Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Current Oncology Reports
Published in: Current Oncology Reports 5/2020

01-05-2020 | Rituximab | Lymphomas (MR Smith, Section Editor)

Hairy Cell Leukaemia

Authors: Matthew Cross, Claire Dearden

Published in: Current Oncology Reports | Issue 5/2020

Login to get access

Abstract

Purpose of Review

To summarise diagnostic clinical/laboratory findings and highlight differences between classical hairy cell leukaemia (HCLc) and hairy cell leukaemia variant (HCLv). Discussion of prognosis and current treatment indications including novel therapies, linked to understanding of the underlying molecular pathogenesis.

Recent Findings

Improved understanding of the underlying pathogenesis of HCLc, particularly the causative mutation BRAF V600E, leading to constitutive activation of the MEK/ERK signalling pathway and increased cell proliferation.

Summary

HCLc is caused by BRAF V600E mutation in most cases. Purine nucleoside analogue (PNA) therapy is the mainstay of treatment, with the addition of rituximab, improving response and minimal residual disease (MRD) clearance. Despite excellent responses to PNAs, many patients will eventually relapse, requiring further therapy. Rarely, patients are refractory to PNA therapy. In relapsed/refractory patients, novel targeted therapies include BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi), anti-CD22 immunoconjugate moxetumomab and Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors (BTKi). HCLv has a worse prognosis with median overall survival (OS), only 7–9 years, despite the combination of PNA/rituximab improving front-line response. Moxetumomab or ibrutinib may be a viable treatment but lacks substantial evidence.
Literature
1.
• Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Pileri SA, Stein H, et al. WHO classification of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. World heal organ Classif Tumours Haematop lymphoid tissue; 2017. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1017/​CBO9781107415324​.​004. This revised classification contains updated diagnostic information on HCLc and HCLv. It also includes HCLv as a separate entity for the first time. CrossRef
2.
3.
Hoffman MA. Clinical presentations and complications of hairy cell leukemia. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2006;20:1065–73.PubMedCrossRef
4.
•• Tiacci E, Trifonov V, Schiavoni G, et al. BRAF mutations in hairy-cell leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:2305–15 The seminal paper describing the finding of the BRAF V600E mutation in an index case and subsequent validation as the causative mutation in HCLc, with the same mutation found in all of a further 47 sequenced HCLc cases. It describes the mechanism of action of the mutant BRAF protein, which produces constitutive activation of the RAF-MEK-ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in HCL causing uncontrolled proliferation. This paper defined the underlying genetic driver in HCLc and has led to the use of targeted BRAF inhibitor therapy. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
5.
Matutes E, Martínez-Trillos A, Campo E. Hairy cell leukaemia-variant: disease features and treatment. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 2015;28:253–63.PubMedCrossRef
6.
Chandran R, Gardiner SK, Smith SD, Spurgeon SE. Improved survival in hairy cell leukaemia over three decades: a SEER database analysis of prognostic factors. Br J Haematol. 2013;163:407–9.PubMedCrossRef
7.
Madanat YF, Rybicki L, Radivoyevitch T, Jagadeesh D, Dean R, Pohlman B, et al. Long-term outcomes of hairy cell leukemia treated with purine analogs: a comparison with the general population. Clin Lymphoma, Myeloma Leuk. 2017;17:857–62.CrossRef
8.
9.
•• Grever MR, Abdel-Wahab O, Andritsos LA, et al. Consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and management of patients with classic hairy cell leukemia. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1182/​blood-2016-01. Consensus guideline created through collaboration via the Hairy Cell Leukemia Foundation which convened an international conference to allow the world's foremost HCL experts to create common definitions and provide a structure to guide diagnosis and current management. This successfully created a uniform set of diagnostic and treatment criteria for use throughout the world.
10.
Mercieca J, Puga M, Matutes E, Moskovic E, Salim S, Catovsky D. Incidence and significance of abdominal lymphadenopathy in hairy cell leukaemia. In: Leuk. Lymphoma; 1994. p. 79–83.
11.
12.
