Top

Published in:

Open Access 12-11-2022 | SARS-CoV-2 | Original Investigation

Variable detection of Omicron-BA.1 and -BA.2 by SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen tests

Authors: Andreas Osterman, Irina Badell, Christopher Dächert, Nikolas Schneider, Anna-Yasemin Kaufmann, Gamze Naz Öztan, Melanie Huber, Patricia M. Späth, Marcel Stern, Hanna Autenrieth, Maximilian Muenchhoff, Alexander Graf, Stefan Krebs, Helmut Blum, Ludwig Czibere, Jürgen Durner, Lars Kaderali, Hanna‑Mari Baldauf, Oliver T. Keppler

Published in: Medical Microbiology and Immunology | Issue 1/2023

Abstract

During 2022, the COVID-19 pandemic has been dominated by the variant of concern (VoC) Omicron (B.1.1.529) and its rapidly emerging subvariants, including Omicron-BA.1 and -BA.2. Rapid antigen tests (RATs) are part of national testing strategies to identify SARS-CoV-2 infections on site in a community setting or to support layman’s diagnostics at home. We and others have recently demonstrated an impaired RAT detection of infections caused by Omicron-BA.1 compared to Delta. Here, we evaluated the performance of five SARS-CoV-2 RATs in a single-centre laboratory study examining a total of 140 SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive respiratory swab samples, 70 Omicron-BA.1 and 70 Omicron-BA.2, as well as 52 SARS-CoV-2 PCR-negative swabs collected from March 8th until April 10th, 2022. One test did not meet minimal criteria for specificity. In an assessment of the analytical sensitivity in clinical specimen, the 50% limit of detection (LoD50) ranged from 4.2 × 10⁴ to 9.2 × 10⁵ RNA copies subjected to the RAT for Omicron-BA.1 compared to 1.3 × 10⁵ to 1.5 × 10⁶ for Omicron-BA.2. Overall, intra-assay differences for the detection of Omicron-BA.1-containing and Omicron-BA.2-containing samples were non-significant, while a marked overall heterogeneity among the five RATs was observed. To score positive in these point-of-care tests, up to 22-fold (LoD50) or 68-fold (LoD95) higher viral loads were required for the worst performing compared to the best performing RAT. The rates of true-positive test results for these Omicron subvariant-containing samples in the highest viral load category (Ct values < 25) ranged between 44.7 and 91.1%, while they dropped to 8.7 to 22.7% for samples with intermediate Ct values (25–30). In light of recent reports on the emergence of two novel Omicron-BA.2 subvariants, Omicron-BA.2.75 and BJ.1, awareness must be increased for the overall reduced detection rate and marked differences in RAT performance for these Omicron subvariants.

Available only for authorised users

Du Z, Tian L, Jin DY (2022) Understanding the impact of rapid antigen tests on SARS-CoV-2 transmission in the fifth wave of COVID-19 in Hong Kong in early 2022. Emerg Microbes Infect. 11(1):1394–1401. https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2022.2076616 (Epub 2022/05/11)CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

World Health Organization (2022) Use of SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detection rapid diagnostic tests for COVID-19 self-testing. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-Ag-RDTs-Self_testing-2022.12022. [Accessed 10 July 2022].

Greub G, Caruana G, Schweitzer M, Imperiali M, Muigg V, Risch M et al (2021) Multicenter technical validation of 30 rapid antigen tests for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 (VALIDATE). Microorganisms 9(12):2589. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9122589 (Epub 2021/12/25)CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Scheiblauer H, Filomena A, Nitsche A, Puyskens A, Corman VM, Drosten C et al (2021) Comparative sensitivity evaluation for 122 CE-marked rapid diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2 antigen, Germany, September 2020 to April 2021. Euro Surveill. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.Es.2021.26.44.2100441 (Epub 2021/11/0)CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Kim J, Sung H, Lee H, Kim JS, Shin S, Jeong S et al (2022) Clinical performance of rapid and point-of-care antigen tests for SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern: a living systematic review and meta-analysis. Viruses 14(7):1479. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14071479 (Epub 2022/07/28)CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Schneider UV, Forsberg MW, Leineweber TD, Jensen CB, Ghathian K, Agergaard CN et al (2022) A nationwide analytical and clinical evaluation of 44 rapid antigen tests for SARS-CoV-2 compared to RT-qPCR. J Clin Virol 153:105214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2022.105214CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Bekliz M, Adea K, Essaidi-Laziosi M, Sacks JA, Escadafal C, Kaiser L et al (2021) SARS-CoV-2 rapid diagnostic tests for emerging variants. Lancet Microbe 2(8):e351. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2666-5247(21)00147-6CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Bekliz M, Adea K, Essaidi-Laziosi M, Sacks JA, Escadafal C, Kaiser L et al (2022) SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detecting rapid tests for the delta variant. Lancet Microbe 3(2):e90. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2666-5247(21)00302-5 (Epub 2021/12/02) CrossRefPubMed

