“Shared experience makes this all possible”: documenting the guiding principles of peer-led services for people released from prison

go back to reference Dong KR, Daudelin DH, Koutoujian PJ, Cabrera A, Pezzullo O, Grossman A, et al. Lessons learned from the pathways to community health study to evaluate the transition of care from jail to community for men with HIV. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2021;35(9):360–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Dong KR, Daudelin DH, Koutoujian PJ, Cabrera A, Pezzullo O, Grossman A, et al. Lessons learned from the pathways to community health study to evaluate the transition of care from jail to community for men with HIV. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2021;35(9):360–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Stewart AC, Cossar RD, Wilkinson AL, Quinn B, Dietze P, Walker S, et al. The Prison and Transition Health (PATH) cohort study: prevalence of health, social, and crime characteristics after release from prison for men reporting a history of injecting drug use in Victoria, Australia. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2021;227:108970.PubMedCrossRef Stewart AC, Cossar RD, Wilkinson AL, Quinn B, Dietze P, Walker S, et al. The Prison and Transition Health (PATH) cohort study: prevalence of health, social, and crime characteristics after release from prison for men reporting a history of injecting drug use in Victoria, Australia. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2021;227:108970.PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Buck K, Cochran A, Young H, Gordon MJ, Yuen HK, Tucker SC. The facilitators and barriers faced when transitioning back into the community following a prison sentence. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol. 2022;66(10–11):1156–74.PubMedCrossRef Buck K, Cochran A, Young H, Gordon MJ, Yuen HK, Tucker SC. The facilitators and barriers faced when transitioning back into the community following a prison sentence. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol. 2022;66(10–11):1156–74.PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Hyde J, Byrne T, Petrakis BA, Yakovchenko V, Kim B, Fincke G, et al. Enhancing community integration after incarceration: findings from a prospective study of an intensive peer support intervention for veterans with an historical comparison group. Health Justice. 2022;10(1):33.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Hyde J, Byrne T, Petrakis BA, Yakovchenko V, Kim B, Fincke G, et al. Enhancing community integration after incarceration: findings from a prospective study of an intensive peer support intervention for veterans with an historical comparison group. Health Justice. 2022;10(1):33.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Keene DE, Rosenberg A, Schlesinger P, Guo M, Blankenship KM. Navigating limited and uncertain access to subsidized housing after prison. Hous Policy Debate. 2018;28(2):199–214.PubMedCrossRef Keene DE, Rosenberg A, Schlesinger P, Guo M, Blankenship KM. Navigating limited and uncertain access to subsidized housing after prison. Hous Policy Debate. 2018;28(2):199–214.PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference McLeod KE, Timler K, Korchinski M, Young P, Milkovich T, McBride C, et al. Supporting people leaving prisons during COVID-19: perspectives from peer health mentors. Int J Prison Health. 2021;ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print):206–16. McLeod KE, Timler K, Korchinski M, Young P, Milkovich T, McBride C, et al. Supporting people leaving prisons during COVID-19: perspectives from peer health mentors. Int J Prison Health. 2021;ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print):206–16.

