petersen B: [Screening of school children for scoliosis. Examination of the back with moire topography and controlled forward bending test]. Ugeskr Laeger. 1981, 143: 3373-3377.PubMed
31.
32.
Berwick DM: Scoliosis screening. Pediatr Rev. 1984, 5: 238-246. 10.1542/pir.5-8-238.CrossRef
33.
Biezin AP: [Various remarks on the prevention and treatment of scoliosis]. Ortop Travmatol Protez. 1959, 20: 38-43.PubMed
34.
Blachek J: Medical update: scoliosis screening. The Spinal Connection Newsletter. 1987, 3:
35.
Bleck EE: School screening for scoliosis. Acta Orthop Scand. 1989, 60: 123-125.CrossRef
36.
Blount WP: Early recognition and prompt evaluation of spinal deformity. J Iowa Med Soc. 1969, 59: 1015-1024.PubMed
37.
Blount WP: Early recognition and prompt evaluation of spinal deformity. Wis Med J. 1969, 68: 245-249.PubMed
38.
Blount WP: Early recognition and prompt evaluation of spinal deformity. J Sch Health. 1970, 40: 514-PubMedCrossRef
39.
Blount WP: Early recognition and prompt evaluation of spinal deformity. J Med Assoc State Ala. 1970, 39: 749-754.PubMed
40.
School screening for scoliosis. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1983, 287: 963-964.
41.
Broun J, Bennett C, Miller M: Scoliosis detection clinic. Orthopedic Digest. 1975, 14-16.
42.
Bruszewski J, Kamza Z: [Incidence of scoliosis based on an analysis of serial radiography]. Chir Narzadow Ruchu Ortop Pol. 1957, 22: 115-116.PubMed
43.
Bunnell WP: An objective criterion for scoliosis screening. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1984, 66: 1381-1387.PubMedCrossRef
44.
Bunnell WP: Outcome of spinal screening. Spine. 1993, 18: 1572-1580. 10.1097/00007632-199309000-00001.PubMedCrossRef
45.
Bunnell WP: Selective screening for scoliosis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2005, 40-45. 10.1097/01.blo.0000163242.92733.66.
46.
Bunnell WP: Screen for scoliosis – with increased credibility. Community Nurse Forum I. 1984, 1-3.
47.
48.
Bunnell WP: When does scoliosis need referral?. Patient Care. 1987, 21: 53-60.
49.
Bunnell WP: British Scoliosis Society: school screening update. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1989, 71:
50.
Burwell G: The British decision and subsequent events. Spine. 1988, 13: 1192-1194. 10.1097/00007632-198810000-00027.CrossRefPubMed
51.
Burwell G: Current status of screening. 8th Phillip Zorab Scoliosis Symposium; October 26–28, 1988; London. 1988
52.
Burwell RG: The use of the scoliometer in the school and clinic. 1st Congress of the European Spinal Deformity Society. Rome, Italy. 1986
53.
Burwell RG, Elwood J, James NJ, Webb JK: The use of the scoliometer in the school and clinic. 3rd Meeting Study Group on Screening and Natural History. 1984, London: British Scoliosis Society
54.
Burwell RG, Patterson JF, Webb JK, Wojcik AS: School screening for scoliosis. 5th International Symposium on Surface Topography and Body Deformity. Vienna, Austria. 1988
55.
Burwell RG, Stokes IAF, Pekelsky JR, Moreland MS: British Scoliosis Society: Natural History Committee. 4th International Symposium; 1986; Mont Sainte-Marie, Quebec. 1986
56.
Burwell RG, Upadhyay SS, Webb JK, Patterson JF, Wojcik AS, Moulton A: Femoral anteversion and the decline angle in 12–13 year old children referred by new screening criteria. A new theory of aetiology. J Pediatr Orthop. 1989, 9: 349-
57.
Burwell RG, Upadhyay SS, Webb JK, Patterson JF, Wojcik AS, Moulton A: Femoral anteversion and the decline angle in 12–13 year old children referred by new screening criteria. A new theory of aetiology. Clin Anat. 1989, 1: 302-
58.
Burwell RG, Webb JK, Moore EJ: School screening for scoliosis. Lancet. 1981, 2: 863. 10.1016/S0140-6736(81)91119-3.PubMedCrossRef
59.
California State Department of Education. Standards for scoliosis screening. Public Scoliosis. Sacramento, CA. 1985, 6: 6-
60.
Cantrell D: Scoliosis: screening potential victims. RN. 1976, 39: 56-PubMed
61.
Cecilia T: [Fluoroscopic screening for scoliosis]. Orv Hetil. 1977, 118: 2719-2720.PubMed
62.
63.
Moreland M, Pope MS, Armstrong G: Comparison between Moiré and x-ray findings in structural scoliosis. Moiré fringe topography. Edited by: Moreland M, Pope MS, Armstrong G. 1981, Oxford: Pergammon Press
64.
Connolly BH, Michael BT: Early detection of scoliosis. A neurological approach using the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex. Phys Ther. 1984, 64: 304-307.PubMedCrossRef
65.
Cooper B: Scoliosis or schooliosis? The controversy races on. School Nurse Network. 1987, 6:
66.
Cronis S, Russell AY: Orthopedic screening of children in Delaware public schools. Del Med J. 1965, 37: 89-92.PubMed
67.
68.
Dahlberg I, Nachemson AL: The economic aspects of scoliosis treatment. 1977, Academic Press
69.
Dangerfield PH, Denron JS, Barnes SB, Drake NB: The assessment of rib-cage and spinal deformity in scoliosis. Surface topography and spinal deformity Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium; September 29–30, 1986; Mont Saint-Marie, Quebec. 1986, 53-65.
70.
Daruwalla JS, Balasubramaniam P: Moiré topography in scoliosis. Its accuracy in detecting the site and size of the curve. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1985, 67: 211-213.PubMedCrossRef
71.
Debeugny P: [Procedure to follow in the presence of scoliosis in children or adolescents]. Lille Med. 1966, 11: 1079-1085.PubMed
72.
Delaware's Public School Orthopaedic Screening Program: State Department of Public Instruction, Division of Public Health. Dover, Delaware.
73.
Dendy JM, Chase M, Determann P: School screening for scoliosis – organisation of school and clinic procedure. Physiotherapy. 1983, 69: 272-276.PubMed
74.
De Wilde L, Plasschaert F, Cattoir H, Uyttendaele D: Examination of the back using the Bunnell scoliometer in a Belgian school population around puberty. Acta Orthop Belg. 1998, 64: 136-143.PubMed
75.
Dickson RA: Screening for scoliosis. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1984, 289: 269-270.CrossRef
76.
Dickson RA: Scoliosis in the community. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1983, 286: 1745-CrossRef
77.
Dickson RA: Scoliosis in the community. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1983, 286: 615-618.CrossRef
78.
Dickson RA, Archer IA: Scoliosis in the community. Butterworth's International Medical Reviews. 1984
79.
80.
Dickson RA, Weinstein SL: Bracing (and screening) – yes or no?. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1999, 81: 193-198. 10.1302/0301-620X.81B2.9630.PubMedCrossRef
81.
Drennan JC, Campbell JB, Ridge H: Denver: a metropolitan public school scoliosis survey. Pediatrics. 1977, 60: 193-196.PubMed
82.
Drummond DS: Recognition and management of scoliosis. Compr Ther. 1981, 7: 58-65.PubMed
83.