Herold CJ, Wittich GR, Schwarzinger I, Haller J, Chott A, Mostbeck G, et al. Skeletal involvement in hairy cell leukemia. Skelet Radiol. 1988;17:171–5.CrossRef
13.
Cross M, Iyengar S, El-Sharkawi D, Sharma B, Dearden C. Abstracts of the 59th Annual Scientific Meeting of the British Society for Hematology, 1-3 April 2019, Glasgow, UK. Br J Haematol. 2019;185:3–202.CrossRef
14.
Smiljanic M, Balint MT, Antic D. A CNS involvement in patient with hairy cell leukemia-prior CNS infection with subsequent leukemia breakthrough or disguised leukemia in CNS from onset? HemaSphere. 2018;2:820–1.
15.
Perry AM, Matsuda K, Wadhwa V, Hewitt D, Almiski M, Johnston JB, et al. Multifocal brain involvement in a patient with hairy cell leukemia successfully treated with rituximab and cladribine. Blood Adv. 2017;1:899–902.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
16.
17.
Clavel J, Conso F, Limasset JC, Mandereau L, Roche P, Flandrin G, et al. Hairy cell leukaemia and occupational exposure to benzene. Occup Environ Med. 1996;53:533–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
18.
Clavel J, Mandereau L, Conso F, Limasset JC, Pourmir I, Flandrin G, et al. Occupational exposure to solvents and hairy cell leukaemia. Occup Environ Med. 1998;55:59–64.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
19.
Monnereau A, Slager SL, Hughes AM, et al. Medical history, lifestyle, and occupational risk factors for hairy cell leukemia: the interlymph non-Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes project. J Natl Cancer Inst - Monogr. 2014:115–24.CrossRef
20.
21.
Orsi L, Delabre L, Monnereau A, Delval P, Berthou C, Fenaux P, et al. Occupational exposure to pesticides and lymphoid neoplasms among men: results of a French casecontrol study. Occup Environ Med. 2009;66:291–8.PubMedCrossRef
22.
Vanhentenrijk V, De Wolf-Peeters C, Wlodarska I. Comparative expressed sequence hybridization studies of hairy cell leukemia show uniform expression profile and imprint of spleen signature. Blood. 2004;104:250–5.PubMedCrossRef
23.
Miranda RN, Cousar JB, Hammer RD, Collins RD, Vnencak-Jones CL. Somatic mutation analysis of IgH variable regions reveals that tumor cells of most parafollicular (monocytoid) B-cell lymphoma, splenic marginal zone B-cell lymphoma, and some hairy cell leukemia are composed of memory B lymphocytes. Hum Pathol. 1999;30:306–12.PubMedCrossRef
24.
Basso K, Liso A, Tiacci E, Benedetti R, Pulsoni A, Foa R, et al. Gene expression profiling of hairy cell leukemia reveals a phenotype related to memory B cells with altered expression of chemokine and adhesion receptors. J Exp Med. 2004;199:59–68.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
25.
Arribas AJ, Rinaldi A, Chiodin G, Kwee I, Mensah AA, Cascione L, et al. Genome-wide promoter methylation of hairy cell leukemia. Blood Adv. 2019;3:384–96.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
26.
Vanhentenrijk V, Tierens A, Wlodarska I, Verhoef G, Wolf-Peeters CD. VH gene analysis of hairy cell leukemia reveals a homogeneous mutation status and suggests its marginal zone B-cell origin [2]. Leukemia. 2004;18:1729–32.PubMedCrossRef
27.
28.
• Xi L, Arons E, Navarro W, Calvo KR, Stetler-Stevenson M, Raffeld M, et al. Both variant and IGHV4-34-expressing hairy cell leukemia lack the BRAF V600E mutation. Blood. 2012;119:3330–2. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1182/​blood-2011-09-379339This paper showed that HCLv and a minority of HCLc (21%) are BRAF V600E wild type and have a different pathogenesis to BRAF V600E mutated HCLc. Of the BRAF wild type cases 50% of the HCLv and HCLv cases showed IGHV4-34 usage. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
29.
Hockley SL, Morgan GJ, Leone PE, Walker BA, Morilla A, Else M, et al. High-resolution genomic profiling in hairy cell leukemia-variant compared with typical hairy cell leukemia. Leukemia. 2011;25:1189–92.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Dietrich S, Hüllein J, Lee SCW, Hutter B, Gonzalez D, Jayne S, et al. Recurrent CDKN1B (p27) mutations in hairy cell leukemia. Blood. 2015;126:1005–8.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Maitre E, Bertrand P, Maingonnat C, Viailly PJ, Wiber M, Naguib D, et al. New generation sequencing of targeted genes in the classical and the variant form of hairy cell leukemia highlights mutations in epigenetic regulation genes. Oncotarget. 2018;9:28866–76.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
32.