go back to reference Palis H, Zhao B, Young P, Korchinski M, Greiner L, Nicholls T, et al. Stimulant use disorder diagnosis and opioid agonist treatment dispensation following release from prison: a cohort study. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2022;17(1):77.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Palis H, Zhao B, Young P, Korchinski M, Greiner L, Nicholls T, et al. Stimulant use disorder diagnosis and opioid agonist treatment dispensation following release from prison: a cohort study. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2022;17(1):77.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Hopkin G, Evans-Lacko S, Forrester A, Shaw J, Thornicroft G. Interventions at the transition from prison to the community for prisoners with mental illness: a systematic review. Adm Policy Ment Health. 2018;45(4):623–34.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Hopkin G, Evans-Lacko S, Forrester A, Shaw J, Thornicroft G. Interventions at the transition from prison to the community for prisoners with mental illness: a systematic review. Adm Policy Ment Health. 2018;45(4):623–34.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Al Abosy J, Grossman A, Dong KR. Determinants and consequences of food and nutrition insecurity in justice-impacted populations. Curr Nutr Rep. 2022;11(3):407–15.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Al Abosy J, Grossman A, Dong KR. Determinants and consequences of food and nutrition insecurity in justice-impacted populations. Curr Nutr Rep. 2022;11(3):407–15.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Martin K, Taylor A, Howell B, Fox A. Does criminal justice stigma affect health and health care utilization? A systematic review of public health and medical literature. Int J Prison Health. 2020;16(3):263–79.PubMedCrossRef Martin K, Taylor A, Howell B, Fox A. Does criminal justice stigma affect health and health care utilization? A systematic review of public health and medical literature. Int J Prison Health. 2020;16(3):263–79.PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Givens A, Jacobs LA, Canada KE, Edwards D Jr. Mental illness-related stigma among probation officers. Crim Behav Ment Health. 2022;32(2):138–47.PubMedCrossRef Givens A, Jacobs LA, Canada KE, Edwards D Jr. Mental illness-related stigma among probation officers. Crim Behav Ment Health. 2022;32(2):138–47.PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Browne AJ, Lavoie JG, McCallum MJL, Canoe CB. Addressing anti-Indigenous racism in Canadian health systems: multi-tiered approaches are required. Can J Public Health. 2022;113(2):222–6.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Browne AJ, Lavoie JG, McCallum MJL, Canoe CB. Addressing anti-Indigenous racism in Canadian health systems: multi-tiered approaches are required. Can J Public Health. 2022;113(2):222–6.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Aldridge RW, Story A, Hwang SW, Nordentoft M, Luchenski SA, Hartwell G, et al. Morbidity and mortality in homeless individuals, prisoners, sex workers, and individuals with substance use disorders in high-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018;391(10117):241–50.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Aldridge RW, Story A, Hwang SW, Nordentoft M, Luchenski SA, Hartwell G, et al. Morbidity and mortality in homeless individuals, prisoners, sex workers, and individuals with substance use disorders in high-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018;391(10117):241–50.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Pizzicato LN, Drake R, Domer-Shank R, Johnson CC, Viner KM. Beyond the walls: risk factors for overdose mortality following release from the Philadelphia Department of Prisons. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018;189:108–15.PubMedCrossRef Pizzicato LN, Drake R, Domer-Shank R, Johnson CC, Viner KM. Beyond the walls: risk factors for overdose mortality following release from the Philadelphia Department of Prisons. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018;189:108–15.PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Palis H, Hu K, Rioux W, Korchinski M, Young P, Greiner L, et al. Association of Mental health services access and reincarceration among adults released from prison in British Columbia, Canada. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(12):e2247146.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Palis H, Hu K, Rioux W, Korchinski M, Young P, Greiner L, et al. Association of Mental health services access and reincarceration among adults released from prison in British Columbia, Canada. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(12):e2247146.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Hansen MA, Modak S, McMaster S, Zoorob R, Gonzalez S. Implementing peer recovery coaching and improving outcomes for substance use disorders in underserved communities. J Ethn Subst Abuse. 2022;21(3):1029–42.PubMedCrossRef Hansen MA, Modak S, McMaster S, Zoorob R, Gonzalez S. Implementing peer recovery coaching and improving outcomes for substance use disorders in underserved communities. J Ethn Subst Abuse. 2022;21(3):1029–42.PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Ray B, Watson DP, Xu H, Salyers MP, Victor G, Sightes E, et al. Peer recovery services for persons returning from prison: pilot randomized clinical trial investigation of SUPPORT. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2021;126:108339.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Ray B, Watson DP, Xu H, Salyers MP, Victor G, Sightes E, et al. Peer recovery services for persons returning from prison: pilot randomized clinical trial investigation of SUPPORT. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2021;126:108339.