Top

Published in:

01-06-2017 | Review Article

Screening and Detection of Prostate Cancer—Review of Literature and Current Perspective

Authors: Ananthakrishnan Sivaraman, Kulthe Ramesh Seetharam Bhat

Published in: Indian Journal of Surgical Oncology | Issue 2/2017

Abstract

Screening of prostatic cancer is a matter of debate among uro-oncologist. With many new screening modalities like prostatic health index (PHI), 4K testing the role of screening has increased as one is able to stratify patients with serum prostate specific antigen level in a grey zone of 4–10 ng/ml and normal digital rectal examination into various risk groups, thus avoiding unnecessary biopsy which was the pitfalls of routine screening practice. PHI is better at predicting malignancy while 4K is better at predicting high-grade disease. This in combination with multiparametric MRI especially with prostate imaging reporting and data system score has made screening less difficult and more meaningful for a practising uro-oncologist.

Partin AW, Mangold LA, Lamm DM, Walsh PC, Epstein JI, Pearson JD (2001) Contemporary update of prostate cancer staging nomograms (Partin tables) for the new millennium. Urology 58(6):843–8. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0090429501014418

Aslan G, Irer B, Cimen S, Goktay Y, Celebi I, Tuna B, et al. (2011) The performance of abnormal digital rectal examination for the detection of prostate cancer at stratified prostate specific antigen levels. Open J Urol 01(04):67–71. Scientific Research Publishing. Available from: http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=8221&#abstract

Meeks JJ, Loeb S, Helfand BT, Kan D, Smith ND, Catalona WJ (2009) Characteristics of prostate cancers detected at prostate specific antigen levels less than 2.5 ng/ml. J Urol 181(6):2515–8; discussion 2518–9. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022534709002729

Catalona WJ, Smith DS, Ratliff TL, Dodds KM, Coplen DE, Yuan JJJ, et al. (1991) Measurement of prostate-specific antigen in serum as a screening test for prostate cancer N Engl J Med:1156–61. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7506853

Thompson IM, Pauler DK, Goodman PJ, Tangen CM, Lucia MS, Parnes HL, et al. (2004) Prevalence of prostate cancer among men with a prostate-specific antigen level < or =4.0 ng per milliliter. N Engl J Med 350(22):2239–46. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15163773

Brawer MK, Chetner MP, Beatie J, Buchner DM, Vessella RL, Lange PH (1992) Screening for prostatic carcinoma with prostate specific antigen. J Urol :841–5. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1371559

Brawer MK, Cheli CD, Neaman IE, Goldblatt J, Smith C, Schwartz MK, et al. (2000) Complexed prostate specific antigen provides significant enhancement of specificity compared with total prostate specific antigen for detecting prostate cancer. J Urol 163(5):1476–80. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10751861

Okegawa T, Noda H, Nutahara K, Higashihara E (2000) Comparison of two investigative assays for the complexed prostate-specific antigen in total prostate-specific antigen between 4.1 and 10.0 ng/mL. Urology 55(5):700–4. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10792084

McCormack RT, Wang TJ, Rittenhouse HG, Wolfert RL, Finlay JA, Lilja H, et al. 1995 Molecular forms of prostate-specific antigen and the human kallikrein gene family: a new era. Urology 45(5):729–44. Available from: http://www.goldjournal.net/article/S0090429599800764/fulltext

10.

Tewari PC, Williams JS, Blase AB, Sokoloff RL (1998) Analytical characteristics of seminal fluid PSA differ from those of serum PSA. Clin Chem 44(1):191–3. Available from: http://www.clinchem.org/content/44/1/191.full

11.

Woodrum DL, Brawer MK, Partin AW, Catalona WJ, Southwick PC (1998) Interpretation of free prostate specific antigen clinical research studies for the detection of prostate cancer. J Urol 159(1):5–12. Elsevier. Available from: http://www.jurology.com/article/S002253470163996X/fulltext

12.

Catalona WJ, Partin AW, Slawin KM, Brawer MK, Flanigan RC, Patel A, et al. (1998) Use of the percentage of free prostate-specific antigen to enhance differentiation of prostate cancer from benign prostatic disease: a prospective multicenter clinical trial. JAMA 279(19):1542–7. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9605898

13.

Benson MC, Whang IS, Olsson CA, McMahon DJ, Cooner WH (1992) The use of prostate specific antigen density to enhance the predictive value of intermediate levels of serum prostate specific antigen. J Urol 147(3 Pt 2):817–21. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1371555

14.