Drummond DS, Rogala E, Gurr J: School screening, a community project. Quebec Scoliosis Society Meeting. Montreal. 1976
84.
Drummond DS, Rogala E, Gurr J: Spinal deformity: natural history and the role of school screening. Orthop Clin North Am. 1979, 10: 751-759.PubMed
85.
Duhaime M, Archambault J, Poitras B: School screening for scoliosis. Quebec Scoliosis Society Meeting. Montreal. 1976
86.
Duhaime M, Poitras B, Archambault J: [Screening for scoliosis in schools. Study on 14,886 x-rays]. Union Med Can. 1976, 105: 886-887.PubMed
87.
88.
Dunn BH, Hakala MW, McGee ME: Scoliosis screening. Pediatrics. 1978, 61: 794-797.PubMed
89.
Dvonch VM, Siegler AH, Clopas CC, Bunch WH: The epidemiology of 'schooliosis'. J Pediatr Orthop. 1990, 10: 206-207.PubMedCrossRef
90.
Dwyer AP, Slinger BS, O'Connor JC, Bedbrook GM: School screening for scoliosis: our challenging responsibility. Aust N Z J Surg. 1978, 48: 439-441.PubMedCrossRef
91.
Early screening for spinal defects. IMJ Ill Med J. 1977, 152: 420-421.
92.
School screening for scoliosis. Lancet. 1981, 2: 345-346.
93.
Eisner V, Oglesby A: Health assessment of school children. V. Selecting screening tests. J Sch Health. 1972, 42: 21-24.PubMedCrossRef
94.
Eisner V, Oglesby A: Health assessment of children. 8. The unexpected health defect. J Sch Health. 1972, 42: 348-350.PubMedCrossRef
95.
Eisner V, Oglesby A: Health assessment of school children. I. Physical examinations. J Sch Health. 1971, 41: 239-242.PubMedCrossRef
96.
Eisner V, Oglesby A: Health assessment of school children. II. Screening tests. J Sch Health. 1971, 41: 344-346.PubMedCrossRef
97.
Emr J: Functional scolioses of the spine in school-age. Sb Ved Pr Lek Fak Karlovy Univerzity Hradci Kralove. 1968, 11: 209-225.PubMed
98.
Fearon T, Vucich J, Butler P, McSweeney WJ, Taylor GA, Markle BM, Hoe J: Scoliosis examinations: organ dose and image quality with rare-earth screen-film systems. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1988, 150: 359-362.PubMedCrossRef
99.
100.
Flynn JC, Riddick MF, Keller TL: Screening for scoliosis in Florida schools. J Fla Med Assoc. 1977, 64: 159-161.PubMed
101.
Flynn JC, Riddick MF, Price CT, Keller TL: Present status of scoliosis screening in Florida schools. J Fla Med Assoc. 1985, 72: 847-851.PubMed
102.
Flynn JM: [Bared back for the identification of scoliosis]. Bol Asoc Med P R. 1978, 70: 45-48.PubMed
103.
Forrester-Brown M: Scoliosis: importance of early diagnosis. Congr Soc Intl Chir Orthop Traum. Berne. 1954
104.
Francis RS: Scoliosis screening of 3,000 college-aged women. The Utah Study – phase 2. Phys Ther. 1988, 68: 1513-1516.PubMed
105.
Frontino G, Negri V, Rinaldi E: [Photographic moire method for preliminary diagnosis of spine deformity (author's transl)]. Ateneo Parmense Acta Biomed. 1980, 51: 33-38.PubMed
106.
Frost J, Shiratori H, Lam J: Scoliosis screening pilot project-A. Preliminary report to development of a statewide school program. Hawaii Med J. 1978, 37: 361-362.PubMed
107.
Gaines RW: Scoliosis and kyphosis, review and current concepts. Mo Med. 1980, 77: 124-134.PubMed
108.
Gaines RW, McKinley LM, Leatherman KD: Scoliosis must be diagnosed early. J Ky Med Assoc. 1977, 75: 231-234.PubMed
109.
Gallo M: Campagna profilattica intensiva control gli atteggamenti scoliotici. Ginn Med. 1954, 91-93.
110.
Godley G: A special report: detecting early signs of scoliosis. Elementary School. 1984, 84: 357-362. 10.1086/461369.CrossRef
111.
Goldberg C, Blake N, Fogarty E, Dowling F, Regan B: School scoliosis screening: a report. Ir Med J. 1987, 80: 325-326.PubMed
112.
Goldberg C, Fogarty EE, Blake NS, Dowling F, Regan BF: School scoliosis screening: a review of 21,000 children. Ir Med J. 1983, 76: 247-249.PubMed
113.
Goldberg C, Thompson F, Dowling F, Regan BF, Blake NS: Pilot study for a scoliosis screening project in South Dublin. Ir Med J. 1980, 73: 265-268.PubMed
114.
Goldberg CJ, Dowling FE, Fogarty EE, Moore DP: School scoliosis screening and the United States Preventive Services Task Force. An examination of long-term results. Spine. 1995, 20: 1368-1374.PubMedCrossRef
115.
Goldberg CJ, Kaliszer M, Moore DP, Fogarty EE, Dowling FE: Surface topography, Cobb angles, and cosmetic change in scoliosis. Spine. 2001, 26: E55-63. 10.1097/00007632-200102150-00005.CrossRefPubMed
116.
Golmiche P: Examen clinique d' un scoliotique. Sem Hop Paris. 1956, 32: 2901-2903.
117.
Golomb M, Taylor TK: Letter: Screening adolescent school children for scoliosis. Med J Aust. 1975, 1: 761-762.PubMed
118.
Gore DR, Passehl R, Sepic S, Dalton A: Scoliosis screening: results of a community project. Pediatrics. 1981, 67: 196-200.PubMed
119.
Greczy I, Sarkany J, Toth J, Nemes J, Bakay A: [Scoliosis screening in Bacs-Kiskun County using the Adams test and the moire technic]. Orv Hetil. 1988, 129: 883-887.PubMed
120.
121.
Grivas TB, Arvaniti A, Maziotou C, Manesioti MM, Fergadi A: Comparison of body weight and height between normal and scoliotic children. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2002, 91: 47-53.PubMed
122.
Grivas TB, Dangas S, Polyzois BD, Samelis P: The Double Rib Contour Sign (DRCS) in lateral spinal radiographs: aetiologic implications for scoliosis. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2002, 88: 38-43.PubMed
123.
Grivas TB, Dangas S, Samelis P, Maziotou C, Kandris K: Lateral spinal profile in school-screening referrals with and without late onset idiopathic scoliosis 10°–20°. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2002, 91: 25-31.PubMed
124.
Grivas TB, Maziotou C, Karathanou S, Birli E, Arvaniti A, Vasiliadis E: The cost of the school-screening program in a general hospital. Acta Orthop Hellen. 2004, 55: 246-250.
125.
Grivas TB, Samelis P, Chadziargiropoulos T, Polyzois B: Study of the rib cage deformity in children with 10 degrees–20 degrees of Cobb angle late onset idiopathic scoliosis, using rib-vertebra angles – aetiologic implications. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2002, 91: 20-24.PubMed
126.
Grivas TB, Samelis P, Pappa AS, Stavlas P, Polyzois D: Menarche in scoliotic and nonscoliotic Mediterranean girls. Is there any relation between menarche and laterality of scoliotic curves?. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2002, 88: 30-36.PubMed
127.