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Kreager DA, Schaefer DR, Davidson KM, Zajac G, Haynie DL, De Leon G. Evaluating peer-influence processes in a prison-based therapeutic community: a dynamic network approach. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019;203:13–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kreager DA, Schaefer DR, Davidson KM, Zajac G, Haynie DL, De Leon G. Evaluating peer-influence processes in a prison-based therapeutic community: a dynamic network approach. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019;203:13–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Marlow E, Grajeda W, Lee Y, Young E, Williams M, Hill K. Peer mentoring for male parolees: a CBPR pilot study. Prog Community Health Partnersh. 2015;9(1):91–100.PubMedCrossRef Marlow E, Grajeda W, Lee Y, Young E, Williams M, Hill K. Peer mentoring for male parolees: a CBPR pilot study. Prog Community Health Partnersh. 2015;9(1):91–100.PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Andreae SJ, Andreae LJ, Cherrington A, Richman J, Safford M. Peer coach delivered storytelling program for diabetes medication adherence: Intervention development and process outcomes. Contemp Clin Trials Commun. 2020;20:100653.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Andreae SJ, Andreae LJ, Cherrington A, Richman J, Safford M. Peer coach delivered storytelling program for diabetes medication adherence: Intervention development and process outcomes. Contemp Clin Trials Commun. 2020;20:100653.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Katz IT, Bogart LM, Fitzmaurice GM, Staggs VS, Gwadz MV, Bassett IV, et al. The treatment ambassador program: a highly acceptable and feasible community-based peer intervention for South Africans living with HIV who delay or discontinue antiretroviral therapy. AIDS Behav. 2021;25(4):1129–43.PubMedCrossRef Katz IT, Bogart LM, Fitzmaurice GM, Staggs VS, Gwadz MV, Bassett IV, et al. The treatment ambassador program: a highly acceptable and feasible community-based peer intervention for South Africans living with HIV who delay or discontinue antiretroviral therapy. AIDS Behav. 2021;25(4):1129–43.PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Pijl E, Oosterbroek T, Motz T, Mason E, Hamilton K. Peer-assisted injection as a harm reduction measure in a supervised consumption service: a qualitative study of client experiences. Harm Reduct J. 2021;18(1):5.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Pijl E, Oosterbroek T, Motz T, Mason E, Hamilton K. Peer-assisted injection as a harm reduction measure in a supervised consumption service: a qualitative study of client experiences. Harm Reduct J. 2021;18(1):5.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Parkes T, Matheson C, Carver H, Foster R, Budd J, Liddell D, et al. A peer-delivered intervention to reduce harm and improve the well-being of homeless people with problem substance use: the SHARPS feasibility mixed-methods study. Health Technol Assess. 2022;26(14):1–128.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Parkes T, Matheson C, Carver H, Foster R, Budd J, Liddell D, et al. A peer-delivered intervention to reduce harm and improve the well-being of homeless people with problem substance use: the SHARPS feasibility mixed-methods study. Health Technol Assess. 2022;26(14):1–128.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Bardwell G, Kerr T, Boyd J, McNeil R. Characterizing peer roles in an overdose crisis: preferences for peer workers in overdose response programs in emergency shelters. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018;190:6–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Bardwell G, Kerr T, Boyd J, McNeil R. Characterizing peer roles in an overdose crisis: preferences for peer workers in overdose response programs in emergency shelters. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018;190:6–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Baggio S, Vernaz N, Spechbach H, Salamun J, Jacquerioz F, Stringhini S, et al. Vulnerable patients forgo health care during the first wave of the Covid-19 pandemic. Prev Med. 2021;150:106696.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Baggio S, Vernaz N, Spechbach H, Salamun J, Jacquerioz F, Stringhini S, et al. Vulnerable patients forgo health care during the first wave of the Covid-19 pandemic. Prev Med. 2021;150:106696.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Amin A, Winetsky D, Schpero WL. Access to primary and specialty health care in the California State prison population during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Health Forum. 2022;3(7):e221868.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Amin A, Winetsky D, Schpero WL. Access to primary and specialty health care in the California State prison population during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Health Forum. 2022;3(7):e221868.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Efunnuga H, Higgs P, Walker S, O’Keefe D. Health service utilisation and access for people who inject drugs during COVID-19. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2022;41(6):1304–10.PubMedCrossRef Efunnuga H, Higgs P, Walker S, O’Keefe D. Health service utilisation and access for people who inject drugs during COVID-19. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2022;41(6):1304–10.PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Gan WQ, Kinner SA, Nicholls TL, Xavier CG, Urbanoski K, Greiner L, et al. Risk of overdose-related death for people with a history of incarceration. Addiction. 2021;116(6):1460–71. Gan WQ, Kinner SA, Nicholls TL, Xavier CG, Urbanoski K, Greiner L, et al. Risk of overdose-related death for people with a history of incarceration. Addiction. 2021;116(6):1460–71.