Bekliz M, Adea K, Puhach O, Perez-Rodriguez F, Marques Melancia S, Baggio S et al (2022) Analytical sensitivity of eight different SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detecting rapid tests for omicron-BA.1 Variant. Microbiol Spectr. 10(4):e0085322. https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.00853-22 (Epub 2022/08/09)CrossRefPubMed

10.

Osterman A, Badell I, Basara E, Stern M, Kriesel F, Eletreby M et al (2022) Impaired detection of omicron by SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen tests. Med Microbiol Immunol 211(2–3):105–117. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00430-022-00730-z (Epub 2022/02/22)CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

11.

Wagenhäuser I, Knies K, Hofmann D, Rauschenberger V, Eisenmann M, Reusch J et al (2022) Virus variant-specific clinical performance of SARS coronavirus two rapid antigen tests in point-of-care use, from November 2020 to January 2022. Clin Microbiol Infect. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2022.08.006 (Epub 2022/08/27)CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

12.

Corman VM, Haage VC, Bleicker T, Schmidt ML, Mühlemann B, Zuchowski M et al (2021) Comparison of seven commercial SARS-CoV-2 rapid point-of-care antigen tests: a single-centre laboratory evaluation study. Lancet Microbe 2(7):e311–e319. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2666-5247(21)00056-2CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

13.

Dinnes J, Deeks JJ, Berhane S, Taylor M, Adriano A, Davenport C et al (2021) Rapid, point-of-care antigen and molecular-based tests for diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013705.pub2CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

14.

Jungnick S, Hobmaier B, Mautner L, Hoyos M, Haase M, Baiker A et al (2021) In vitro rapid antigen test performance with the SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B1.351 (Beta), P.1 (Gamma) and B.1.617.2 (Delta). Microorganisms 9(9):1967. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9091967CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

15.

Osterman A, Baldauf HM, Eletreby M, Wettengel JM, Afridi SQ, Fuchs T et al (2021) Evaluation of two rapid antigen tests to detect SARS-CoV-2 in a hospital setting. Med Microbiol Immunol 210(1):65–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00430-020-00698-8 (Epub 2021/01/17)CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

16.

Osterman A, Iglhaut M, Lehner A, Späth P, Stern M, Autenrieth H et al (2021) Comparison of four commercial, automated antigen tests to detect SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Med Microbiol Immunol 210(5–6):263–275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00430-021-00719-0 (Epub 2021/08/21)CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

17.

Sakai-Tagawa Y, Yamayoshi S, Halfmann PJ, Kawaoka Y (2021) Comparative sensitivity of rapid antigen tests for the delta variant (B.1.617.2) of SARS-CoV-2. Viruses 13(11):2183. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13112183CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

18.

Schildgen V, Demuth S, Lüsebrink J, Schildgen O (2021) Limits and opportunities of SARS-CoV-2 antigen rapid tests: an experienced-based perspective. Pathogens 10(1):38. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10010038 (Epub 2021/01/21)CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

19.

Toptan T, Eckermann L, Pfeiffer AE, Hoehl S, Ciesek S, Drosten C et al (2021) Evaluation of a SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen test: Potential to help reduce community spread? J Clin Virol 135:104713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104713 (Epub 2020/12/23)CrossRefPubMed

20.

