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Sports Medicine
Published in: Sports Medicine 6/2020

01-06-2020 | Systematic Review

Safety and Effectiveness of Long-Term Exercise Interventions in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Authors: Antonio García-Hermoso, Robinson Ramirez-Vélez, Mikel L. Sáez de Asteasu, Nicolás Martínez-Velilla, Fabricio Zambom-Ferraresi, Pedro L. Valenzuela, Alejandro Lucia, Mikel Izquierdo

Published in: Sports Medicine | Issue 6/2020

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Abstract

Background

Physical exercise is beneficial to reduce the risk of several conditions associated with advanced age, but to our knowledge, no previous study has examined the association of long-term exercise interventions (≥ 1 year) with the occurrence of dropouts due to health issues and mortality, or the effectiveness of physical exercise versus usual primary care interventions on health-related outcomes in older adults (≥ 65 years old).

Objective

To analyze the safety and effectiveness of long-term exercise interventions in older adults.

Methods

We conducted a systematic review with meta-analysis examining the association of long-term exercise interventions (≥ 1 year) with dropouts from the corresponding study due to health issues and mortality (primary endpoint), and the effects of these interventions on health-related outcomes (falls and fall-associated injuries, fractures, physical function, quality of life, and cognition) (secondary endpoints).

Results

Ninety-three RCTs and six secondary studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the analyses (n = 28,523 participants, mean age 74.2 years). No differences were found between the exercise and control groups for the risk of dropouts due to health issues (RR = 1.05, 95% CI 0.95–1.17) or mortality (RR = 0.93, 95% CI 0.83–1.04), although a lower mortality risk was observed in the former group when separately analyzing clinical populations (RR = 0.67, 95% CI 0.48–0.95). Exercise significantly reduced the number of falls and fall-associated injuries, and improved physical function and cognition. These results seemed independent of participants’ baseline characteristics (age, physical function, and cognitive status) and exercise frequency.

Conclusions

Long-term exercise training does not overall influence the risk of dropouts due to health issues or mortality in older adults, and results in a reduced mortality risk in clinical populations. Moreover, exercise reduces the number of falls and fall-associated injuries, and improves physical function and cognition in this population.
Appendix
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Metadata
Title
Safety and Effectiveness of Long-Term Exercise Interventions in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors
Antonio García-Hermoso
Robinson Ramirez-Vélez
Mikel L. Sáez de Asteasu
Nicolás Martínez-Velilla
Fabricio Zambom-Ferraresi
Pedro L. Valenzuela
Alejandro Lucia
Mikel Izquierdo
Publication date
01-06-2020
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Published in
Sports Medicine / Issue 6/2020
Print ISSN: 0112-1642
Electronic ISSN: 1179-2035
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01259-y

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