Grivas TB, Stavlas P, Koukos K, Samelis P, Polyzois B: Scoliosis and cavus foot. Is there a relationship? Study in referrals, with and without scoliosis, from school screening. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2002, 88: 10-14.PubMed
128.
Grivas TB, Vasiliadis E, Chatziargiropoulos T, Polyzois VD, Gatos K: The effect of a modified Boston brace with anti-rotatory blades on the progression of curves in idiopathic scoliosis: aetiologic implications. Pediatr Rehabil. 2003, 6: 237-242. 10.1080/13638490310001636808.PubMedCrossRef
129.
Grivas TB, Vasiliadis E, Maziotou C, Beltsios M, Psarakis S, Segos D: Cost analysis of a school-screening program. 4th International Conference on Conservative Management of Spinal Deformities. Boston, USA. 2007
130.
Grivas TB, Vasiliadis E, Mouzakis V, Mihas C, Koufopoulos G: Association between adolescent idiopathic scoliosis prevalence and age at menarche in different geographic latitudes. Scoliosis. 2006, 1: 9. 10.1186/1748-7161-1-9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
131.
Grivas TB, Vasiliadis E, Savvidou O, Dangas S, Triantafyllopoulos G: The growth effect in the agreement of scoliosis surface and radiological deformity. Aetiological implications. 14th International Meeting on Advanced Spine Techniques (IMAST). Paradise Island, Bahamas. 2007
132.
Grivas TB, Vasiliadis E, Savvidou O, Dangas S, Triantafyllopoulos G: The growth effect in the agreement of scoliosis surface and radiological deformity. Aetiological implications. SRS Eastern European Regional Meeting. InterContinental Hotel, Budapest, Hungary. 2007
133.
Grivas TB, Vasiliadis ES, Maziotou C, Savvidou OD: The direct cost of 'Thriasio' school screening program. Scoliosis. 2007, 2: 7. 10.1186/1748-7161-2-7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
134.
Grivas TB, Vasiliadis ES, Mihas C, Savvidou O: The effect of growth on the correlation between the spinal and rib cage deformity: implications on idiopathic scoliosis pathogenesis. Scoliosis. 2007, 2: 11. 10.1186/1748-7161-2-11.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
135.
Grossman TW, Mazur JM, Cummings RJ: An evaluation of the Adams forward bend test and the scoliometer in a scoliosis school screening setting. J Pediatr Orthop. 1995, 15: 535-538.PubMedCrossRef
136.
Gschwend N, Tschui F: [Flat Spine and Lumbar Scoliosis, Their Diagnosis and Prognostic Significance]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1963, 93: 1387-1393.PubMed
137.
Zhang GP, Li ZR, Wei XR, Cao YL, Cui QL: Screening for scoliosis among school children in Beijing. Chin Med J (Engl). 1988, 101: 151-154.
138.
Gunnoe BA: Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Orthop Rev. 1990, 19: 35-43.PubMed
139.
Gurr JF: A school screening program that works. Can Nurse. 1977, 73: 24-29.PubMed
140.
Harlin VK, Benson KD, Wade B, Benson DR: Results of school screening for scoliosis in the San Juan Unified School District, Sacramento, California. J Sch Health. 1977, 47: 483-484.PubMedCrossRef
141.
Harrell J, Meehan PL: School screening for spinal deformity. Ona J. 1979, 6: 203-208.PubMed
142.
143.
Harris JD, Turner-Smith AR, Fischer , Verlag G: A cost-effectiveness analysis of different types of screening techniques for scoliosis. Surface topogrphy and spinal deformity. 4th International Symposium; September 29–30, 1986; Mont Sainte-Marie, Quebec. 1986, 243-
144.
Harrison CS, Weiler DR: Early recognition of scoliosis. Pa Med. 1977, 80: 51-53.PubMed
145.
Hawes MC: The use of exercises in the treatment of scoliosis: an evidence-based critical review of the literature. Pediatr Rehabil. 2003, 6: 171-182. 10.1080/0963828032000159202.PubMedCrossRef
146.
Hawes MC, O'Brien JP: The transformation of spinal curvature into spinal deformity: pathological processes and implications for treatment. Scoliosis. 2006, 1: 3. 10.1186/1748-7161-1-3.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
147.
Heine J, Heine F: [On the incidence of thoracal scoliosis in juveniles (author's transl)]. Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb. 1981, 119: 340-343.PubMedCrossRef
148.
Heipertz W: [Prevention and Treatment of Scoliosis in Infancy and Childhood]. Munch Med Wochenschr. 1964, 106: 1621-1627.PubMed
149.
Hensinger R, Cowell HR, MacEwen GD, Cronis S: Orthopaedic screening of school age children: review of a 10-year experience. Orthop Rev. 1975, 4: 23-28.
150.
Hess WE: Scoliosis – clues to early recognition. Rocky Mt Med J. 1967, 64: 43-46.PubMed
151.
Hill PM, Romm LS: Screening for scoliosis. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs. 1977, 2: 156-159. 10.1097/00005721-197705000-00008.PubMedCrossRef
152.
Hipps HE: The diagnosis and treatment of incipient and early idiopathic scoliosis. Am J Orthop. 1963, 5: 76-82.PubMed
153.
Horak J: [Scoliosis in school children]. Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech. 1952, 19: 176-178.PubMed
154.
Howell JM, Craig PM, Dawe BG: Problems in scoliosis screening. Can J Public Health. 1978, 69: 293-296.PubMed
155.
Hungerford DS: Spinal deformity in adolescence. Early detection and nonoperative management. Med Clin North Am. 1975, 59: 1517-1525.PubMedCrossRef
156.
Huurman WW: Scoliosis screening program: eliminating another crippler. California School Health. 1977, 13: 4-
157.
Inoue S: Moiré topography for the early detection and post-operative evaluation of scoliosis. Orthopaedic Research Society. 1978
158.
Inoue S: [Screening of scoliosis among school children and the role of orthopedic surgeons]. Nippon Seikeigeka Gakkai Zasshi. 1980, 54: 701-712.PubMed
159.
Inoue S, Shinoto A, Ohki I: The moiré topography for early detection of scoliosis and evaluation after surgery. Combined meeting of SRS and Japanese SRS. Kyoto, Japan. 1977
160.
Jackson RK: School screening with the scoliometer. 3rd Meeting, Study Group on Screening and Natural History British Scoliosis Society London, UK. 1984
161.
162.
Kane WJ: The North American decision in historical perspective. Spine. 1988, 13: 1191. 10.1097/00007632-198810000-00026.PubMedCrossRef
163.
Kane WJ, Brown JC, Hensinger RN, Keller RB: Scoliosis and school screening for spinal deformity. Am Fam Physician. 1978, 17: 123-127.PubMed
164.
Karachalios T, Sofianos J, Roidis N, Sapkas G, Korres D, Nikolopoulos K: Ten-year follow-up evaluation of a school screening program for scoliosis. Is the forward-bending test an accurate diagnostic criterion for the screening of scoliosis?. Spine. 1999, 24: 2318-2324. 10.1097/00007632-199911150-00006.CrossRefPubMed
165.
Kazanskaia LD: [Detection of scoliosis in children of pre-school age by fluorography]. Vestn Rentgenol Radiol. 1956, 31: 46-50.PubMed
166.
