Top

Published in:

03-12-2022 | SARS-CoV-2 | Review

Covid-19 infection in children and adolescents and its association with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1d) presentation and management

Authors: Kyriaki Karavanaki, Kalliopi Rodolaki, Alexandra Soldatou, Spyridon Karanasios, Kostas Kakleas

Published in: Endocrine | Issue 2/2023

Abstract

Children seem to be affected by the new SARS-CoV-2 virus less severely than adults, with better prognosis and low mortality. Serious complications of COVID-19 infection in children include multisystem inflammatory response syndrome in COVID-19 infection (MIS-C), myo-or pericarditis and, less frequently, long COVID syndrome. On the other hand, adults with type 1 (T1D) or type 2 diabetes (T2D) are among the most vulnerable groups affected by COVID-19, with increased morbidity and mortality. Moreover, an association of SARS-CoV-2 with diabetes has been observed, possibly affecting the frequency and severity of the first clinical presentation of T1D or T2D, as well as the development of acute diabetes after COVID-19 infection. The present review summarizes the current data on the incidence of T1D among children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as its severity. Moreover, it reports on the types of newly diagnosed diabetes after COVID infection and the possible pathogenetic mechanisms. Additionally, this study presents current data on the effect of SARS-CoV-2 on diabetes control in patients with known T1D and on the severity of clinical presentation of COVID infection in these patients. Finally, this review discusses the necessity of immunization against COVID 19 in children and adolescents with T1D.

M.T. Adil, R. Rahman, D. Whitelaw, V. Jain, O. Al-Taan, F. Rashid et al. SARS-CoV-2 and the pandemic of COVID-19. Postgrad. Med. J. 97(1144), 110–116 (2021)CrossRefPubMed

M. Podhorecka, A. Pyszora, A. Woźniewicz, J. Husejko, K. Kędziora-Kornatowska, Health and protective measures for seniors during the COVID-19 pandemic in the opinion of Polish Society. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 18(17), 9230 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179230. PMID: 34501830CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

M.K. Siebach, G. Piedimonte, S.H. Ley, COVID-19 in childhood: transmission, clinical presentation, complications and risk factors. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 56(6), 1342–1356 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.25344. JunEpub 2021.PMID: 33721405CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

E.A. Bradley, O. Cavus, ACHD-specific risk factors for severe COVID-19. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 77(13), 1656–1659 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2021.02.024CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

A.A. Farag, H.M. Hassanin, H.H. Soliman, A. Sallam, A.M. Sediq, E.S. Abd Elbaser, K. Elbanna, Newly diagnosed diabetes in patients with COVID-19: different types and short-term outcomes. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 6(3), 142 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6030142. PMID: 34449740CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

J.F. Ludvigsson, Systematic review of COVID-19 in children shows milder cases and a better prognosis than adults. Acta Paediatr. 109(6), 1088–1095 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.15270. Epub 2020 Apr 14.PMID: 32202343CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

X. Lu, L. Zhang, H. Du, J. Zhang, Y.Y. Li, J. Qu,Chinese Pediatric Novel Coronavirus Study Team et al., SARS-CoV-2 infection in children. N. Engl. J. Med. 382(17), 1663–1665 (2020). 23Epub 2020 Mar 18.PMID: 32187458 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2005073CrossRefPubMed

L. Yamamoto, E.H. Dos Santos, E.H. Pinto, M.C. Rocha, K.A. Kanunfre, M.G. Vallada, T.S. Okay, SARS-CoV-2 infections with emphasis on pediatric patients: a narrative review. Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo 62, e65 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-9946202062065CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

M.K. Siebach, G. Piedimonte, S.H. Ley, COVID-19 in childhood: transmission, clinical presentation, complications and risk factors. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 56(6), 1342–1356 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.25344. Epub 2021 Mar 15.PMID: 33721405CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

10.

A. Tajbakhsh, K.R. Jaberi, S.M.G. Hayat, M. Sharifi, T.P. Johnston, P.C. Guest et al. Age-specific differences in the severity of COVID-19 between children and adults: reality and reasons. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1327, 63–78 (2021)CrossRefPubMed

11.

