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BMC International Health and Human Rights

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Open Access 01-12-2019 | Research article

Sexual and gender minorities rights in Latin America and the Caribbean: a multi-country evaluation

Authors: Monica Malta, Reynaldo Cardoso, Luiz Montenegro, Jaqueline Gomes de Jesus, Michele Seixas, Bruna Benevides, Maria das Dores Silva, Sara LeGrand, Kathryn Whetten

Published in: BMC International Health and Human Rights | Issue 1/2019

Abstract

Background

Although the extent of legal inequities experienced by sexual and gender minorities (SGM) has declined during recent decades, this population still enjoys fewer legal protections and benefits than the non-gender-variant, heterosexual population. Herein we analyze the current scenario of SGM rights in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC).

Methods

Policy documents and governmental strategies addressing SGM rights were analyzed within a timeline framework by three major LAC sub-regions: the Caribbean, Mesoamerica and South America.

Results

Our search identified 88 eligible documents addressing the following categories: (1) legal protections towards same-sex couples (decriminalization of same-sex acts among consenting adults, legal recognition of same-sex unions, same-sex marriage, adoption by same-sex couples), and (2) anti-discrimination laws (SGM allowed to serve openly in the military and anti-discrimination laws related to sexual orientation, gender identity and/or expression). The majority of Caribbean countries prohibit same-sex acts between consenting adults, while in Mesoamerica same-sex couples do not have equal marriage rights and are not allowed to adopt as a couple. In the Caribbean and Mesoamerica transgender people lack proper legal protection. Legislation to protect SGM rights in South America is the most inclusive and progressive in LAC. Several countries recognize same-sex marriage and the right of transgender people to legally change their name and gender. The majority of South American countries have some kind of anti-discrimination law, but no effective mechanisms to enforce these laws. In spite of those progresses, the LAC region registers the highest rate of violence and hate crimes against SGM in the world.

Conclusion

In the Caribbean and Mesoamerica the overall discriminatory legislation exacerbates violence against SGM within a social and cultural context of strong sexist, gender stereotypes and widespread violence. This scenario is driving hundreds of SGM to leave their home countries. In spite of progressive legislations, several South American countries are currently controlled either by highly conservative leaders (e.g. Brazil and Chile) or by repressive dictators (Venezuela). The near future of the LAC region is unknown, but if such trends continue, severe human rights problems, including setbacks in SGM legal protections, are likely.

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Title: Sexual and gender minorities rights in Latin America and the Caribbean: a multi-country evaluation
Authors: Monica Malta
Reynaldo Cardoso
Luiz Montenegro
Jaqueline Gomes de Jesus
Michele Seixas
Bruna Benevides
Maria das Dores Silva
Sara LeGrand
Kathryn Whetten
Publication date: 01-12-2019
Publisher: BioMed Central
Published in: BMC International Health and Human Rights / Issue 1/2019
Electronic ISSN: 1472-698X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12914-019-0217-3

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Sexual and gender minorities rights in Latin America and the Caribbean: a multi-country evaluation

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

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