Kesling KL, Reinker KA: Scoliosis in twins. A meta-analysis of the literature and report of six cases. Spine. 1997, 22: 2009-2014. 10.1097/00007632-199709010-00014. discussion 2015CrossRefPubMed
167.
King AG: Scoliosis in the community. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1983, 286: 1442-CrossRef
168.
Koga Y: [The result of the author's screening system of scoliosis in elementary and junior-high schools]. Nippon Seikeigeka Gakkai Zasshi. 1986, 60: 61-71.PubMed
169.
Konsbruck R, Cotrel Y: [Results of 10 years' detection of scoliosis organized in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg]. Bull Soc Sci Med Grand Duche Luxemb. 1981, 118: 61-71.PubMed
170.
Kovacic S: [Spine abnormalities and their prevention]. Lijec Vjesn. 1956, 78: 459-463.PubMed
171.
Korovessis P, Kyrkos C, Piperos G, Soucacos PN: Effects of thoracolumbosacral orthosis on spinal deformities, trunk asymmetry, and frontal lower rib cage in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine. 2000, 25: 2064-2071. 10.1097/00007632-200008150-00010.CrossRefPubMed
172.
Korovessis PG, Stamatakis MV: Prediction of scoliotic cobb angle with the use of the scoliometer. Spine. 1996, 21: 1661-1666. 10.1097/00007632-199607150-00010.CrossRefPubMed
173.
Koukourakis I, Giaourakis G, Kouvidis G, Kivernitakis E, Blazos J, Koukourakis M: Screening school children for scoliosis on the island of Crete. J Spinal Disord. 1997, 10: 527-531. 10.1097/00002517-199712000-00013.PubMedCrossRef
174.
Kunz O: Spinal detect in school children. Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech. 1962, 29: 11-17.
175.
Laulund T, Sojbjerg JO, Horlyck E: Moire topography in school screening for structural scoliosis. Acta Orthop Scand. 1982, 53: 765-768.PubMedCrossRef
176.
Leaver JM, Alvik A, Warren MD: Prescriptive screening for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a review of the evidence. Int J Epidemiol. 1982, 11: 101-111. 10.1093/ije/11.2.101.PubMedCrossRef
177.
Lezberg SF: Screening for scoliosis. Preventive medicine in a public school. Phys Ther. 1974, 54: 371-372.PubMedCrossRef
178.
Lezberg SF: Early screening for spinal deformity. Clin Mange Phys Ther. 1983, 5: 115-119.
179.
Lonstein JE: Why school screening for scoliosis should be continued. Spine. 1988, 13: 1198-1200. 10.1097/00007632-198810000-00029.PubMedCrossRef
180.
Lonstein JE: Natural history and school screening for scoliosis. Orthop Clin North Am. 1988, 19: 227-237.PubMed
181.
Lonstein JE: Screening for spinal deformities in Minnesota schools. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1977, 33-42.
182.
Lonstein JE: Scoliosis (Letters to the Editor). Lancet. 1981, 2: 345-346.
183.
Lonstein JE: Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: screening and diagnosis. Instr Course Lect. 1989, 38: 105-113.PubMed
184.
Lonstein JE, Bjorklund S, Wanninger MH, Nelson RP: Voluntary school screening for scoliosis in Minnesota. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1982, 64: 481-488.CrossRefPubMed
185.
Lonstein JE, Winter RB, Moe JH, Bianco AJ, Campbell RG, Norval MA: School screening for the early detection of spine deformities. Progress and pitfalls. Minn Med. 1976, 59: 51-57.PubMed
186.
Lowe RW: A scoliosis clinic progress report. W V Med J. 1975, 71: 105-107.PubMed
187.
MacEwen GD, Shands AR: Scoliosis – a deforming childhood problem. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1967, 6: 210-216.CrossRef
188.
Manelli E, Ottolenghi G: [Clinical and radiographical findings on variations in posture of elementary school children in Sanremo]. Minerva Ortop. 1971, 22: 10-15.PubMed
189.
Maruyama T, Kitagawa T, Takeshita K, Mochizuki K, Nakamura K: Conservative treatment for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: can it reduce the incidence of surgical treatment?. Pediatr Rehabil. 2003, 6: 215-219. 10.1080/13638490310001642748.PubMedCrossRef
190.
Murrell GA, Coonrad RW, Moorman CT, Fitch RD: An assessment of the reliability of the Scoliometer. Spine. 1993, 18: 709-712. 10.1097/00007632-199305000-00006.CrossRefPubMed
191.
Marino V: L' indagine schermografica nella diagnosis precoce dela scoliosi. Orizz Ortop Riabilitaz. 1958, 3: 165-167.
192.
Mathews W: Screening and detection of scoliosis. Physician Assist. 1984, 8: 10-12.
193.
Mau H: Scoliosis screening in West Germany and its pitfalls with Scheuermann's disease. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1985, 104: 201-206. 10.1007/BF00450210.PubMedCrossRef
194.
Naumovich SS, Molotkov Iu N: [Incidence of scoliosis among children of preschool age]. Ortop Travmatol Protez. 1973, 34: 79-81.PubMed
195.
McCarthy RE: Prevention of the complications of scoliosis by early detection. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1987, 73-78.
196.
Merck & Co Inc: Spinal Screening Program Handbook. 1980, Chicago, IL: Scoliosis Research Society and the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
197.
Miller D, Lever CS: Scoliosis screening: an approach used in the school. J Sch Health. 1982, 52: 98-101.PubMedCrossRef
198.
Miller MJ: Screening program for scoliosis. Aorn J. 1978, 27: 1006-1013. 10.1016/S0001-2092(07)62912-3.PubMedCrossRef
199.
Milano C, Rocco P, Paolino G, Greco P, Lotti G: Telethermographic aspects of the dorsolumbar region in idiopathic scoliosis. Ital J Orthop Traumatol. 1982, 8: 361-367.PubMed
200.
Mocci A, Bonzi L: La scoliosi negli accertamenti schermografici di massa. Orizz Ortop Tιag. 1957, 2: 235-242.
201.
Morais T, Bernier M, Turcotte F: Age- and sex-specific prevalence of scoliosis and the value of school screening programs. Am J Public Health. 1985, 75: 1377-1380.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
202.
Morrison AS: Screening in chronic disease. 1986, New York: Oxford University Press
203.
Morrissy RT: School screening for scoliosis. Spine. 1999, 24: 2584-2591. 10.1097/00007632-199912150-00005.PubMedCrossRef
204.
Morrissy RT: School screening for scoliosis. A statement of the problem. Spine. 1988, 13: 1195-1197. 10.1097/00007632-198810000-00028.PubMedCrossRef
205.
Moselli M: [Complementary instrumental findings in the diagnosis of functional and structural abnormalities during the developmental stage]. Minerva Ortop. 1971, 22: 1-9.PubMed
206.
Montgomery F, Persson U, Benoni G, Willner S, Lindgren B: Screening for scoliosis. A cost-effectiveness analysis. Spine. 1990, 15: 67-70. 10.1097/00007632-199002000-00003.CrossRefPubMed
207.
Montgomery F, Willner S: Screening for idiopathic scoliosis. Comparison of 90 cases shows less surgery by early diagnosis. Acta Orthop Scand. 1993, 64: 456-458.PubMedCrossRef
208.