Krüger LJ, Tanuri A, Lindner AK, Gaeddert M, Köppel L, Tobian F et al (2022) Accuracy and ease-of-use of seven point-of-care SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detecting tests: a multi-centre clinical evaluation. EBioMedicine 75:103774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103774CrossRefPubMed

21.

World Health Organization (2022) Classification of Omicron (B.1.1.529): SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern. Available from: https://www.who.int/news/item/26-11-2021-classification-of-omicron-(b.1.1.529)-SARS-CoV-2-variant-of-concern [Accessed 25 July 2022].

22.

World Health Organization (2022) Statement on Omicron sublineage BA.2. Available from: https://www.who.int/news/item/22-02-2022-statement-on-omicron-sublineage-ba.2. [Accessed 25 July 2022]

23.

Volz E, Mishra S, Chand M, Barrett JC, Johnson R, Geidelberg L et al (2021) Assessing transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 in England. Nature 593(7858):266–269. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03470-xCrossRefPubMed

24.

Ou J, Lan W, Wu X, Zhao T, Duan B, Yang P, Ren Y, Quan L, Zhao W, Seto D, Chodosh J, Luo Z, Wu J, Zhang Q (2022) Tracking SARS-CoV-2 Omicron diverse spike gene mutations identifies multiple inter-variant recombination events. Signal Transduct Target Ther 7(1):138. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-022-00992-2.

25.

Paul-Ehrlich-Institute (2022) MANY RAPID TESTS DETECT OMICRON. Available from: https://www.pei.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/EN/newsroom-en/positions/antigen-test-omicron.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=5. [Accessed 5 Oct 2022]

26.

Paul-Ehrlich-Institute (2022) Sensitivität der Antigentests gegenüber der Omikron-Variante (in German). Available from: https://www.pei.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/newsroom/veranstaltungen/2022/presse-workshop-antigentests-praesentation-nuebling.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=4. [Accessed 5 Oct 2022]

27.

European Commission (2022) EU HEALTH PREPAREDNESS - EU Common list of COVID-19 antigen tests. Available from: https://health.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2022-07/covid-19_rat_common-list_en.pdf. [Accessed 25 July 2022]

28.

Bekliz M, Adea K, Puhach O, Perez-Rodriguez F, Marques Melancia S, Baggio S, Corvaglia AR, Jacquerioz F, Alvarez C, Essaidi-Laziosi M, Escadafal C, Kaiser L, Eckerle I (2022) Analytical Sensitivity of Eight Different SARS-CoV-2 Antigen-Detecting Rapid Tests for Omicron-BA.1 Variant. Microbiol Spectr. 10(4):e0085322. https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.00853-22

29.

Kyritsi MA, Speletas M, Mouchtouri V, Vachtsioli E, Babalis D, Kouliou O et al (2022) Performance evaluation of a rapid antigen test (RAT) during Omicron pandemic wave in Greece, conducted by different personnel, and comparison with performance in previous wave (Alpha Variant) Period. Diagnostics (Basel) 12(5):1048. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12051048 (Epub 2022/05/29)CrossRefPubMed

30.

Peronace C, Tallerico R, Colosimo M, Sacco V, Talarico R, De Fazio M et al (2022) Validation of genefinder COVID-19 Ag plus rapid test and its potential utility to slowing infection waves: a single-center laboratory evaluation study. Diagnostics (Basel) 12(5):1126. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12051126 (Epub 2022/05/2)CrossRefPubMed

31.

Mak GCK, Lau SSY, Wong KKY, Lau C-S, Ng KHL, Lam ETK et al (2022) Analytical sensitivity of the rapid antigen test kits for detection of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant BA.2 sublineage. J Med Virol. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.27908CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

32.

Gruell H, Vanshylla K, Tober-Lau P, Hillus D, Sander LE, Kurth F et al (2022) Neutralisation sensitivity of the SARS-CoV-2 omicron BA.2.75 sublineage. Lancet Infect Dis 22(10):1422–1423. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00580-1CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

33.

Hanke Y (2022) Omikron BJ.1–Forscher warnt vor “besorgniserregender“ Corona-Variante (in German). Available from: https://www.kreiszeitung.de/deutschland/mutante-forscher-warnung-omikron-variante-corona-bj1-labor-usa-oesterreich-omicron-91780563.html. [Accessed 5 Oct 2022]

34.