N. Nathan, B. Prevost, C. Sileo, N. Richard, L. Berdah, G. Thouvenin, G. Aubertin, T. Lecarpentier, A. Schnuriger, J. Jegard, I. Guellec, J. Taytard, H. Corvol, The wide spectrum of COVID-19 clinical presentation in children. J. Clin. Med. 9(9), 2950 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092950CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

12.

F. Götzinger, B. Santiago-García, A. Noguera-Julián, M. Lanaspa, L. Lancella, F.I. Calò Carducci et al. ptbnet COVID-19 Study Group. COVID-19 in children and adolescents in Europe: a multinational, multicentre cohort study. Lancet Child Adolesc. Health 4(9), 653–661 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30177-2. Epub 2020 Jun 25CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

13.

R. Sinaei, S. Pezeshki, S. Parvaresh, R. Sinaei, Why COVID-19 is less frequent and severe in children: a narrative review. World J. Pediatr. 17(1), 10–20 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12519-020-00392-yCrossRefPubMed

14.

E.J. Giamarellos-Bourboulis, M.G. Netea, N. Rovina, K. Akinosoglou, A. Antoniadou, N. Antonakos et al. Complex immune dysregulation in COVID-19 patients with severe respiratory failure. Cell Host Microbe 27(992–1000), e3 (2020)

15.

C.A. Latz, C. DeCarlo, L. Boitano, C.Y.M. Png, R. Patell, M.F. Conrad, M. Eagleton, A. Dua, Blood type and outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Ann. Hematol. 99(9), 2113–2118 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00277-020-04169-1CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

16.

J. Sankar, N. Dhochak, S.K. Kabra, R. Lodha, COVID-19 in children: clinical approach and management. Indian J. Pediatr. 87(6), 433–442 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-020-03292-1CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

17.

C. Diorio, S.E. Henrickson, L.A. Vella, K.O. McNerney, J. Chase, CH. Burudpakdee, et al., Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and COVID-19 are distinct presentations of SARS-CoV-2. J. Clin. Investig. 130(11), 5967–5975 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI140970CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

18.

M.H. Cheng, S. Zhang, R.A. Porritt, M. Noval Rivas, L. Paschold, E. Willscher, M. Binder, M. Arditi, I. Bahar, Superantigenic character of an insert unique to SARS-CoV-2 spike supported by skewed TCR repertoire in patients with hyperinflammation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 117(41), 25254–25262 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2010722117CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

19.

C.P. Dobson, Cardiac sequelae of COVID-19 in children and young adults. Pediatr. Ann. 50(3), e128–e135 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3928/19382359-20210224-01CrossRefPubMed

20.

D.V. Parums, Editorial: Long-term effects of symptomatic and asymptomatic SARS-COV-2 infection in children and the changing pathogenesis of common childhood viruses driven by the COVID-19 Pandemic. Med. Sci. Monit. 28, e937927 (2022). https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.937927. PMID: 35909366CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

21.

M. Stein, L. Ashkenazi-Hoffnung, D. Greenberg, I. Dalal, G. Livni, G. Chapnick et al. The burden of COVID-19 in children and its prevention by vaccination: a joint statement of the Israeli Pediatric Association and the Israeli Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases. Vaccines. 10(1), 81 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10010081CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

22.

R. Unsworth, S. Wallace, N.S. Oliver, S. Yeung, A. Kshirsagar, H. Naidu, R.M.W. Kwong, P. Kumar, K.M. Logan, New-onset type 1 diabetes in children during COVID-19: multicenter regional findings in the U.K. Diabetes Care 43(11), e170–e171 (2020). https://doi.org/10.2337/dc20-1551CrossRefPubMed

23.

S.R. Tittel, J. Rosenbauer, C. Kamrath, J. Ziegler, F. Reschke, J. Hammersen, K. Mönkemöller, A. Pappa, T. Kapellen, R.W. Holl, Did the COVID-19 lockdown affect the incidence of pediatric type 1 diabetes in Germany? Diabetes Care. 43(11), e172–e173 (2020). https://doi.org/10.2337/dc20-1633CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

24.

F. Reschke, S. Lanzinger, V. Herczeg, P. Prahalad, R. Schiaffini, D Mul, et al., SWEET Study Group. The COVID-19 Pandemic affects seasonality, with increasing cases of new-onset type 1 diabetes in children, from the worldwide SWEET registry. Diabetes Care dc220278 (2022). https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-0278

25.

