Top

Open Access 12-02-2024 | Smoking and Nicotine Detoxification | REVIEW ARTICLE

Towards stronger tobacco control policies to curb the smoking epidemic in Spain

Authors: Mónica Pérez-Ríos, Jasjit Ahluwalia, Carla Guerra-Tort, Guadalupe García, Julia Rey-Brandariz, Nerea Mourino-Castro, Ana Teijeiro, Raquel Casal-Fernández, Iñaki Galán, Leonor Varela-Lema, Alberto Ruano-Ravina

Published in: Clinical and Translational Oncology

Abstract

Smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke pose a significant risk to the health of populations. Although this evidence is not new, the commitment of countries to implement laws aimed at controlling consumption and eliminating exposure to secondhand smoke is uneven. Thus, in North America or in Europe, locations like California or Ireland, are pioneers in establishing policies aimed at protecting the population against smoking and secondhand smoke. Identifying measures that have worked would help control this important Public Health problem in other countries that are further behind in tobacco control policies. In Spain, there has been almost 15 years of little political action in legislation oriented to control the tobacco epidemic. If we want to achieve the tobacco endgame, new legislative measures must be implemented. In this paper, we have elucidated tobacco control policies that could be implemented and show how different countries have done so.

Dai X, Gakidou E, Lopez AD. Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action. Tob Control. 2022;31(2):129–37. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056535.CrossRefPubMed

Rey-Brandariz J, Perez-Rios M, Santiago-Perez MI, Galan I, Schiaffino A, Varela-Lema L, et al. Trends in smoking-attributable mortality in Spain: 1990–2018. Eur J Public Health. 2022;32(6):919–25. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckac165.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Yousuf H, Hofstra M, Tijssen J, Leenen B, Lindemans JW, van Rossum A, et al. Estimated worldwide mortality attributed to secondhand tobacco smoke exposure, 1990–2016. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(3): e201177. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.1177.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Ma C, Heiland EG, Li Z, Zhao M, Liang Y, Xi B. Global trends in the prevalence of secondhand smoke exposure among adolescents aged 12–16 years from 1999 to 2018: an analysis of repeated cross-sectional surveys. Lancet Glob Health. 2021;9(12):1667–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00365-X.CrossRef

United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare. Smoking and Health. Report of the Advisory Committee on Smoking and Health to the Surgeon General of the United States Public Health Service. Washington, DC:1964. https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/index.htm. Accessed 13 Nov 2023

Royal College of Physicians. Smoking and health. A new Report on smoking and its effects on health from the Royal College of Physicians of London. London: 1962. https://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/projects/outputs/smoking-and-health-1962. Accessed 13 Nov 2023.

Roeseler A, Burns D. The quarter that changed the world. Tob Control. 2010;19(S1):3–15. https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2009.030809.CrossRef

Cornelius M, Wang T, Jamal A, Loretan C, Willis G, Graham-Glover B, et al. State-specific prevalence of adult tobacco product use and cigarette smoking cessation behaviors, United States, 2018–2019. Prev Chronic Dis. 2023;20:107. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd20.230132.CrossRef

World Health Organization (WHO). Framework convention on tobacco control. 2003. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/42811/9241591013.pdf?sequence=1. Accessed 25 Nov 2023

10.

World Health Organization (WHO) Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, (2008) The MPOWER package. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2008. Accessed 28 Oct 2023

11.

Rey-Brandariz J, Ruano-Ravina A, Guerra-Tort C, Santiago-Pérez M, Montes A, Varela-Lema L, et al. Evolución de la prevalencia de consumo de tabaco en España y sus 17 comunidades autónomas. 1987–2020. Gac Sanit. 2023;37(S1):S6-56.

12.

Ministerio de Sanidad. Portal Estadístico del Sistema Nacional de Salud (SNS). Base de datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud de España. https://www.sanidad.gob.es/estadisticas/microdatos.do . Accessed 29 Oct 2023

13.

Rey-Brandariz J, Pérez-Ríos M, Santiago-Pérez M, Galán I, Schiaffino A, Varela-Lema L, et al. Trends in smoking-attributable mortality in Spain: 1990–2018. Eur J Public Health. 2022;32(6):919–25. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckac165.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

14.

Lopez MJ, Perez-Rios M, Schiaffino A, Nebot M, Montes A, Ariza C, et al. Mortality attributable to passive smoking in Spain, 2002. Tob Control. 2007;16(6):373–7. https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2006.019679.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

15.

