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Molecular Pain
Published in: Molecular Pain 1/2013

Open Access 01-12-2013 | Review

Sex differences in opioid analgesia and addiction: interactions among opioid receptors and estrogen receptors

Authors: Cynthia Wei-Sheng Lee, Ing-Kang Ho

Published in: Molecular Pain | Issue 1/2013

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Abstract

Opioids are widely used as the pain reliever and also notorious for being addictive drugs. Sex differences in the opioid analgesia and addiction have been reported and investigated in human subjects and animal models. Yet, the molecular mechanism underlying the differences between males and females is still unclear. Here, we reviewed the literature describing the sex differences in analgesic responses and addiction liabilities to clinically relevant opioids. The reported interactions among opioids, estrogens, opioid receptors, and estrogen receptors are also evaluated. We postulate that the sex differences partly originated from the crosstalk among the estrogen and opioid receptors when stimulated by the exogenous opioids, possibly through common secondary messengers and the downstream gene transcriptional regulators.
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Metadata
Title
Sex differences in opioid analgesia and addiction: interactions among opioid receptors and estrogen receptors
Authors
Cynthia Wei-Sheng Lee
Ing-Kang Ho
Publication date
01-12-2013
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Molecular Pain / Issue 1/2013
Electronic ISSN: 1744-8069
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-8069-9-45

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