E. Basatemur, A. Jones, M. Peters, P. Ramnarayan, Paediatric critical care referrals of children with diabetic ketoacidosis during the COVID-19 pandemic. Arch. Dis. Child 106(4), e21 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2020-320471CrossRefPubMed

26.

H. Salmi, S. Heinonen, J. Hastbacka, M. Laaperi, P. Rautiainen, P.J. Miettinen et al. New-onset type 1 diabetes in Finnish children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Arch. Dis. Child 0, 1–6 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2020-321CrossRef

27.

C.E. Barrett, A.K. Koyama, P. Alvarez, W. Chow, E.A. Lundeen, C.G. Perrine et al. Risk for newly diagnosed diabetes > 30 days after SARS-CoV-2 infection among persons aged <18 years—United States, March 1, 2020–June 28, 2021 Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 71(2):59–65 (2022). https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7102e2

28.

R. Shulman, C. Cohen, T.A. Stukel, C.H. Diong, A. Guttmann, Examination of trends in diabetes incidence among children during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario, Canada, from March 2020 to September 2021. JAMA Netw. Open 5(7), e2223394 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.23394CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

29.

D. Al-Abdulrazzaq, A. Alkandari, F. Alhusaini, N. Alenazi, U.P. Gujral, K.M.V. Narayan, H. Al-Kandari, Higher rates of diabetic ketoacidosis and admission to the paediatric intensive care unit among newly diagnosed children with type 1 diabetes in Kuwait during the COVID-19 pandemic. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 38(3), e3506 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.3506CrossRefPubMed

30.

J. Ho, E. Rosolowsky, D. Pacaud, C. Huang, J.A. Lemay, N. Brockman, Rath M. Doulla,, Diabetic ketoacidosis at type 1 diabetes diagnosis in children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Pediatr. Diabetes 22(4), 552–557 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1111/pedi.13205CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

31.

D. Pitocco, L. Tartaglione, L. Viti, M. Di Leo, A. Manto, S. Caputo et al. Lack of type 1 diabetes involvement in SARS-COV-2 population: Only a particular coincidence? Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 164, 108220 (2020)CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

32.

NHS England 2020/21. National Cost Collection Data Publication. http://www.england.nhs.UK/wp.content/uploads/2020

33.

S.M. McGlacken-Byrne, S.E.V. Drew, K. Turner, C. Peters, R. Amin, The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is associated with increased severity of presentation of childhood onset type 1 diabetes mellitus: a multi-centre study of the first COVID-19 wave. Diabet. Med. 38(9), e14640 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.14640CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

34.

O.M. Alfayez, K.S. Aldmasi, N.H. Alruwais, N.M. Bin Awad, M.S. Al Yami, O.A. Almohammed, A.R. Almutairi, Incidence of diabetic ketoacidosis among pediatrics with type 1 diabetes prior to and during COVID-19 Pandemic: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Front. Endocrinol. 13, 856958 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.856958CrossRef

35.

I. Rabbone, R. Schiaffini, V. Cherubini, C. Maffeis, A. Scaramuzza,Diabetes Study Group of the Italian Society for Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Has COVID-19 delayed the diagnosis and worsened the presentation of type 1 diabetes in children?. Diabetes Care 43(11), 2870–2872 (2020). https://doi.org/10.2337/dc20-1321CrossRefPubMed

36.

G. Di Dalmazi, G. Maltoni, C. Bongiorno, L. Tucci, V. Di Natale, S. Moscatiello et al. Comparison of the effects of lockdown due to COVID-19 on glucose patterns among children, adolescents, and adults with type 1 diabetes: CGM study. BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care 8(2), e001664 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001664CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

37.

B. Predieri, F. Leo, F. Candia, L. Lucaccioni, S.F. Madeo, M. Pugliese, V. Vivaccia, P. Bruzzi, L. Iughetti, Glycemic control improvement in italian children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes followed through telemedicine during lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Front. Endocrinol. 11, 595735 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.595735CrossRef

38.

C.M. Sánchez, A.J. González de Buitrago, M.L. Tejado Bravo, J.M. de Nicolás Jiménez, Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on glucemic control in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. An. Pediatr. 97(1), 22–29 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anpede.2020.12.022CrossRef

39.