Pérez-Ríos M, López-Medina DC, Guerra-Tort C, Rey-Brandariz J, Varela-Lema L, Santiago-Pérez MI, et al. Mortality attributable to environmental tobacco smoke exposure in Spain in 2020. Arch Bronconeumol. 2023;59(5):305–10.CrossRefPubMed

16.

Jefatura del Estado. Ley 42/2010, de 30 de diciembre, por la que se modifica la Ley 28/2005, de 26 de diciembre, de medidas sanitarias frente al tabaquismo y reguladora de la venta, el suministro, el consumo y la publicidad de los productos del tabaco. BOE-A-2010–20138; 2010. https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2010-20138 Accessed 21 Nov 2023

17.

Joossens L, Olefir L, Feliu A, Fernandez E. The Tobacco Control Scale 2021 in Europe. Brussels: Smoke Free Partnership, Catalan Institute of Oncology; 2022. https://www.tobaccocontrolscale.org/2021-edition/. Accessed 20 Nov 2023

18.

World Health Organization (WHO). Report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2023: protect people from tobacco smoke. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO

19.

Chaloupka FJ, Straif K, Leon ME, Working Group IAfRoC. Effectiveness of tax and price policies in tobacco control. Tob Control. 2011;20(3):235–8. https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2010.039982.CrossRefPubMed

20.

Chaloupka FJ, Yurekli A, Fong GT. Tobacco taxes as a tobacco control strategy. Tob Control. 2012;21(2):172–80. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050417.CrossRefPubMed

21.

Balogh EP, Dresler C, Fleury ME, Gritz ER, Kean TJ, Myers ML, et al. Reducing tobacco-related cancer incidence and mortality: summary of an institute of medicine workshop. Oncologist. 2014;19(1):21–31. https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2013-0230.CrossRefPubMed

22.

WHO technical manual on tobacco tax policy and administration. Geneva: World.Health Organization; 2021. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO

23.

WHO technical manual on tobacco tax administration. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.

24.

Department of Health and Human Services (US). Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Coordinating Center for Health Promotion, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health. The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: a report of the surgeon general. Atlanta (GA), 2006. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK44324/

25.

California Labor Code. Ch 3 pt 1 div 5; 6404.5. Available at: https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=LAB&sectionNum=6404.5 Accessed 26 Oct 2023

26.

American Lung Association. State of Tobacco Control 2022. California Local Grades. https://www.lung.org/. Accessed Oct 25 2023

27.

Rozema AD, Mathijssen JJ, Jansen MW, van Oers JA. Schools as smoke-free zones? Barriers and facilitators to the adoption of outdoor school ground smoking bans at secondary schools. Tob Induc Dis. 2016;14:10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12971-016-0076-9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

28.

Boderie NW, Sheikh A, Lo E, Sheikh A, Burdorf A, van Lenthe FJ, et al. Public support for smoke-free policies in outdoor areas and (semi-)private places: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine. 2023;59: 101982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101982.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

29.

Lowrie C, Pearson AL, Thomson G. Inequities in coverage of smokefree outdoor space policies within the United States: school grounds and playgrounds. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):736. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5602-7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

30.

Winickoff JP, Gottlieb M, Mello MM. Regulation of smoking in public housing. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(24):2319–25. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmhle1000941.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

31.

California Health and Safety Code 2007. Health and Safety Code. Section 118947–118949. https://law.justia.com/codes/california/2007/hsc/118947-118949.html#:~:text=CA%20Codes%20(hsc%3A118947%2D118949)&text=118947.,which%20there%20is%20a%20minor. Accessed 26 Oct 2023

32.

American Nonsmokers’ Rights Foundation. U.S Public housing authority policies restricting or prohibiting smoking. 2023 https://no-smoke.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf/public-housing-authorities.pdf. Accessed 4 Nov 2023

33.

Snyder K, Vick JH, King BA. Smoke-free multiunit housing: a review of the scientific literature. Tob Control. 2016;25(1):9–20. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051849.CrossRefPubMed

34.

Kennedy RD, Ellens-Clark S, Nagge L, Douglas O, Madill C, Kaufman P. A smoke-free community housing policy: changes in reported smoking behaviour-findings from Waterloo Region Canada. J Commun Health. 2015;40(6):1207–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-015-0050-0.CrossRef

35.