go back to reference Keen C, Kinner SA, Young JT, Snow K, Zhao B, Gan W, et al. Periods of altered risk for non-fatal drug overdose: a self-controlled case series. Lancet Public Health. 2021;6:e249–59 England: © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. Published by Elsevier Ltd.PubMedCrossRef Keen C, Kinner SA, Young JT, Snow K, Zhao B, Gan W, et al. Periods of altered risk for non-fatal drug overdose: a self-controlled case series. Lancet Public Health. 2021;6:e249–59 England: © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. Published by Elsevier Ltd.PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Palis H, Gan W, Xavier C, Desai R, Scow M, Sedgemore KO, et al. Association of opioid and stimulant use disorder diagnoses with fatal and nonfatal overdose among people with a history of incarceration. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(11):e2243653.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Palis H, Gan W, Xavier C, Desai R, Scow M, Sedgemore KO, et al. Association of opioid and stimulant use disorder diagnoses with fatal and nonfatal overdose among people with a history of incarceration. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(11):e2243653.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Watt D. On becoming a qualitative researcher: The value of reflexivity. Qual Rep. 2007;12(1):82–101. Watt D. On becoming a qualitative researcher: The value of reflexivity. Qual Rep. 2007;12(1):82–101.

go back to reference Charmaz K. Grounded theory as an emergent method. Press TG, editor. New York; 2008. Charmaz K. Grounded theory as an emergent method. Press TG, editor. New York; 2008.

go back to reference Charmaz K. Constructing grounded theory: a practical guide through qualitative analysis. New York: Sage; 2006. Charmaz K. Constructing grounded theory: a practical guide through qualitative analysis. New York: Sage; 2006.

go back to reference Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol. 2006;3(2):77–101.CrossRef Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol. 2006;3(2):77–101.CrossRef

go back to reference Oliver C, Charles G. Which strengths-based practice? Reconciling strengths-based practice and mandated authority in child protection work. Soc Work. 2015;60(2):135–43.PubMedCrossRef Oliver C, Charles G. Which strengths-based practice? Reconciling strengths-based practice and mandated authority in child protection work. Soc Work. 2015;60(2):135–43.PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Gillard S, Foster R, Gibson S, Goldsmith L, Marks J, White S. Describing a principles-based approach to developing and evaluating peer worker roles as peer support moves into mainstream mental health services. Ment Health Soc Incl. 2017;21(3):133–43.CrossRef Gillard S, Foster R, Gibson S, Goldsmith L, Marks J, White S. Describing a principles-based approach to developing and evaluating peer worker roles as peer support moves into mainstream mental health services. Ment Health Soc Incl. 2017;21(3):133–43.CrossRef