H.P. Cheng, J.S.L. Wong, N.M. Selveindran, J.Y.H. Hong, Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on glycaemic control and lifestyle changes in children and adolescents with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Endocrine 73(3), 499–506 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-021-02810-1. Epub 2021 Jul 9CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

40.

J.K. Yang, S.S. Lin, X.J. Ji, L.M. Guo, Binding of SARS coronavirus to its receptor damages islets and causes acute diabetes. Acta Diabetol. 47(3), 193–199 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592-009-0109-4CrossRefPubMed

41.

M. Apicella, M.C. Campopiano, M. Mantuano, L. Mazoni, A. Coppelli, S. Del Prato, COVID-19 in people with diabetes: understanding the reasons for worse outcomes. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 8(9), 782–792 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30238-2CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

42.

J. Li, X. Wang, J. Chen, X. Zuo, H. Zhang, A. Deng, COVID-19 infection may cause ketosis and ketoacidosis. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 22(10), 1935–1941 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.14057CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

43.

S.K. Boddu, G. Aurangabadkar, M.S. Kuchay, New onset diabetes, type 1 diabetes and COVID-19. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. 14(6), 2211–2217 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.11.012CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

44.

K. Karavanaki, E. Tsoka, M. Liacopoulou, C. Karayianni, V. Petrou, E. Pippidou, M. Brisimitzi, M. Mavrikiou, K. Kakleas, C. Dacou-Voutetakis, Psychological stress as a factor potentially contributing to the pathogenesis of Type 1 diabetes mellitus. J. Endocrinol. Investig. 31(5), 406–415 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03346384CrossRef

45.

M. Rewers, H. Hyöty, A. Lernmark, W. Hagopian, J.X. She, D. Schatz et al. The environmental determinants of diabetes in the young (TEDDY) study: 2018 update. Curr. Diab. Rep. 18(12), 136 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-018-1113-2. the TEDDY Study GroupCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

46.

M. Rewers, J. Ludvigsson, Environmental risk factors for type 1 diabetes. Lancet 387(10035), 2340–2348 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30507-4CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

47.

T. Hollstein, D.M. Schulte, J. Schulz, A. Gluk, A.G. Ziegler, E. Bonifacio et al. Autoantibody-negative insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus after SARS-CoV-2 infection: a case report. Nat. Metab. 2(10), 1021–1024 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s42255-020-00281-8CrossRefPubMed

48.

M.E. Craig, S. Nair, H. Stein, W.D. Rawlinson, Viruses and type 1 diabetes: a new look at an old story. Pediatr. Diabetes 14(3), 149–158 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1111/pedi.12033CrossRefPubMed

49.

J. Precechtelova, M. Borsanyiova, S. Sarmirova, S. Bopegamage, Type I diabetes mellitus: genetic factors and presumptive enteroviral etiology or protection. J. Pathog. 2014, 738512 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/738512CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

50.

J.A. Müller, R. Groß, C. Conzelmann, J. Krüger, U. Merle, J. Steinhart et al. SARS-CoV-2 infects and replicates in cells of the human endocrine and exocrine pancreas. Nat. Metab. 3(2), 149–165 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s42255-021-00347-1CrossRefPubMed

51.

X. Tang, S. Uhl, T. Zhang, D. Xue, B. Li, J.J. Vandana et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection induces beta cell transdifferentiation. Cell Metab. 33(8), 1577–1591.e7 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2021.05.015CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

52.

A. Hussain, B. Bhowmik, N.C. do Vale Moreira, COVID-19 and diabetes: knowledge in progress. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 162, 108142 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108142CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

53.

P. Kazakou, V. Lambadiari, I. Ikonomidis, A. Kountouri, G. Panagopoulos, S. Athanasopoulos, E. Korompoki, I. Kalomenidis, M.A. Dimopoulos, A. Mitrakou,, Diabetes and COVID-19; a bidirectional interplay. Front. Endocrinol. 13, 780663 (2022).https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.780663CrossRef

54.

F. Rubino, S.A. Amiel, P. Zimmet, G. Alberti, S. Bornstein, R.H. Eckel et al. New-onset diabetes in Covid-19. N. Engl. J. Med. 383(8), 789–790 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2018688CrossRefPubMed

55.