Seaman E, Whang M, Olsson CA, Katz A, Cooner WH, Benson MC (1993) PSA density (PSAD). Role in patient evaluation and management. Urol Clin North Am 20(4):653–63. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7505973

15.

Bazinet M, Meshref AW, Trudel C, Aronson S, Péloquin F, Nachabe M, et al. (1994) Prospective evaluation of prostate-specific antigen density and systematic biopsies for early detection of prostatic carcinoma. Urology 3(1):44–51. discussion 51–2. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7506853

16.

Djavan B, Zlotta AR, Remzi M, Ghawidel K, Bursa B, Hruby S, et al. (1999) Total and transition zone prostate volume and age: how do they affect the utility of PSA-based diagnostic parameters for early prostate cancer detection? Urology 54(5):846–52. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10565745

17.

Djavan B, Remzi M, Zlotta AR, Ravery V, Hammerer P, Reissigl A, et al. (2002) Complexed prostate-specific antigen, complexed prostate-specific antigen density of total and transition zone, complexed/total prostate-specific antigen ratio, free-to-total prostate-specific antigen ratio, density of total and transition zone prostate-sp. Urology 60(4):4–9. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0090429502018964

18.

Carter HB, Walsh PC, Landis P, Epstein JI (2002) Expectant management of nonpalpable prostate cancer with curative intent: preliminary results. J Urol 167(3):1231–4. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11832703

19.

Kundu SD, Roehl KA, Yu X, Antenor JA V, Suarez BK, Catalona WJ (2007) Prostate specific antigen density correlates with features of prostate cancer aggressiveness. J Urol 177(2):505–9. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17222621

20.

Benson MC, Whang IS, Pantuck A, Ring K, Kaplan SA, Olsson CA, et al. (1992) Prostate specific antigen density: a means of distinguishing benign prostatic hypertrophy and prostate cancer. J Urol 147(3 Pt 2):815–6. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1371554

21.

Ko JS, Landis P, Carter HB, Partin AW (2011) Effect of intra-observer variation in prostate volume measurement on prostate-specific antigen density calculations among prostate cancer active surveillance participants. BJU Int 108(11):1739–42. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21736692

22.

Carter HB, Pearson JD, Metter EJ, Brant LJ, Chan DW, Andres R, et al. (2015) Longitudinal evaluation of prostate-specific antigen levels in men with and without prostate disease. JAMA 267(16):2215–20. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3461837&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract

23.

Carter HB, Ferrucci L, Kettermann A, Landis P, Wright EJ, Epstein JI, et al. (2006) Detection of life-threatening prostate cancer with prostate-specific antigen velocity during a window of curability. J Natl Cancer Inst 98(21):1521–7. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2645644&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract

24.

D’Amico A V, Chen M-H, Roehl KA, Catalona WJ (2004) Preoperative PSA velocity and the risk of death from prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. N Engl J Med 351(2):125–35. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15247353

25.

D’Amico A V., Renshaw AA, Sussman B, Chen M-H (2005) Pretreatment PSA velocity and risk of death from prostate cancer following external beam radiation therapy. JAMA 294(4):440. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16046650

26.

Jiang J-H, Xu Y-H, Wu-Jin Xue X-LY (2014) Prostate cancer antigen 3 as a biomarker in the urine for prostate cancer diagnosis: a meta-analysis. J Cancer Res Ther 10(7):218–221CrossRef

27.

Rubio-Briones J, Casanova J, Dumont R, Rubio L, Fernandez-Serra A, Casanova-Salas I, et al. 2014 Optimizing prostate cancer screening; prospective randomized controlled study of the role of PSA and PCA3 testing in a sequential manner in an opportunistic screening program. Actas Urol españolas 38(4):217–23. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24169211

28.

Ochiai A, Okihara K, Kamoi K, Oikawa T, Shimazui T, Murayama S-I, et al. (2013) Clinical utility of the prostate cancer gene 3 (PCA3) urine assay in Japanese men undergoing prostate biopsy. BJU Int 111(6):928–33. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23331404

29.

Chevli KK, Duff M, Walter P, Yu C, Capuder B, Elshafei A, et al. (2014) Urinary PCA3 as a predictor of prostate cancer in a cohort of 3,073 men undergoing initial prostate biopsy. J Urol 191(6):1743–8. Elsevier. Available from: http://www.jurology.com/article/S0022534713060874/fulltext

30.

Marks LS, Fradet Y, Deras IL, Blase A, Mathis J, Aubin SMJ, et al. (2007) PCA3 molecular urine assay for prostate cancer in men undergoing repeat biopsy. Urology 69(3):532–5. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17382159

31.