go back to reference Tobin KE, Heidari O, Winiker A, Pollock S, Rothwell MD, Alexander K, et al. Peer approaches to improve HIV care cascade outcomes: a scoping review focused on peer behavioral mechanisms. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2022;19(4):251–64.PubMedCrossRef Tobin KE, Heidari O, Winiker A, Pollock S, Rothwell MD, Alexander K, et al. Peer approaches to improve HIV care cascade outcomes: a scoping review focused on peer behavioral mechanisms. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2022;19(4):251–64.PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Brown G, Perry GE, Byrne J, Crawford S, Henderson C, Madden A, et al. Characterising the policy influence of peer-based drug user organisations in the context of hepatitis C elimination. Int J Drug Policy. 2019;72:24–32.PubMedCrossRef Brown G, Perry GE, Byrne J, Crawford S, Henderson C, Madden A, et al. Characterising the policy influence of peer-based drug user organisations in the context of hepatitis C elimination. Int J Drug Policy. 2019;72:24–32.PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Small W, Wood E, Tobin D, Rikley J, Lapushinsky D, Kerr T. The Injection Support Team: a peer-driven program to address unsafe injecting in a Canadian setting. Subst Use Misuse. 2012;47(5):491–501.PubMedCrossRef Small W, Wood E, Tobin D, Rikley J, Lapushinsky D, Kerr T. The Injection Support Team: a peer-driven program to address unsafe injecting in a Canadian setting. Subst Use Misuse. 2012;47(5):491–501.PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Chinman M, George P, Dougherty RH, Daniels AS, Ghose SS, Swift A, et al. Peer support services for individuals with serious mental illnesses: assessing the evidence. Psychiatr Serv. 2014;65(4):429–41.PubMedCrossRef Chinman M, George P, Dougherty RH, Daniels AS, Ghose SS, Swift A, et al. Peer support services for individuals with serious mental illnesses: assessing the evidence. Psychiatr Serv. 2014;65(4):429–41.PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Stefancic A, House S, Bochicchio L, Harney-Delehanty B, Osterweil S, Cabassa L. “What we have in common”: a qualitative analysis of shared experience in peer-delivered services. Community Ment Health J. 2019;55(6):907–15.PubMedCrossRef Stefancic A, House S, Bochicchio L, Harney-Delehanty B, Osterweil S, Cabassa L. “What we have in common”: a qualitative analysis of shared experience in peer-delivered services. Community Ment Health J. 2019;55(6):907–15.PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Dennis CL. Peer support within a health care context: a concept analysis. Int J Nurs Stud. 2003;40(3):321–32.PubMedCrossRef Dennis CL. Peer support within a health care context: a concept analysis. Int J Nurs Stud. 2003;40(3):321–32.PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Barrenger SL, Maurer K, Moore KL, Hong I. Mental health recovery: peer specialists with mental health and incarceration experiences. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2020;90(4):479–88.PubMedCrossRef Barrenger SL, Maurer K, Moore KL, Hong I. Mental health recovery: peer specialists with mental health and incarceration experiences. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2020;90(4):479–88.PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Gillard S, Edwards C, Gibson S, Holley J, Owen K. Health services and delivery research. In: New ways of working in mental health services: a qualitative, comparative case study assessing and informing the emergence of new peer worker roles in mental health services in England. Southampton: NIHR Journals Library; 2014. Copyright © Queen’s Printer and Controller of HMSO 2014. This work was produced by Gillard et al. under the terms of a commissioning contract issued by the Secretary of State for Health. This issue may be freely reproduced for the purposes of private research and study and extracts (or indeed, the full report) may be included in professional journals provided that suitable acknowledgement is made and the reproduction is not associated with any form of advertising. Applications for commercial reproduction should be addressed to: NIHR Journals Library, National Institute for Health Research, Evaluation, Trials and Studies Coordinating Centre, Alpha House, University of Southampton Science Park, Southampton SO16 7NS, UK. Gillard S, Edwards C, Gibson S, Holley J, Owen K. Health services and delivery research. In: New ways of working in mental health services: a qualitative, comparative case study assessing and informing the emergence of new peer worker roles in mental health services in England. Southampton: NIHR Journals Library; 2014. Copyright © Queen’s Printer and Controller of HMSO 2014. This work was produced by Gillard et al. under the terms of a commissioning contract issued by the Secretary of State for Health. This issue may be freely reproduced for the purposes of private research and study and extracts (or indeed, the full report) may be included in professional journals provided that suitable acknowledgement is made and the reproduction is not associated with any form of advertising. Applications for commercial reproduction should be addressed to: NIHR Journals Library, National Institute for Health Research, Evaluation, Trials and Studies Coordinating Centre, Alpha House, University of Southampton Science Park, Southampton SO16 7NS, UK.