Nachemson A: Prevalence and natural history report. Proceedings of the 17th Meeting of the Scoliosis Research Society; September 22–25, 1982; Denver, CO. 1982
209.
Nachemson A, Lonstein JE, Weinstein SL: Report of the prevalence and natural history committee. 1982, New Orleans, Louisiana: The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
210.
Nachemson AL, Peterson LE: Effectiveness of treatment with a brace in girls who have adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. A prospective, controlled study based on data from the Brace Study of the Scoliosis Research Society. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1995, 77: 815-822.CrossRefPubMed
211.
Nasca RJ: Newer concepts in the diagnosis and treatment of scoliosis. Ala J Med Sci. 1982, 19: 284-288.PubMed
212.
Natural History Committee of the British Scoliosis Society. A multicentre study of back shape in school children. 4th International Symposium of Surface Topography and Spinal Deformity. Mont Sainte-Marie, Quebec, Canada. 1986
213.
Negri V: [Incidence of scoliosis in adolescents of the schools of Parma]. Acta Biomed Ateneo Parmense. 1982, 53: 41-45.PubMed
214.
Negrini S, Aulisa L, Ferraro C, Fraschini P, Masiero S, Simonazzi P, Tedeschi C, Venturin A: Italian guidelines on rehabilitation treatment of adolescents with scoliosis or other spinal deformities. Eura Medicophys. 2005, 41: 183-201.PubMed
215.
Newman DC, DeWald RL: School screening for scoliosis. IMJ Ill Med J. 1977, 151: 31-34.PubMed
216.
Newton J: Scoliosis screening update. School Health Alert. 1988, 3: 1-
217.
Nissinen M, Heliovaara M, Tallroth K, Poussa M: Trunk asymmetry and scoliosis. Anthropometric measurements in prepuberal school children. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1989, 78: 747-753.PubMedCrossRef
218.
Nitzschmann L, Reinhardt H: [Use of screening methods in child and adolescent health protection]. Z Gesamte Hyg. 1982, 28: 633-635.PubMed
219.
Nottage WM, Waugh TR, McMaster WC: Radiation exposure during scoliosis screening radiography. Spine. 1981, 6: 456-459. 10.1097/00007632-198109000-00006.PubMedCrossRef
220.
Noonan KJ, Weinstein SL, Jacobson WC, Dolan LA: Use of the Milwaukee brace for progressive idiopathic scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1996, 78: 557-567.PubMedCrossRef
221.
Nyilasi J, Korkes I, Kiszely G: [The use of thoracic screen photofluofography as mass screening for the incidence of scoliosis]. Orv Hetil. 1977, 118: 1781-1782.PubMed
222.
O'Brien JP, Van Akkerveeken PF: School screening for scoliosis: results of a pilot study. Practitioner. 1977, 219: 739-742.PubMed
223.
Ohtsuka Y, Yamagata M, Arai S, Kitahara H, Minami S: School screening for scoliosis by the Chiba University Medical School screening program. Results of 1.24 million students over an 8-year period. Spine. 1988, 13: 1251-1257. 10.1097/00007632-198811000-00008.PubMedCrossRef
224.
Okamoto Y: [A new method for automatic analysis of scoliotic deformity]. Nippon Seikeigeka Gakkai Zasshi. 1987, 61: 277-287.PubMed
225.
Peacock AJ, Morgan MD, Denison DM: Optical screening for scoliosis. Lancet. 1981, 2: 585. 10.1016/S0140-6736(81)90973-9.PubMedCrossRef
226.
Peacock AJ, Szczekot J, Szwaluk F: [The incidence of scoliosis]. Chir Narzad Ruchu. 1957, 22: 111-114.
227.
Pennsylvania School Scoliosis Screening Program: Administrative Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Department of Health. 1984, Harrisburg: Division of School Health
228.
Pfammatter T: [A series of entire spine examinations in the preparatory school of Naters, Switzerland, in the period of 1977/78 (author's transl)]. Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax. 1981, 70: 174-183.PubMed
229.
Pirastu F, Carta G: La schermografia nella diagnosi della scoliosi dell'eta scolare. Rass Med Sarda. 1960, 60: 537-541.
230.
Pisani G: [Vertebral para-morphism and dysmorphism]. Minerva Ortop. 1962, 13: 596-598.PubMed
231.
Ploumis A, Transfledt EE, Denis F: Degenerative lumbar scoliosis associated with spinal stenosis. Spine J. 2007, 7: 428-436. 10.1016/j.spinee.2006.07.015.PubMedCrossRef
232.
Quick MM, Highriter ME: Is privacy important in scoliosis screening?. J Sch Health. 1981, 51: 458-460.PubMedCrossRef
233.
Randall FM, Denton TE: Scoliosis screening: a school survey. Ala J Med Sci. 1983, 20: 395-396.PubMed
234.
Rapp GF: Spinal screening for scoliosis, kyphosis and lordosis. J Indiana State Med Assoc. 1978, 71: 33-34.PubMed
235.
Rauch G, Wahl H: [Early diagnosis of scoliosis and its incidence in the school age]. Z Arztl Fortbild (Jena). 1976, 70: 532-535.
236.
Reid UV: Screening for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Can Nurse. 1975, 71: 13-15.PubMed
237.
Renshaw TS: Screening school children for scoliosis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1988, 26-33.
238.
Renshaw TS, Gurnham R, Gage JR: School screening for the early detection of scoliosis in children. Conn Med. 1979, 43: 139-141.PubMed
239.
Rigo M, Reiter C, Weiss HR: Effect of conservative management on the prevalence of surgery in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Pediatr Rehabil. 2003, 6: 209-214. 10.1080/13638490310001642054.PubMedCrossRef
240.
Risko T: [Diagnosis of scoliosis and the introduction of screening in Hungary]. Orv Hetil. 1988, 129: 1562-1563.PubMed
241.
242.
Robitaille Y, Villavicencio-Pereda C, Gurr J: Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: epidemiology and treatment outcome in a large cohort of children six years after screening. Int J Epidemiol. 1984, 13: 319-323. 10.1093/ije/13.3.319.PubMedCrossRef
243.
Rogala EJ, Drummond DS, Gurr J: Scoliosis: incidence and natural history. A prospective epidemiological study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1978, 60: 173-176.PubMedCrossRef
244.
Rogala EJ, Drummond DS, Gurr JF: Scoliosis incidence and natural history. A prospective epidemiological study of 22,585 school children. 11th Annual Meeting of the Scoliosis Research Society Ottawa, Canada. 1976
245.
Rowe DE, Bernstein SM, Riddick MF, Adler F, Emans JB, Gardner-Bonneau D: A meta-analysis of the efficacy of non-operative treatments for idiopathic scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1997, 79: 664-674.CrossRefPubMed
246.
Ruggerone M, Austin JH: Moire topography in scoliosis. Correlations with vertebral lateral curvature as determined by radiography. Phys Ther. 1986, 66: 1072-1077.PubMedCrossRef
247.
Sapkas G, Papagelopoulos PJ, Kateros K, Koundis GL, Boscainos PJ, Koukou UI, Katonis P: Prediction of Cobb angle in idiopathic adolescent scoliosis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2003, 32-39. 10.1097/01.blo.0000068360.47147.30.
248.