Haese A, Van Poppel H MM et al. (2007) The value of the PCA3 assay in guiding decision which men with a negative prostate biopsy need immediate repeat biopsy: preliminary European data. Eur Urol Suppl 6(48):101.

32.

Capoluongo E, Zambon CF, Basso D, Boccia S, Rocchetti S, Leoncini E, et al. (2014) PCA3 score of 20 could improve prostate cancer detection: results obtained on 734 Italian individuals. Clin Chim Acta 429:46–50. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24269853

33.

Pepe P, Fraggetta F, Galia A, Skonieczny G, Aragona F (2015) PCA3 score and prostate cancer diagnosis at repeated saturation biopsy. Which cut-off: 20 or 35? Int Braz J Urol 38(4):489–95. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22951161

34.

Cremers RG, Eeles RA, Bancroft EK, Ringelberg-Borsboom J, Vasen HF, Van Asperen CJ, et al. (2015) The role of the prostate cancer gene 3 urine test in addition to serum prostate-specific antigen level in prostate cancer screening among breast cancer, early-onset gene mutation carriers. Urol Oncol 33(5):202.e19–28. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1078143915000526

35.

Catalona WJ, Partin AW, Sanda MG, Wei JT, Klee GG, Bangma CH, et al. (2011) A multicenter study of [−2]pro-prostate specific antigen combined with prostate specific antigen and free prostate specific antigen for prostate cancer detection in the 2.0 to 10.0 ng/ml prostate specific antigen range. J Urol 185(5):1650–5. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3140702&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract

36.

Sokoll LJ, Sanda MG, Feng Z, Kagan J, Mizrahi I A., Broyles DL, et al. (2010) A prospective, multicenter, national cancer institute early detection research network study of [−2]proPSA: Improving prostate cancer detection and correlating with cancer aggressiveness. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 19(5):1193–200. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2867076&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract

37.

Catalona WJ, Bartsch G, Rittenhouse HG, Evans CL, Linton HJ, Amirkhan A, et al. (2003) Serum pro prostate specific antigen improves cancer detection compared to free and complexed prostate specific antigen in men with prostate specific antigen 2 to 4 ng/ml. J Urol 170(6 Pt 1):2181–5. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14634374

38.

Loeb S, Sokoll LJ, Broyles DL, Bangma CH, van Schaik RHN, Klee GG, et al. (2013) Prospective multicenter evaluation of the Beckman Coulter Prostate Health Index using WHO calibration. J Urol 189(5):1702–6. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=4273580&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract

39.

Ferro M, Bruzzese D, Perdonà S, Marino A, Mazzarella C, Perruolo G, et al. (2013) Prostate health index (Phi) and prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3) significantly improve prostate cancer detection at initial biopsy in a total PSA range of 2–10 ng/ml. PLoS One 8(7):e67687. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3701535&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract

40.

Lazzeri M, Haese A, Abrate A, de la Taille A, Redorta JP, McNicholas T, et al. (2013) Clinical performance of serum prostate-specific antigen isoform [−2]proPSA (p2PSA) and its derivatives, %p2PSA and the prostate health index (PHI), in men with a family history of prostate cancer: results from a multicentre European study, the PROMEtheuS. BJU Int 112(3):313–21. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23826841

41.

Loeb S, Catalona WJ (2014) The prostate health index: a new test for the detection of prostate cancer. Ther Adv Urol 6(2):74–7. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3943368&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract

42.

Carlsson S, Maschino A, Schröder F, Bangma C, Steyerberg EW, van der Kwast T, et al. (2013) Predictive value of four kallikrein markers for pathologically insignificant compared with aggressive prostate cancer in radical prostatectomy specimens: results from the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer section Rotterdam. Eur Urol 64(5):693–9. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3786059&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract

43.

Parekh DJ, Punnen S, Sjoberg DD, Asroff SW, Bailen JL, Cochran JS, et al. (2015) A multi-institutional prospective trial in the USA confirms that the 4K score accurately identifies men with high-grade prostate cancer. Eur Urol 68(3):464–70. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0302283814010355

44.

Nordström T, Vickers A, Assel M, Lilja H, Grönberg H, Eklund M (2015) Comparison between the four-kallikrein panel and prostate health index for predicting prostate cancer. Eur Urol 68(1):139–46. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0302283814007520

45.

van As NJ, de Souza NM, Riches SF, Morgan VA, Sohaib SA, Dearnaley DP, et al. (2009) A study of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in men with untreated localised prostate cancer on active surveillance. Eur Urol 56(6):981–7. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19095345

46.