A. Morris, Effects of pancreatic SARS-CoV-2 infection identified. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 17(4), 192 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-021-00481-6CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

56.

C.L. Lu, Y. Wang, L. Yuan, Y. Li, X.Y. Li, The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2/angiotensin (1-7)/Mas axis protects the function of pancreatic β cells by improving the function of islet microvascular endothelial cells. Int. J. Mol. Med. 34(5), 1293–1300 (2014). https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2014.1917CrossRefPubMed

57.

R. Shoemaker, F. Yiannikouris, S. Thatcher, L. Cassis, ACE2 deficiency reduces β-cell mass and impairs β-cell proliferation in obese C57BL/6 mice. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 309(7), E621–E631 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00054.2015CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

58.

K.H. Chhabra, H. Chodavarapu, E. Lazartigues, Angiotensin converting enzyme 2: a new important player in the regulation of glycemia. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 304(8), E874–E884 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00490.2012CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

59.

M.N. Naguib, J.K. Raymond, A.P. Vidmar, New onset diabetes with diabetic ketoacidosis in a child with multisystem inflammatory syndrome due to COVID-19. De. Gruyter 12, 2020 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1515/jpem-2020-0426CrossRef

60.

M.K. Smatti, F.S. Cyprian, G.K. Nasrallah, A.A. Al Thani, R.O. Almishal, H.M. Yassine, Viruses and autoimmunity: a review on the potential interaction and molecular mechanisms. Viruses 11(8), 762 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/v11080762CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

61.

J.A. Pane, B.S. Coulson, Lessons from the mouse: potential contribution of bystander lymphocyte activation by viruses to human type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 58, 1149–1159 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-015-3562-3CrossRefPubMed

62.

B.M. Schulte, J. Bakkers, K.H. Lanke, W.J. Melchers, C. Westerlaken, W. Allebes, H.J. Aanstoot, G.J. Bruining, G.J. Adema, F.J. Van Kuppeveld, J.M. Galama, Detection of enterovirus RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of type 1 diabetic patients beyond the stage of acute infection. Viral Immunol. 23(1), 99e104 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1089/vim.2009.0072CrossRef

63.

M.S. Kuchay, P.K. Reddy, S. Gagneja, A. Mathew, S.K. Mishra,, Short term follow-up of patients presenting with acute onset diabetes and diabetic ketoacidosis during an episode of COVID-19. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. 14(6), 2039–2041 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.10.015CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

64.

S. Benyakhlef, W. Abdellaoui, A. Tahri, S. Rouf, H. Latrech, Diabetic ketoacidosis at onset of pediatric type 1 diabetes triggered by Covid-19: an original case report. Cureus 13(3), e13958 (2021). https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.13958CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

65.

S. Rabizadeh, M. Hajmiri, A. Rajab, H.E. Kouchak, M. Nakhjavani, Severe diabetic ketoacidosis and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection in a teenage patient with newly diagnosed diabetes. J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab. 33, 1241 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1515/jpem-2020-0296. 3CrossRefPubMed

66.

A.T. Soliman, M. Amri, K. Alleethy, N. Alaaraj, N. Hamed, V. De Sanctis, Newly-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus precipitated by COVID-19 in an 8-month-old infant. Acta Biomed. 91(3):(2020). https://doi.org/10.23750/abm.v91i3.10074

67.

K. Karavanaki, E. Karanika, S. Georga, A. Bartzeliotou, M. Tsouvalas, I. Konstantopoulos et al. Cytokine response to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in children with type 1 diabetes (T1DM). Endocr. J. 58(12), 1045–1053 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1507/endocrj.ej11-0024CrossRefPubMed

68.

P. Davies, C. Evans, H.K. Kanthimathinathan, J. Lillie, J. Brierley, G. Waters et al. Intensive care admissions of children with paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 (PIMS-TS) in the UK: a multicentre observational study. Lancet Child Adolesc. Health 4(9), 669–677 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30215-7CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

69.

A. Brufsky, Hyperglycemia, hydroxychloroquine, and the COVID-19 pandemic. J. Med. Virol. 92(7), 770–775 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25887.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

70.