Brooks A, Buchanan T, Oakes W. Smoke-free environments: current status and remaining challenges in Australia. Public Health Res Pract. 2020;30(3):3032022. https://doi.org/10.17061/phrp3032022.CrossRefPubMed

36.

Turner S, Mackay D, Dick S, Semple S, Pell JP. Associations between a smoke-free homes intervention and childhood admissions to hospital in Scotland: an interrupted time-series analysis of whole-population data. Lancet Public Health. 2020;5(9):e493–500.CrossRefPubMed

37.

Scottish Government. Cabinet Secretary for NHS Recovery: Health and social care. The Scottish Health Survey 2018: main report—revised 2020. 2020. https://www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-health-survey-2018-volume-1-main-report/. Accessed 5 Nov 2023

38.

Scottish Government. Population Health Directorate: Health and social care.Raising Scotland’s tobacco-free generation: our tobacco control action plan 2018. https://www.gov.scot/publications/raising-scotlands-tobacco-free-generation-tobacco-control-action-plan-2018/pages/3/ Accessed 5 Nov 2023

39.

Buckley K, Cheeseman H. Action on Smoking and Health. Smoking in the home: New solutions for a Smokefree Generation. 2018. https://ash.org.uk/uploads/FINAL-2018-Smokefree-Housing-report_exec-sum_web.pdf?v=1648034308. Accessed 5 Nov 2023

40.

McDaniel PA, Malone RE. health care organizations and policy leadership: perspectives on nonsmoker-only hiring policies. Acad Med. 2018;93(2):299–305. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000001956.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

41.

Voigt K. Ethical concerns in tobacco control nonsmoker and “nonnicotine” hiring policies: the implications of employment restrictions for tobacco control. Am J Public Health. 2012;102(11):2013–8. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300745.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

42.

Hospital Employee Health. Relias Media. Cleveland Clinic: New hires must be nonsmokers. 2008. https://www.reliasmedia.com/articles/13807-cleveland-clinic-new-hires-must-be-nonsmokers. Accessed 19 Oct 2023

43.

Johnson S. Smoke-free Worforce Policies. American Progress. 2006. https://www.americanprogress.org/article/smoke-free-workforce-policies. Accessed 19 Oct 2023

44.

Marsh L, Vaneckova P, Robertson L, Johnson TO, Doscher C, Raskind IG, et al. Association between density and proximity of tobacco retail outlets with smoking: a systematic review of youth studies. Health Place. 2021;67: 102275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.102275.CrossRefPubMed

45.

Valiente R, Escobar F, Urtasun M, Franco M, Shortt NK, Sureda X. Tobacco retail environment and smoking: a systematic review of geographic exposure measures and implications for future studies. Nicotine Tob Res. 2021;23(8):1263–73. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntaa223.CrossRefPubMed

46.

Thornley L, Edwards R, GT. WA. Achieiving smokefree aotearoa by 2025. 2017. https://aspire2025.files.wordpress.com/2017/08/asap-main-report-for-web2.pdf. Accessed 31 Oct 2023

47.

Marsh L, Doscher C, Robertson LA. Characteristics of tobacco retailers in New Zealand. Health Place. 2013;23:165–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2013.07.003.CrossRefPubMed

48.

Coughlin P, Jr. JF. A Review of R.J. Reynolds' Internal Documents Produced in Mangini vs. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, Civil Number 939359 -- The Case that Rid California and the American Landscape of “Joe Camel.” 1998. https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Mangini_report.pdf. Accessed 2 Nov 2023

49.

Kuipers MAG, Nuyts PAW, Willemsen MC, Kunst AE. Tobacco retail licencing systems in Europe. Tob Control. 2022;31(6):784–8. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-055910.CrossRefPubMed

50.

World Health Organisation. WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control overview. 2003. https://fctc.who.int/who-fctc/overview. Accessed 15 Sep 2022

51.

Tobacco Control Laws. Legislation. 2023. https://www.tobaccocontrollaws.org/legislation. Accessed 3 Nov 2023

52.

Food and Drug Administration. Family smoking prevention and tobacco control act—an overview. 2020. https://www.fda.gov/tobacco-products/rules-regulations-and-guidance/family-smoking-prevention-and-tobacco-control-act-overview. Accessed 3 Nov 2023

53.