Savini R, Cervellati S, Ponzo L, Cioni A, Palmisani M, Rizqallah Y, Gargiulo G, Nardi S, Di Silvestre M: [Occurrence of idiopathic scoliosis in the Bologna district]. Chir Organi Mov. 1986, 71: 119-125.PubMed
249.
Sells CJ, May EA: Scoliosis screening in public schools. Am J Nurs. 1974, 74: 60-62. 10.2307/3469590.PubMed
250.
Seward K: Screening students for scoliosis spares them pain and saves you money. American School Board J. 1983, 170: 41-43.
251.
Schock CC: 'Making the screen work'. J Ark Med Soc. 1984, 80: 534-536.PubMed
252.
School screening for scoliosis. Acta Orthop Scand. 1989, 60: 123-125.
253.
School screening for scoliosis. Lancet. 1988, 2: 378. 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)93109-0.
254.
Schwab F, Dubey A, Gamez L, El Fegoun AB, Hwang K, Pagala M, Farcy JP: Adult scoliosis: prevalence, SF-36, and nutritional parameters in an elderly volunteer population. Spine. 2005, 30: 1082-1085. 10.1097/01.brs.0000160842.43482.cd.PubMedCrossRef
255.
Shands AR, Barr JS, Collona PC, Noall L: End-result study of the treatment of idiopathic scoliosis. Report of the Research Committee of the American Orthopaedic Association. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1941, 23: 963-977.
256.
Shifrin LZ: Recognizing scoliosis early. Am Fam Physician. 1971, 4: 76-82.PubMed
257.
Shifrin LZ: Scoliosis-current concepts. Early recognition and aggressive treatment are most important. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1972, 11: 594-602.CrossRef
258.
Shinoto A: Quantitative analysis of scoliotic deformity by Moire method. Nippon Seikeigeka Gakkai Zasshi. 1981, 55: 1703-1718.PubMed
259.
Shulman HM: School screening in the United Kingdom. Backtalk. 1987, 7: 9-
260.
Shulman HM: School screening in New Jersey. Backtalk. 1987, 12: 8-9.
261.
Shulman HM: School screening – where do we go from here?. Backtalk. 1986, 11: 2, 13-
262.
Smyrnis PN, Valavanis J, Alexopoulos A, Siderakis G, Giannestras NJ: School screening for scoliosis in Athens. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1979, 61-B: 215-217.PubMedCrossRef
263.
Smyrnis PN, Valavanis J, Voutsinas S, Alexopoulos A, Ierodiaconou M: Incidence of scoliosis in the Greek islands. 6th Symposium on Scoliosis; Cardiothoracic Institute, Brompton Hospital, London. Edited by: Zorab PA, Siegler D. 1979, Academic Press, 13-18.
264.
Smyrnis T, Antoniou D, Valavanis J, Zachariou C: Idiopathic scoliosis: characteristics and epidemiology. Orthopedics. 1987, 10: 921-926.PubMed
265.
Sojbjerg JO, Laulund T, Horlyck E: [Screening for scoliosis with Moiré topography]. Ugeskr Laeger. 1982, 144: 3576-3579.PubMed
266.
Steno M: A survey of scoliosis incidence in Slovakia. Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech. 1979, 46: 18-21.PubMed
267.
Stirling AJ, Smith RM, Dickson RA: Screening for scoliosis: the problem of arm length. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1986, 292: 1305-1306.CrossRef
268.
269.
Study Group on Screening and Natural History of the British Scoliosis Society. Abridged first report on the multicentre study and plans for the future. British Scoliosis Society Annual Meeting. Cambridge, UK. 1986
270.
Soucacos PN, Soucacos PK, Zacharis KC, Beris AE, Xenakis TA: School-screening for scoliosis. A prospective epidemiological study in northwestern and central Greece. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1997, 79: 1498-1503.CrossRefPubMed
271.
Soucacos PN, Zacharis K, Gelalis J, Soultanis K, Kalos N, Beris A, Xenakis T, Johnson EO: Assessment of curve progression in idiopathic scoliosis. Eur Spine J. 1998, 7: 270-277. 10.1007/s005860050074.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
272.
Sullivan JA, Tompkins SF: Development of a scoliosis screening program in Oklahoma schools. J Okla State Med Assoc. 1978, 71: 52-56.PubMed
273.
Takemitsu T: Incidence of scoliosis in Japan by mass screening examination of school children. Combined Meeting of the Scoliosis Research Society and the Japanese Scoliosis Research Society. Kyoto, Japan. 1977
274.
Takemitsu Y: Scoliosis – screening methods and the subsequent management. Nippon Seikeigeka Gakkai Zasshi. 1981, 55: 243-257.PubMed
275.
Takemitsu Y, Harada Y, Ando M: Incidence of scoliosis in Japan by mass screening examination of school children. Orthop Trans. 1978, 2: 278-
276.
Taylor C: Six years of school screening by physical education teachers. Combined British Scoliosis Society and Nordic Scoliosis Society Conference. Freeman Hospital, New Castle. 1991
277.
Taylor JR: Scoliosis screening in the Kimberleys. Med J Aust. 1983, 1: 352-PubMed
278.
Taylor JR, Slinger BS: Scoliosis screening and growth in Western Australian students. Med J Aust. 1980, 1: 475-478.PubMed
279.
Taylor TK, Bushell G, Ghosh P: School screening for scoliosis: a look inside Pandora's box. Aust N Z J Surg. 1978, 48: 441-443.PubMedCrossRef
280.
Taylor TK, Bushell G, Ghosh P: School screening for scoliosis: a Pandora's box. Aust N Z J Surg. 1978, 48: 2-3.PubMedCrossRef
281.
Tenney HK: 1974 report on scoliosis screening. A supplement to slow dangerous curve. Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction. 1974
282.
Thompson F, Walsh M, Colville J: Moire topography: a method of screening for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Ir Med J. 1985, 78: 162-165.PubMed
283.
Tolo VT: Treatment, follow-up, or discharge. Spine. 1988, 13: 1189-1190. 10.1097/00007632-198810000-00025.PubMedCrossRef
284.
Tones M, Moss N, Polly DW: A review of quality of life and psychosocial issues in scoliosis. Spine. 2006, 31: 3027-3038. 10.1097/01.brs.0000249555.87601.fc.CrossRefPubMed
285.
Torell G, Nordwall A, Nachemson A: The changing pattern of scoliosis treatment due to effective screening. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1981, 63: 337-341.PubMedCrossRef
286.
Turcotte F, Rochon TM, Roy L, Gallien R: Scoliosis screening revisited. Scoliosis Research Society. Montreal. 1981
287.
Upadhyay SS, Burwell RG, Nicholson UJL, Webb JK: The integrated imaging system [ISIS] and the scoliometer for recording back shape in scoliosis. A reliability and comparative study revealing positional changes in back contour (hump dynamics). 4th International Symposium on Surface Topography and Spinal Deformity. Mont Sainte-Marie, Quebec, Canada. 1986
288.
Upadhyay SS, Burwell RG, Nicholson UJL, Webb JK: The integrated shape imaging system (ISIS) and the scoliometer for recording back shape in scoliosis. A reliability study. Proceedings of the British Scoliosis Society; March 21–22, 1986; Cambridge, UK. 1986
289.
Upadhyay SS, Burwell RG, Webb JK: Hump changes on forward flexion of the lumbar spine in patients with idiopathic scoliosis. A study using ISIS and the Scoliometer in two standard positions. Spine. 1988, 13: 146-151. 10.1097/00007632-198802000-00003.PubMedCrossRef
290.