S. Sen, R. Chakraborty, P. Kalita, M.P. Pathak, Diabetes mellitus and COVID-19: understanding the association in light of current evidence. World J. Clin. Cases 9(28), 8327–8339 (2021). https://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v9.i28.8327CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

71.

G. Akkuş, Newly-onset autoimmune diabetes mellitus triggered by COVID-19 infection: a case based review. Endocr. Metab. Immune Disord. Drug Targets. 2022. https://doi.org/10.2174/2666145415666221004111511

72.

M. Korytkowski, K. Antinori-Lent, A. Drincic, I.B. Hirsch, M.E. McDonnell, R. Rushakoff et al. A pragmatic approach to inpatient diabetes management during the COVID-19 pandemic. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 105(9), dgaa342 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa342. SepCrossRefPubMed

73.

Y. Gong, S. Qin, L. Dai, Z. Tian, The glycosylation in SARS-CoV-2 and its receptor ACE2. Signal Transduct. Target Ther. 6(1), 396 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-021-00809-8CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

74.

M.K. Badawy, V. Viswanath, B. Khetriwal, S. Pradhan, R.M. Williams, N. Pathan et al. Diabetic ketoacidosis with severe hypokalemia and persistent hypernatremia in an adolescent girl with COVID‐19 infection. Clin. Case Rep. 10(2), e05406 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/ccr3.5406CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

75.

M. Noori, S.A. Nejadghaderi, M.J.M. Sullman, K. Carson-Chahhoud, A.A. Kolahi, S. Safiri, Epidemiology, prognosis andmanagement of potassium disorders in Covid-19. Rev. Med. Virol. 32(1), e2262 (2022).

76.

A. Usman, N. Mustafa, S.P. Iqbal, M.Z. Hasan, M.F. Shaikh, J.A. Dujaili, S.H. Gan, Mapping the role of pH-adjusted potassium in diabetic ketoacidosis: hypokalemia and the patient outcomes. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 75(8), e14315 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.14315CrossRefPubMed

77.

N.E. Palermo, A.R. Sadhu, M.E. McDonnell, Diabetic ketoacidosis in COVID-19: unique concerns and considerations. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 105, 2819–2829 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa360CrossRef

78.

World Health Organization, Coronavirus disease COVID-19 pandemic. World Health Organization. (2020). https://www.ispad.org/page/CoronavirusinfectionCOVID-19-IIISPADSummary

79.

D. Pitocco, L. Viti, L. Tartaglione, M. Di Leo, G.E. Rizzo, A. Manto, A. Rizzi, S. Caputo, A. Pontecorvi, Diabetes and severity of COVID-19: what is the link? Med Hypotheses 143, 109923 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109923CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

80.

R. Cardona-Hernandez, V. Cherubini, D. Iafusco, R. Schiaffini, X. Luo, D.M. Maahs, Children and youth with diabetes are not at increased risk for hospitalization due to COVID-19. Pediatr. Diabetes 22(2), 202–206 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1111/pedi.13158CrossRefPubMed

81.

G.T. Alonso, O. Ebekozien, M.P. Gallagher, S. Rompicherla, S.K. Lyons, A. Choudhary et al. Diabetic ketoacidosis drives COVID-19 related hospitalizations in children with type 1 diabetes. J. Diabetes 13(8), 681–687 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-0407.13184CrossRefPubMed

82.

The NHS patient safety strategy, 2020/08. http://www.england.nhs.uk/wp.content/uploads/2020

83.

P. Tatti, G. Tonolo, A. Zanfardino, D. Iafusco, Is it fair to hope that patients with Type 1 Diabetes (autoimmune) may be spared by the infection of Covid-19? Med. Hypotheses 142, 109795 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109795CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

84.

Y. Shi, Y. Wang, C. Shao, J. Huang, J. Gan, X. Huang, et al. Covid-19 infection: the perspectives on immune responses. Cell Death Differ. 23 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41418-020-0530-3

85.

P. Fallahi, S.M. Ferrari, F. Ragusa, I. Ruffilli, G. Elia, S.R. Paparo, A. Antonelli, Th1 chemokines in autoimmune endocrine disorders. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 105(4) (2020). https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgz289

86.