Tamada T, Sone T, Jo Y, Toshimitsu S, Yamashita T, Yamamoto A, et al. (2008) Apparent diffusion coefficient values in peripheral and transition zones of the prostate: comparison between normal and malignant prostatic tissues and correlation with histologic grade. J Magn Reson Imaging 28(3):720–6. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18777532

47.

Tanimoto A, Nakashima J, Kohno H, Shinmoto H, Kuribayashi S (2007) Prostate cancer screening: the clinical value of diffusion-weighted imaging and dynamic MR imaging in combination with T2-weighted imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 25(1):146–52. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17139633

48.

Yoshizako T, Wada A, Hayashi T, Uchida K, Sumura M, Uchida N, et al. (2008) Usefulness of diffusion-weighted imaging and dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of prostate transition-zone cancer. Acta Radiol 49(10):1207–13. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19031184

49.

Girouin N, Mège-Lechevallier F, Tonina Senes A, Bissery A, Rabilloud M, Maréchal J-M, et al. (2007) Prostate dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI with simple visual diagnostic criteria: is it reasonable? Eur Radiol 17(6):1498–509. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17131126

50.

Villers A, Puech P, Mouton D, Leroy X, Ballereau C, Lemaitre L (2006) Dynamic contrast enhanced, pelvic phased array magnetic resonance imaging of localized prostate cancer for predicting tumor volume: correlation with radical prostatectomy findings. J Urol 176(6 Pt 1):2432–7. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17085122

51.

Villeirs GM, De Meerleer GO, De Visschere PJ, Fonteyne VH, Verbaeys AC, Oosterlinck W (2011) Combined magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy in the assessment of high grade prostate carcinoma in patients with elevated PSA: a single-institution experience of 356 patients. Eur J Radiol 77(2):340–5. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19740617

52.

Kumar R, Nayyar R, Kumar V, Gupta NP, Hemal AK, Jagannathan NR, et al. (2008) Potential of magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging in predicting absence of prostate cancer in men with serum prostate-specific antigen between 4 and 10 ng/ml: a follow-up study. Urology 72(4):859–63. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18329078

53.

Barentsz JO, Richenberg J, Clements R, Choyke P, Verma S, Villeirs G, et al. (2012) ESUR prostate MR guidelines. Eur Radiol 2012 22(4):746–57. Available from: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00330-011-2377-y/fulltext.html

54.

Hambrock T, Somford DM, Hoeks C, Bouwense SAW, Huisman H, Yakar D, et al. (2010) Magnetic resonance imaging guided prostate biopsy in men with repeat negative biopsies and increased prostate specific antigen. J Urol 183(2):520–7. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20006859

55.

Coakley FV, Kurhanewicz J, Lu Y et al (2002) Prostate cancer tumor volume: measurement with endorectal MR and MR spectroscopic imaging. Radiol 223:91–97CrossRef

56.

Prando A, Kurhanewicz J, Borges AP, Oliveira EM, Figueiredo E (2005) Prostatic biopsy directed with endorectal MR spectroscopic imaging findings in patients with elevated prostate specific antigen levels and prior negative biopsy findings: early experience. Radiology 236(3):903–10. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16118169

57.

Amsellem-Ouazana D, Younes P, Conquy S, Peyromaure M, Flam T, Debré B, et al. (2005) Negative prostatic biopsies in patients with a high risk of prostate cancer. Is the combination of endorectal MRI and magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging (MRSI) a useful tool? A preliminary study. Eur Urol 47(5):582–6. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15826747

58.

Sonn GA, Margolis DJ, Marks LS (2014) Target detection: magnetic resonance imaging-ultrasound fusion-guided prostate biopsy. Urol Oncol 32(6):903–11. Elsevier. Available from: http://www.urologiconcology.org/article/S1078143913003165/fulltext

59.

Turkbey B, Choyke PL (2015) PIRADS 2.0: what is new? Diagnostic Interv Radiol 21(5):382–4. Available from: http://www.dirjournal.org/eng/makale/1338/78/Full-Text

60.

De Coninck V, Braeckman J, Michielsen D Prostate HistoScanning: a screening tool for prostate cancer? Int J Urol 20:1184–1190

61.

LAMS, PA, 4 F ŝek Z á t ’ ura, 5 JB, 6 AP, 8 IR, et al. No Title. Detect localis characterisation prostate cancer by prostate HistoScanning TM. 110(2011):28–35.

62.