Smokefree Environments and Regulated Products Amendment Regulations 2023. https://www.health.govt.nz/our-work/regulation-health-and-disability-system/smoked-tobacco-products/smokefree-environments-and-regulated-products-smoked-tobacco-amendment-act. Accessed 30 Oct 2023

54.

McCall C. A smoke-free generation: new Zealand’s tobacco ban. Lancet. 2022;399(10339):1930–1. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00925-4.CrossRefPubMed

55.

Khoo D, Chiam Y, Ng P, Berrick AJ, Koong HN. Phasing-out tobacco: proposal to deny access to tobacco for those born from 2000. Tob Control. 2010;19(5):355–60. https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2009.031153.CrossRefPubMed

56.

Ministry of Health Singapore. Tobacco-free generation. 2023. https://www.moh.gov.sg/news-highlights/details/tobacco-free-generation. Accessed 19 Oct 2023

57.

Amul GGH, Ong SE, Mohd Khalib A, Yoong JS. Time for tobacco-free generations in the Western Pacific? Lancet Reg Health West Pac. 2022;24: 100530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanwpc.2022.100530.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

58.

Zhang X, Vuong TD, Andersen-Rodgers E, Roeseler A. Evaluation of California’s “Tobacco 21” law. Tob Control. 2018;27(6):656–62. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-054088.CrossRefPubMed

59.

Tobacco 21. 2021. https://www.fda.gov/tobacco-products/retail-sales-tobacco-products/tobacco-2. Accessed 14 Nov 2023

60.

Chapman S. The case for a smoker’s license. PLoS Med. 2012;9(11): e1001342. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001342.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

61.

Collin J. The case against a smoker’s license. PLoS Med. 2012;9(11): e1001343. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001343.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

62.

Magnusson RS, Currow DC. Could a scheme for licensing smokers work in Australia? Med J Aust. 2013;199(11):742. https://doi.org/10.5694/mja13.11098.CrossRefPubMed

63.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/stateandcommunity/tobacco-control/index.htm. Accessed 15 Oct 2023

64.

Malone RE. The race to a tobacco endgame. Tob Control. 2016;25(6):607–8. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053466.CrossRefPubMed

65.

Malone RE, Proctor RN. Prohibition no, abolition yes! Rethinking how we talk about ending the cigarette epidemic. Tob Control. 2022;31(2):376–81. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056577.CrossRefPubMed

66.

National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health. Best practices for comprehensive tobacco control programs. Preventive Services Task Force. 2014. https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/stateandcommunity/guides/pdfs/2014/comprehensive.pdf. Accessed 2 Nov 2023

67.

Lavis JN, Posada FB, Haines A, Osei E. Use of research to inform public policymaking. Lancet. 2004;364(9445):1615–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17317-0.CrossRefPubMed

68.

Pope C, Mays N, Popay J. Informing policy making and management in healthcare: the place for synthesis. Healthc Policy. 2006;1(2):43–8.PubMedPubMedCentral

69.

Happer C, Philo G. The role of the media in the construction of public belief and social change. J Soc Pol Psycol. 2013;1(1):321. https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v1i1.96.CrossRef

70.

Portes LH, Machado CV, Turci SRB. History of Brazil’s tobacco control policy from 1986 to 2016. Cad Saude Publica. 2018;34(2): e00017317. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00017317.CrossRefPubMed

Title: Towards stronger tobacco control policies to curb the smoking epidemic in Spain
Authors: Mónica Pérez-Ríos
Jasjit Ahluwalia
Carla Guerra-Tort
Guadalupe García
Julia Rey-Brandariz
Nerea Mourino-Castro
Ana Teijeiro
Raquel Casal-Fernández
Iñaki Galán
Leonor Varela-Lema
Alberto Ruano-Ravina
Publication date: 12-02-2024
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Keyword: Smoking and Nicotine Detoxification
Published in: Clinical and Translational Oncology
Print ISSN: 1699-048X
Electronic ISSN: 1699-3055
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12094-024-03385-9

Webinar | 19-02-2024 | 17:30 (CET)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on antibody–drug conjugates in cancer

Watch now

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are novel agents that have shown promise across multiple tumor types. Explore the current landscape of ADCs in breast and lung cancer with our experts, and gain insights into the mechanism of action, key clinical trials data, existing challenges, and future directions.

Dr. Véronique Diéras

Prof. Fabrice Barlesi

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on antibody–drug conjugates in cancer