J. Chen, Y.F. Lau, E.W. Lamirande, C.D. Paddock, J.H. Bartlett, S.R. Zaki et al. Cellular immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection in senescent BALB/c mice: CD4+T cells are important in control of SARS-CoV infection. J. Virol. 84(3), 1289–1301 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01281-09CrossRefPubMed

87.

J.P.A. Ioannidis, COVID‐19 vaccination in children and university students. Eur. J. Clin. Investig. 51(11), e13678 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1111/eci.13678CrossRef

88.

World Health Organization 2022. https://www.pfizer.com/news/press-release/press-release-detail/fol-low-data-phase-3-trial-pfizer-biontech-covid-19-vaccine

89.

D. Buonsenso, D. Roland, C. De Rose, P. Vásquez-Hoyos, B. Ramly, J.N. Chakakala-Chaziya, et al. Schools closures during the COVID-19 pandemic: a catastrophic global situation.Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 40(4), e146–e150 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000003052CrossRefPubMed

90.

R. Pal, S.K. Bhadada, A. Misra, COVID-19 vaccination in patients with diabetes mellitus: current concepts, uncertainties and challenges. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. 15(2), 505–508 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2021.02.026CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

91.

C.S. Eberhardt, C.A. Siegrist, Is there a role for childhood vaccination against COVID-19? Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 32(1), 9–16 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.13401CrossRefPubMed

92.

C.E. Barrett, A.K. Koyama, P. Alvarez, W. Chow, E.A. Lundeen, C.G. Perrine et al. Risk for newly diagnosed diabetes > 30 days after SARS-CoV-2 infection among persons aged <18 years - United States, March 1, 2020–June 28, 2021. Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 71(2), 59–65 (2022). https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7102e2CrossRef

93.

Y. Du, L. Chen, Y. Shi, Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines in adolescents, children, and infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Public Health 10, 829176 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.829176CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

94.

B. Piccini, B. Pessina, F. Pezzoli, E. Casalini, S. Toni, COVID-19 vaccination in adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes: glycemic control and side effects. Pediatr. Diabetes 23(4), 469–472 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1111/pedi.13326CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

95.

ESPE COVID-19 Hub. https://www.eurospe.org › patients › espe-covid-19-hub

96.

M. Stein, L. Ashkenazi-Hoffnung, D. Greenberg, I. Dalal, G. Livni, G. Chapnick et al. The burden of COVID-19 in children and its prevention by vaccination: a joint statement of the Israeli Pediatric Association and the Israeli Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases. Vaccines (Basel) 10(1), 81 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10010081CrossRefPubMed

97.

American Diabetes Association. Diabetes and Coronavirus (COVID-19)

98.

COVID-19 vaccines: everything you need to know. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019ncov/vaccines/recommenda-tions/children-teens.html

99.

R.K. Borchering, L.C. Mullany, E. Howerton, M. Chinazzi, C.P. Smith, M. Qin et al., Impact of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination of children ages 5-11 years on COVID-19 disease burden and resilience to new variants in the United States, November 2021–March 2022: a multi-model study. MedRxiv 2022; 2022.03.08.22271905. https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.03.08.22271905. Preprint

Title: Covid-19 infection in children and adolescents and its association with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1d) presentation and management
Authors: Kyriaki Karavanaki
Kalliopi Rodolaki
Alexandra Soldatou
Spyridon Karanasios
Kostas Kakleas
Publication date: 03-12-2022
Publisher: Springer US
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2
COVID-19
Published in: Endocrine / Issue 2/2023
Print ISSN: 1355-008X
Electronic ISSN: 1559-0100
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-022-03266-7

Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Reserve your place

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin

Prof. Florian Limbourg

Prof. Anoop Chauhan

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 2/2023

Incidence and mortality of thyroid cancer in 50 countries: a joinpoint regression analysis of global trends

Assessment of the reporting quality of randomised controlled trials for vitamin D supplementation in autoimmune thyroid disorders based on the CONSORT statement

The addition of corticotropin-releasing hormone to 2-day low dose dexamethasone suppression test provides additional case detection

Explore the diagnostic performance of 2020 Chinese Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data Systems by comparing with the 2017 ACR-TIRADS guidelines: a single-center study

A prospective follow-up on thyroid function, thyroid autoimmunity and long COVID among 250 COVID-19 survivors

Asymmetric dimethylarginine and gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

At a glance: The STEP trials