Saqib Javed, Eliot Chadwick, Albert A. Edwards, Sabeena Beveridge, Robert Laing, Simon Bott CE and Stephen L. Does prostate HistoScanning™ play a role in detecting prostate cancer in routine clinical practice? Results from three independent studies. BJU Int. 114(4):541–8.

63.

D. Junker, T. De Zordo, M. Quentin et al. (2014) Real-time elastography of the prostate. Biomed Res Int 11

64.

Mitchell PS, Parkin RK, Kroh EM, Fritz BR, Wyman SK, Pogosova-Agadjanyan EL, et al. (2008) Circulating microRNAs as stable blood-based markers for cancer detection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105(30):10513–8. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2492472&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract

65.

Giangreco AA, Vaishnav A, Wagner D, Finelli A, Fleshner N, Van der Kwast T, et al. (2013) Tumor suppressor microRNAs, miR-100 and -125b, are regulated by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in primary prostate cells and in patient tissue. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 6(5):483–94. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3644314&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract

66.

Culig Z, Santer FR (2013) Molecular aspects of androgenic signaling and possible targets for therapeutic intervention in prostate cancer. Steroids 78(9):851–9. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23643785

67.

Zhang Z, Zhang X, Newman K, Liu X, Seth P (2012) MicroRNA regulation of oncolytic adenovirus 6 for selective treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 11(11):2410–8. Available from: http://mct.aacrjournals.org/content/11/11/2410.long

68.

Salami SS, Schmidt F, Laxman B, Regan MM, Rickman DS, Scherr D, et al. (2013) Combining urinary detection of TMPRSS2:ERG and PCA3 with serum PSA to predict diagnosis of prostate cancer. Urol Oncol 31(5):566–71. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3210917&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract

69.

Diamandis EP, Okui A, Mitsui S, Luo L-Y, Soosaipillai A, Grass L, et al. (2002) Human kallikrein 11: a new biomarker of prostate and ovarian carcinoma. Cancer Res 62(1):295–300. Available from: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/62/1/295.short

70.

Swanson MG, Keshari KR, Tabatabai ZL, Simko JP, Shinohara K, Carroll PR, et al. (2008) Quantification of choline- and ethanolamine-containing metabolites in human prostate tissues using 1H HR-MAS total correlation spectroscopy. Magn Reson Med 60(1):33–40. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2643975&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract

71.

Kobus T, Wright AJ, Weiland E, Heerschap A, Scheenen TWJ (2014) Metabolite ratios in (1) H MR spectroscopic imaging of the prostate. Magn Reson Med. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24488656

72.

Yoneyama T, Tateishi U, Terauchi T, Inoue T (2014) Correlation of metabolic tumor volume and 11C-choline uptake with the pathology of prostate cancer: evaluation by use of simultaneously recorded MR and PET images. Jpn J Radiol 32(3):155–63. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24446034

73.

Koutros S, Meyer TE, Fox SD, Issaq HJ, Veenstra TD, Huang W-Y, et al. (2013) Prospective evaluation of serum sarcosine and risk of prostate cancer in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. Carcinogenesis 34(10):2281–5. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3786375&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract

74.

Leyten GHJM, Hessels D, Smit FP, Jannink SA, de Jong H, Melchers WJG, et al. (2015) Identification of a candidate gene panel for the early diagnosis of prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 21(13):3061–70. Available from: http://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/21/13/3061

75.

Kim J, Davis JW (2011) Prostate cancer screening—time to abandon one-size-fits-all approach? JAMA. American Medical Association 306(24):2717–8. Available from: http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1104763

Title: Screening and Detection of Prostate Cancer—Review of Literature and Current Perspective
Authors: Ananthakrishnan Sivaraman
Kulthe Ramesh Seetharam Bhat
Publication date: 01-06-2017
Publisher: Springer India
Published in: Indian Journal of Surgical Oncology / Issue 2/2017
Print ISSN: 0975-7651
Electronic ISSN: 0976-6952
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13193-016-0584-3

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Screening and Detection of Prostate Cancer—Review of Literature and Current Perspective

Abstract

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 2/2017

Dural Metastasis from a Rare Renal Neoplasm Masquerading Meningioma

Nodular Fasciitis in the Tongue—a Mimicker of Malignancy: Case Report and Review of Literature

Minimally Invasive Neck Dissection (MIND) Using Standard Laparoscopic Equipment: a Preliminary Report and Description of Technique

Dermatofibrosarcoma Protruberans of the Breast Skin Simulating Mammary Carcinoma

Unilateral Exploration for Parathyroid Adenoma

Guest Editorial