go back to reference Strecher VJ, DeVellis BM, Becker MH, Rosenstock IM. The role of self-efficacy in achieving health behavior change. Health Educ Q. 1986;13(1):73–92.PubMedCrossRef Strecher VJ, DeVellis BM, Becker MH, Rosenstock IM. The role of self-efficacy in achieving health behavior change. Health Educ Q. 1986;13(1):73–92.PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Martin K, Stermac L. Measuring hope: is hope related to criminal behaviour in offenders? Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol. 2010;54(5):693–705.PubMedCrossRef Martin K, Stermac L. Measuring hope: is hope related to criminal behaviour in offenders? Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol. 2010;54(5):693–705.PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Bandura A. Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychol Rev. 1977;84(2):191–215.PubMedCrossRef Bandura A. Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychol Rev. 1977;84(2):191–215.PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Abbey A, Parkhill MR, Buck PO, Saenz C. Condom use with a casual partner: what distinguishes college students’ use when intoxicated? Psychol Addict Behav. 2007;21(1):76–83.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Abbey A, Parkhill MR, Buck PO, Saenz C. Condom use with a casual partner: what distinguishes college students’ use when intoxicated? Psychol Addict Behav. 2007;21(1):76–83.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Stewart S, Watson S, Montague R, Stevenson C. Set up to fail? Consumer participation in the mental health service system. Australas Psychiatry. 2008;16(5):348–53.PubMedCrossRef Stewart S, Watson S, Montague R, Stevenson C. Set up to fail? Consumer participation in the mental health service system. Australas Psychiatry. 2008;16(5):348–53.PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Tarrant C, Windridge K, Baker R, Freeman G, Boulton M. ‘Falling through gaps’: primary care patients’ accounts of breakdowns in experienced continuity of care. Fam Pract. 2015;32(1):82–7.PubMedCrossRef Tarrant C, Windridge K, Baker R, Freeman G, Boulton M. ‘Falling through gaps’: primary care patients’ accounts of breakdowns in experienced continuity of care. Fam Pract. 2015;32(1):82–7.PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Pauly BB, Mamdani Z, Mesley L, McKenzie S, Cameron F, Edwards D, et al. “It’s an emotional roller coaster… but sometimes it’s fucking awesome”: meaning and motivation of work for peers in overdose response environments in British Columbia. Int J Drug Policy. 2021;88:103015 Netherlands: © 2020. Published by Elsevier B.V.PubMedCrossRef Pauly BB, Mamdani Z, Mesley L, McKenzie S, Cameron F, Edwards D, et al. “It’s an emotional roller coaster… but sometimes it’s fucking awesome”: meaning and motivation of work for peers in overdose response environments in British Columbia. Int J Drug Policy. 2021;88:103015 Netherlands: © 2020. Published by Elsevier B.V.PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Mamdani Z, McKenzie S, Ackermann E, Voyer R, Cameron F, Scott T, et al. The cost of caring: compassion fatigue among peer overdose response workers in British Columbia. Subst Use Misuse. 2023;58(1):85–93.PubMedCrossRef Mamdani Z, McKenzie S, Ackermann E, Voyer R, Cameron F, Scott T, et al. The cost of caring: compassion fatigue among peer overdose response workers in British Columbia. Subst Use Misuse. 2023;58(1):85–93.PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Mamdani Z, Feldman-Kiss D, McKenzie S, Knott M, Cameron F, Voyer R, et al. Core competencies of peer workers who use pulse oximeters to supplement their overdose response in British Columbia. PLoS One. 2022;17(9):e0273744.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Mamdani Z, Feldman-Kiss D, McKenzie S, Knott M, Cameron F, Voyer R, et al. Core competencies of peer workers who use pulse oximeters to supplement their overdose response in British Columbia. PLoS One. 2022;17(9):e0273744.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Chartrand V. Unsettled times: Indigenous incarceration and the links between colonialism and the penitentiary in Canada. Can J Criminol Crim Justice. 2019;61(3):67–89.CrossRef Chartrand V. Unsettled times: Indigenous incarceration and the links between colonialism and the penitentiary in Canada. Can J Criminol Crim Justice. 2019;61(3):67–89.CrossRef

go back to reference BC Corrections. Profile of BC corrections. 2021. BC Corrections. Profile of BC corrections. 2021.

go back to reference Breault P, Nault J, Audette M, Échaquan S, Ottawa J. Reflections on Indigenous health care: building trust. Can Fam Physician. 2021;67(8):567–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Breault P, Nault J, Audette M, Échaquan S, Ottawa J. Reflections on Indigenous health care: building trust. Can Fam Physician. 2021;67(8):567–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Palis H, Bélair MA, Hu K, Tu A, Buxton J, Slaunwhite A. Overdose deaths and the COVID-19 pandemic in British Columbia, Canada. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2021. Palis H, Bélair MA, Hu K, Tu A, Buxton J, Slaunwhite A. Overdose deaths and the COVID-19 pandemic in British Columbia, Canada. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2021.

go back to reference Palis H, Tu A, Scow M, Young P, Wood S, Hu K, ..., Slaunwhite AK. Increasing toxicity of the illicit drug supply during COVID-19: the need for an accessible and acceptable safe supply. UBC Med J. 2022;13:1–2. Palis H, Tu A, Scow M, Young P, Wood S, Hu K, ..., Slaunwhite AK. Increasing toxicity of the illicit drug supply during COVID-19: the need for an accessible and acceptable safe supply. UBC Med J. 2022;13:1–2.