Sheward DJ, Kim C, Fischbach J, Muschiol S, Ehling RA, Björkström NK et al (2022) Evasion of neutralising antibodies by omicron sublineage BA.2.75. Lancet Infect Dis 22(10):1421–1422. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00524-2 (Epub 2022/09/05)CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

35.

Takashita E, Yamayoshi S, Fukushi S, Suzuki T, Maeda K, Sakai-Tagawa Y et al (2022) Efficacy of antiviral agents against the omicron subvariant BA275. N Engl J Med 387(13):1236–1238. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2209952 (Epub 2022/09/20)CrossRefPubMed

36.

European Commission (2022) COVID-19 In vitro diagnostic devices and test methods database. Available from: https://covid-19-diagnostics.jrc.ec.europa.eu/. [Accessed 25 July 2022]

37.

Durner J, Burggraf S, Czibere L, Fleige T, Madejska A, Watts DC et al (2020) Fast and simple high-throughput testing of COVID 19. Dent Mater 36(5):e141–e142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2020.04.001 (Epub 2020/04/17)CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

38.

Dächert C, Muenchhoff M, Graf A, Autenrieth H, Bender S, Mairhofer H et al (2022) Rapid and sensitive identification of omicron by variant-specific PCR and nanopore sequencing: paradigm for diagnostics of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. Med Microbiol Immunol 211:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00430-022-00728-7 (Epub 2022/01/22)CrossRef

39.

Puyskens A, Krause E, Michel J, Nübling CM, Scheiblauer H, Bourquain D et al (2021) Establishment of a specimen panel for the decentralised technical evaluation of the sensitivity of 31 rapid diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2 antigen, Germany, September 2020 to April 2021. Euro Surveill. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.Es.2021.26.44.2100442.P (Epub 2021/11/06)CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

40.

World Health Organization (2022) Weekly epidemiological update on COVID-19-29 June 2022. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19---29-june-2022. [Accessed 19 Oct 2022]

41.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) COVID data tracker. Available from https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-datatracker/#variant-proportions. Accessed 11 Aug 2022

42.

Robert Koch Institut (2022) Wöchentlicher Lagebericht des RKI zur Coronavirus-Krankheit-2019(COVID-19): 24.03.2022–AKTUALISIERTER STAND FÜR DEUTSCHLAND (in German). Available from: https://www.rki.de/DE/Content/InfAZ/N/Neuartiges_Coronavirus/Situationsberichte/Wochenbericht/Wochenbericht_2022-03-24.pdf?__blob=publicationFile. [Accessed 26 July 2022].

43.

Bruel T, Hadjadj J, Maes P, Planas D, Seve A, Staropoli I et al (2022) Serum neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sublineages BA.1 and BA.2 in patients receiving monoclonal antibodies. Nat Med 28(6):1297–1302. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-022-01792-5 (Epub 2022/03/25)CrossRefPubMed

44.

Nyberg T, Ferguson NM, Nash SG, Webster HH, Flaxman S, Andrews N et al (2022) Comparative analysis of the risks of hospitalisation and death associated with SARS-CoV-2 omicron (B11529) and delta (B16172) variants in England: a cohort study. Lancet 399(10332):1303–1312. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00462-7 (Epub 2022/03/20)CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

45.

Wilhelm A, Widera M, Grikscheit K, Toptan T, Schenk B, Pallas C et al (2022) Limited neutralisation of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants BA.1 and BA.2 by convalescent and vaccine serum and monoclonal antibodies. EBioMedicine 82:104158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104158 (Epub 2022/07/15)CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

46.

Lyngse FP, Kirkeby CT, Denwood M, Christiansen LE, Mølbak K, Møller CH et al (2022) Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron VOC subvariants BA.1 and BA.2: evidence from Danish households. medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.01.28.22270044CrossRef

47.

Wolter N, Jassat W, von Gottberg A, Cohen C (2022) Clinical severity of omicron lineage BA.2 infection compared with BA.1 infection in South Africa. Lancet 400(10346):93–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(22)00981-3 (Epub 2022/07/06)CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

48.