Upadhyay SS, Burwell RG, Webb JK: ISIS and scoliometer for recording angle of trunk inclination in idiopathic scoliosis: an error study and a comparison revealing differences in the lumbal region. Proceedings of the 1st Congress of the European Spinal Deformities Society; April 16–19, 1986; Rome, Italy. 1986
291.
Screening for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Policy statement. US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 1993, 269: 2664-2666. 10.1001/jama.269.20.2664.
292.
US Preventive Service Task Force. Screening for idiopathic scoliosis in adolescents. Recommendation statement. 2004, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 540 Gaither Road, Rockville, MD 20850, [http://​uspstf@ahrq.​gov],
293.
Screening for idiopathic scoliosis in adolescents: a brief evidence update for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. [http://​www.​preventiveservic​es.​ahrq.​gov]. Guide to Clinical Preventive Services, 3rd Edition: Periodic Updates. AHRQ Publications Clearinghouse (call 1-800-358-9295, [http://​ahrqpubs@ahrq.​gov]. Web site of the National Guideline Clearinghouse™ [http://​www.​guideline.​gov]. AHRQ Pub. No. 05-0568-B. 2004
294.
Valavanis J, Bountis A, Zachariou C, Kokkonis D, Anagnostou D, Giahos D, Daskalakis E: Three-dimensional brace treatment for idiopathic scoliosis. Three-dimensional analysis of spinal deformities. 1995, D'Amico: IOS Press, 337-340.
295.
Valentino B, Maccauro L, Mango G, Melito F, Fabozzo A: Electromyography for the investigation and early diagnosis of scoliosis. Anat Clin. 1985, 7: 55-59. 10.1007/BF01654630.PubMedCrossRef
296.
Verrier M, Shillington ER, Wright TA, Crawford JS, Williams JJ: Testing reliability and validity of screening methods for scoliosis. 1979, Toronto: Health Care Research Unit Publication
297.
Verrier M, Shillington ER, Wright TA, Crawford JS, Williams JJ: Comparing methods of screening for scoliosis: testing for reliability and Validity. A research report. 1979, Toronto: Health Care Research Unit, University of Toronto
298.
Vinchon B: Presentation of an apparatus for measurement of scoliotic gibbosities. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot. 1965, 51: 643-644.PubMed
299.
Viviani GR: Assessment and treatment of mild adolescent scoliosis. Mod Med Canada. 1981, 36: 819-823.
300.
301.
Waisbrod V, Waisbrod H: Scoliosis in a school population. Harefuah. 1979, 97: 63-64.PubMed
302.
303.
Warner KE, Luce BR: Cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analysis in health care. 1982, Ann Arbor, MI: Hearth Administration Press
304.
Warren M, Leaver J, Alvik A: School screening for scoliosis. Lancet. 1981, 2: 522. 10.1016/S0140-6736(81)90899-0.PubMedCrossRef
305.
306.
Weidenbaum M, Riseborough E: The effect of school screening on the diagnosis and treatment of scoliosis. Annual Meeting of the Scoliosis Research Society. Toronto, Canada. 1981
307.
Weierman RJ, Lowell HA, Nadel CI, Pojedinec JJ: Scoliosis. To refer or not to refer. Prim Care. 1980, 7: 287-295.PubMed
308.
309.
310.
Weiss HR: Idiopathic scoliosis: how much of a genetic disorder? Report of five pairs of monozygotic twins. Dev Neurorehabil. 2007, 10: 67-73. 10.1080/13638490601005305.PubMedCrossRef
311.
Weiss HR, Negrini S, Hawes MC, Rigo M, Kotwicki T, Grivas TB, Maruyama T: Physical exercises in the treatment of idiopathic scoliosis at risk of brace treatment – SOSORT consensus paper 2005. Scoliosis. 2006, 1: 6. 10.1186/1748-7161-1-6.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
312.
Weiss HR, Negrini S, Rigo M, Kotwicki T, Hawes MC, Grivas TB, Maruyama T, Landauer F: Indications for conservative management of scoliosis (guidelines). Scoliosis. 2006, 1: 5. 10.1186/1748-7161-1-5.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
313.
Weiss HR, Weiss G, Petermann F: Incidence of curvature progression in idiopathic scoliosis patients treated with scoliosis in-patient rehabilitation (SIR): an age- and sex-matched controlled study. Pediatr Rehabil. 2003, 6: 23-30. 10.1080/1363849031000095288.PubMedCrossRef
314.
Weiss HR, Weiss G, Schaar HJ: Incidence of surgery in conservatively treated patients with scoliosis. Pediatr Rehabil. 2003, 6: 111-118. 10.1080/13638490310001593446.PubMedCrossRef
315.
Williams JI: Criteria for screening: are the effects predictable?. Spine. 1988, 13: 1178-1186. 10.1097/00007632-198810000-00023.CrossRefPubMed
316.
Williams JI, Herbert MA: Is school screening reliable?. Orthopaedic Transactions. 1985, 9: 110-111.
317.
Willner S: A comparative study of the efficiency of different types of school screening for scoliosis. Acta Orthop Scand. 1982, 53: 769-774.PubMedCrossRef
318.
Willner S: Spinal pantograph – a non-invasive technique for describing kyphosis and lordosis in the thoraco-lumbar spine. Acta Orthop Scand. 1981, 52: 525-529.PubMedCrossRef
319.
Willner S: Moire topography – a method for school screening of scoliosis. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1979, 95: 181-185. 10.1007/BF00460117.PubMedCrossRef
320.
Willner S: Moire topography-a non-invasive method for diagnosis and documentation of scoliosis in screening of children. Lakartidningen. 1982, 79: 2233-2236.PubMed
321.
Willner S: School screening in Malmo. Scoliosis prevention. 1985, Praeger Publishers
322.
Winter RB: Scoliosis and other spinal deformities. Acta Orthop Scand. 1975, 46: 400-424.PubMed
323.
Winter RB, Lonstein JE: To brace or not to brace: the true value of school screening. Spine. 1997, 22: 1283-1284. 10.1097/00007632-199706150-00001.PubMedCrossRef
324.
Winter RB, Moe JH: A plea for the routine school examination of children for spinal deformity. Minn Med. 1974, 57: 419-423.PubMed
325.
Wynne EJ: Scoliosis: to screen or not to screen. Can J Public Health. 1984, 75: 277-280.PubMed
326.
Yawn BP, Yawn RA, Hodge D, Kurland M, Shaughnessy WJ, Ilstrup D, Jacobsen SJ: A population-based study of school scoliosis screening. JAMA. 1999, 282: 1427-1432. 10.1001/jama.282.15.1427.PubMedCrossRef
327.
Zhang GB, Li ZR, Wei XR: Moiré topography in school screening for scoliosis. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi. 1987, 25: 387-389.PubMed
328.
Ziporyn T: Scoliosis management now subject of numerous questions. JAMA. 1985, 254: 3009-3011. 10.1001/jama.254.21.3009. 3015–3006, 3019CrossRefPubMed
329.
The periodic health examination. Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination. Can Med Assoc J. 1979, 121: 1193-1254.
330.
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force issues scoliosis screening policy. Am Fam Physician. 1993, 47: 1876-1877.
331.