Gangavarapu K, Latif AA, Mullen JL, Alkuzweny M, Hufbauer E, Tsueng G et al (2022) Outbreak.info genomic reports: scalable and dynamic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 variants and mutations. Medrxiv 5:1403. https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.01.27.22269965CrossRef

49.

Hui KPY, Ho JCW, Cheung MC, Ng KC, Ching RHH, Lai KL et al (2022) SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant replication in human bronchus and lung ex vivo. Nature 603(7902):715–720. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04479-6 (Epub 2022/02/02)CrossRefPubMed

50.

McMahan K, Giffin V, Tostanoski LH, Chung B, Siamatu M, Suthar MS et al (2022) Reduced pathogenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant in hamsters. Med (N Y) 3(4):262–8.e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medj.2022.03.004 (Epub 2022/03/23)CrossRefPubMed

51.

Nishiura H, Ito K, Anzai A, Kobayashi T, Piantham C, Rodríguez-Morales AJ (2021) Relative reproduction number of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) compared with delta variant in South Africa. J Clin Med. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11010030 (Epub 2022/01/12)CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

52.

Hay JA, Kissler SM, Fauver JR, Mack C, Tai CG, Samant RM et al (2022) Viral dynamics and duration of PCR positivity of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant. medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.01.13.22269257CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

53.

Peacock TP, Brown JC, Zhou J, Thakur N, Sukhova K, Newman J et al (2022) The altered entry pathway and antigenic distance of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant map to separate domains of spike protein. BioRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.12.31.474653CrossRef

54.

Tanaka H, Ogata T, Shibata T, Nagai H, Takahashi Y, Kinoshita M et al (2022) Shorter incubation period among COVID-19 cases with the BA.1 Omicron variant. Int J Environ Res Public Health. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19106330CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

55.

Willett BJ, Grove J, MacLean OA, Wilkie C, De Lorenzo G, Furnon W et al (2022) SARS-CoV-2 Omicron is an immune escape variant with an altered cell entry pathway. Nat Microbiol. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-022-01143-7CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

56.

CoV-lineages (2022) PANGO-designation. Available from: https://github.com/cov-lineages/pango-designation/issues/343. [Accessed 25 July 2022]

57.

Conzelmann C, Weil T, Olari LR, Gilg A, Rauch L, Albers DPJ et al (2022) Virucidal activity of SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen extraction buffers. J Clin Virol 147:105062. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2021.105062CrossRefPubMed

Title: Variable detection of Omicron-BA.1 and -BA.2 by SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen tests
Authors: Andreas Osterman
Irina Badell
Christopher Dächert
Nikolas Schneider
Anna-Yasemin Kaufmann
Gamze Naz Öztan
Melanie Huber
Patricia M. Späth
Marcel Stern
Hanna Autenrieth
Maximilian Muenchhoff
Alexander Graf
Stefan Krebs
Helmut Blum
Ludwig Czibere
Jürgen Durner
Lars Kaderali
Hanna‑Mari Baldauf
Oliver T. Keppler
Publication date: 12-11-2022
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2
COVID-19
Published in: Medical Microbiology and Immunology / Issue 1/2023
Print ISSN: 0300-8584
Electronic ISSN: 1432-1831
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00430-022-00752-7

Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Reserve your place

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin

Prof. Florian Limbourg

Prof. Anoop Chauhan

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 1/2023

SARS-CoV-2 infection in the context of Kawasaki disease and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children

IgG antibody response to pneumococcal-conjugated vaccine (Prevenar®13) in children with immunodeficiency disorders

A comparative study of IL-33 and its receptor ST2 in a C57BL/6 J mouse model of pulmonary Cryptococcus neoformans infection

Reduced neutralization against Delta, Gamma, Mu, and Omicron BA.1 variants of SARS-CoV-2 from previous non-Omicron infection

Intrinsic D614G and P681R/H mutations in SARS-CoV-2 VoCs Alpha, Delta, Omicron and viruses with D614G plus key signature mutations in spike protein alters fusogenicity and infectivity

Acinetobacter baumannii reinforces the pathogenesis by promoting IL-17 production in a mouse pneumonia model

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

At a glance: The STEP trials