Cote P, Kreitz BG, Cassidy JD, Dzus AK, Martel J: A study of the diagnostic accuracy and reliability of the Scoliometer and Adam's forward bend test. Spine. 1998, 23: 796-802. 10.1097/00007632-199804010-00011. discussion 803CrossRefPubMed
332.
333.
334.
335.
336.
337.
Feipel V, Aubin CE, Ciolofan OC, Beausejour M, Labelle H, Mathieu PA: Electromyogram and kinematic analysis of lateral bending in idiopathic scoliosis patients. Med Biol Eng Comput. 2002, 40: 497-505. 10.1007/BF02345446.PubMedCrossRef
338.
Jaremko JL, Poncet P, Ronsky J, Harder J, Dansereau J, Labelle H, Zernicke RF: Estimation of spinal deformity in scoliosis from torso surface cross sections. Spine. 2001, 26: 1583-1591. 10.1097/00007632-200107150-00017.CrossRefPubMed
339.
Jaremko JL, Poncet P, Ronsky J, Harder J, Dansereau J, Labelle H, Zernicke RF: Comparison of Cobb angles measured manually, calculated from 3-D spinal reconstruction, and estimated from torso asymmetry. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin. 2002, 5: 277-281. 10.1080/10255840290032649.PubMedCrossRef
340.
Leroux MA, Zabjek K, Simard G, Badeaux J, Coillard C, Rivard CH: A noninvasive anthropometric technique for measuring kyphosis and lordosis: an application for idiopathic scoliosis. Spine. 2000, 25: 1689-1694. 10.1097/00007632-200007010-00012.PubMedCrossRef
341.
Leroux MA, Zabjek K, Simard G, Coillard C, Rivard CH: Estimated kyphosis and lordosis changes at follow-up in patients with idiopathic scoliosis. J Pediatr Orthop. 2002, 22: 73-79. 10.1097/00004694-200201000-00016.PubMed
342.
Liu XC, Thometz JG, Lyon RM, Klein J: Functional classification of patients with idiopathic scoliosis assessed by the Quantec system: a discriminant functional analysis to determine patient curve magnitude. Spine. 2001, 26: 1274-1278. 10.1097/00007632-200106010-00020. discussion 1279PubMedCrossRef
343.
Poncet P, Dansereau J, Labelle H: Geometric torsion in idiopathic scoliosis: three-dimensional analysis and proposal for a new classification. Spine. 2001, 26: 2235-2243. 10.1097/00007632-200110150-00015.PubMedCrossRef
344.
Raso VJ, Lou E, Hill DL, Mahood JK, Moreau MJ, Durdle NG: Trunk distortion in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Pediatr Orthop. 1998, 18: 222-226. 10.1097/00004694-199803000-00017.PubMed
345.
Klisic P, Nikolic Z: Attitudes scoliotiques et scolioses idiopathiques: prévention à l'école. Personal communication. Journées Internationales sur la prévention des scolioses à l'âge scolaire Rome. 1982
346.
Mollon G, Rodot JC: Scolioses structurales mineures et kinesithérapie. Etude statistique comparative et résultats. Kinésithér Scient. 1986, 244: 47-56.
347.
Stone B, Beekman C, Hall V, Guess V, Brooks HL: The effect of an exercise program on change in curve in adolescents with minimal idiopathic scoliosis. A preliminary study. Physical Therapy. 1979, 59: 759-763.PubMedCrossRef
348.
Rigo M, Quera-Salvá G, Puigdevall N: Effect of the exclusive employment of physiotherapy in patients with idiopathic scoliosis. Retrospective study. Proceedings of the 11th International Congress of the World Confederation For Physical Therapy London. 28 July – 2. 1991, 1319-1321. August
349.
Ferraro C, Masiero S, Venturin A: Effect of exercise therapy on mild idiopathic scoliosis. Preliminary result. Europa Medico Physica. 1998, 34: 25-31.
350.
Den Boer WA, Anderson PG, Limbeek : Treatment of idiopathic scoliosis with with side-shift therapy: an initial comparison with a brace treatment historical cohort. Eur Spine J. 1999, 8: 406-410. 10.1007/s005860050195.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
351.
Negrini S, Antonini G, Carabalona R, Minozzi S: Physical exercises as a treatment for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. A systematic review. Ped Rehab. 2003, 6: 227-235. 10.1080/13638490310001636781.CrossRef
352.
Lenssinck ML, Frijlink AC, Berger MY, Bierman-Zeinstra SM, Verkerk K, Verhagen AP: Effect of bracing and other conservative interventions in the treatment of idiopathic scoliosis in adolescents: A systematic review of clinical trials. Phys Ther. 2005, 85 (12): 1329-39.PubMed
353.
Dickson RA, Leatherman KD: Cotrel traction, exercises, casting in the treatment of idiopathic scoliosis. A pilot study and prospective randomized controlled clinical trial. Acta Orthop Scand. 1978, 49 (1): 46-8.PubMedCrossRef
354.
Otman S, Kose N, Yakut Y: The efficacy of Schroth s 3-dimensional exercise therapy in the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in Turkey. Saudi Med J. 2005, 26 (9): 1429-35.PubMed
355.
Maryama T, Kitagawal T, Takeshita K, Nakainura K: Side shift exercise for idiopathic scoliosis after skeletal maturity. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2002, 91: 361-4.
356.
Weiss HR: The Schroth scoliosis-specific back school – initial results of a prospective follow-up study. Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb. 1995, 133 (2): 114-7.PubMedCrossRef
357.
Danielsson AJ, Hasserius R, Ohlin A, Nachemson AL: A prospective study of brace treatment versus observation alone in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a follow-up mean of 16 years after maturity. Spine. 2007, 32 (20): 2198-207.CrossRefPubMed
358.
359.
Grivas TB, Vasiliadis E, O'Brien JP: How to improve the effectiveness of school screening for idiopathic scoliosis. 1st SOSORT Instructional Course Lecture Book. Edited by: Grivas TB. 2008, Amsterdam: IOS Press,
360.
Gehlbach SH: Interpreting the medical literature. 1993, New York: McGraw-Hill Inc
361.
362.
363.
Sox HC, Woolf SH: Evidence-based practice guidelines from the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 1993, 269: 2678. 10.1001/jama.269.20.2678.PubMedCrossRef
364.
Metadata
Title
SOSORT consensus paper: school screening for scoliosis. Where are we today?
Authors
Theodoros B Grivas
Marian H Wade
Stefano Negrini
Joseph P O'Brien
Toru Maruyama
Martha C Hawes
Manuel Rigo
Hans Rudolf Weiss
Tomasz Kotwicki
Elias S Vasiliadis
Lior Neuhaus Sulam
Tamar Neuhous
Publication date
01-12-2007
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders / Issue 1/2007
Electronic ISSN: 2397-1789
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-7161-2-17

Other articles of this Issue 1/2007

Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders 1/2007 Go to the issue

Research

The effect of growth on the correlation between the spinal and rib cage deformity: implications on idiopathic scoliosis pathogenesis

Research

Brace related stress in scoliosis patients – Comparison of different concepts of bracing

Research

High pressures and asymmetrical stresses in the scoliotic disc in the absence of muscle loading

Editorial

Is there a body of evidence for the treatment of patients with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS)?

Methodology

Trunk rotational strength asymmetry in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis: an observational study

Case Report

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Rare causes of scoliosis and spine deformity: experience and particular features