• Durham BH, Getta B, Dietrich S, et al. Genomic analysis of hairy cell leukemia identifies novel recurrent genetic alterations. Blood. 2017;130:1644–8 This paper showed previously un-identified recurrent genetic alterations in HCL. KMT2C mutations were found in HCLc (15%) and HCLv (25%). CCND3 and U2AF1 mutations occurred in 13% of HCLv. Mutations in NF1, NF2, N/KRAS, and IRS1 were found in vemurafenib resistant cases contributing to vemurafenib resistance in HCLc. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
33.
Jones G, Parry-Jones N, Wilkins B, Else M, Catovsky D. Revised guidelines for the diagnosis and management of hairy cell leukaemia and hairy cell leukaemia variant. Br J Haematol. 2012;156:186–95.PubMedCrossRef
34.
Saven A, Burian C, Koziol JA, Piro LD. Long-term follow-up of patients with hairy cell leukemia after cladribine treatment. Blood. 1998;92:1918–26.CrossRefPubMed
35.
Shenoi DP, Andritsos LA, Blachly JS, Rogers KA, Moran ME, Anghelina M, et al. Classic hairy cell leukemia complicated by pancytopenia and severe infection: a report of 3 cases treated with vemurafenib. Blood Adv. 2019;3:116–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
36.
Burotto M, Stetler-Stevenson M, Arons E, Zhou H, Wilson W, Kreitman RJ. Bendamustine and rituximab in relapsed and refractory hairy cell leukemia. Clin Cancer Res. 2013;19:6313–21.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Juliusson G, Samuelsson H. Hairy cell leukemia: epidemiology, pharmacokinetics of cladribine, and long-term follow-up of subcutaneous therapy. Leuk Lymphoma. 2011;52:46–9.PubMedCrossRef
38.
Chihara D, Kantarjian H, O’Brien S, et al. Long-term durable remission by cladribine followed by rituximab in patients with hairy cell leukaemia: update of a phase II trial. Br J Haematol. 2016;174:760–6.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
39.
Nieva J, Bethel K, Saven A. Phase 2 study of rituximab in the treatment of cladribine-failed patients with hairy cell leukemia. Blood. 2003;102:810–3.PubMedCrossRef
40.
Thomas DA, O’Brien S, Bueso-Ramos C, Faderl S, Keating MJ, Giles FJ, et al. Rituximab in relapsed or refractory hairy cell leukemia. Blood. 2003;102:3906–11.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Hagberg H, Lundholm L. Rituximab, a chimaeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, in the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 2001;115:609–11.PubMedCrossRef
42.
•• Kreitman RJ, Dearden C, Zinzani PL, et al. Moxetumomab pasudotox in relapsed/refractory hairy cell leukemia. Leukemia. 2018;32:1768–77 This paper details results from the pivotal phase international multicentre trial using Moxetumomab, an anti CD22 immuotoxin conjugate, in relapsed/refractory HCLc who had ≥2 prior systemic therapies, including ≥1 PNA. Of 80 patients ORR was 75%, 41% CR of which 85% were MRD-ve. This study indicated the significant activity of Moxetumomab in HCLc and on this basis it was granted a license by the FDA.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
43.
• Jones J, Andritsos L, Kreitman RJ, Ravandi F, Schiffer C, Call TG, et al. Efficacy and safety of the Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor ibrutinib in patients with hairy cell leukemia: stage 1 results of a phase 2 study. Blood. 2016;128(22):1215 Results of the phase 2 trial using single agent Ibrutinib at either 420mg or 840mg daily in HCLc and HCLv. ORR was 46% with 14% CR and 32% PR but significantly an additional 29% of patients did not meet criteria for PR but had imprvement in blood counts with 71% patients still on therapy at 22 months.CrossRef
44.
•• Tiacci E, Park JH, De Carolis L, et al. Targeting mutant BRAF in relapsed or refractory hairy-cell leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2015. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1056/​NEJMoa1506583Results of the phase 2 study using single agent vemurafenib at 960mg twice daily for median 16 weeks in BRAF V600E mutated HCLc. Treatment was relatively well-tolerated although some dose reductions were required for rash and arthralgia/arthritis. Response rate was 96% with 35–42% CR indicating the efficacy of this agent and prompting additional study in combination with rituximab.PubMedCrossRef
45.
Visentin A, Imbergamo S, Frezzato F, Pizzi M, Bertorelle R, Scomazzon E, et al. Bendamustine plus rituximab is an effective first-line treatment in hairy cell leukemia variant: a report of three cases. Oncotarget. 2017;8:110727–31.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
46.
Else M, Dearden CE, Catovsky D. Long-term follow-up after purine analogue therapy in hairy cell leukaemia. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 2015;28:217–29.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
47.
Lauria F, Cencini E, Forconi F. Alternative methods of cladribine administration. Leuk Lymphoma. 2011;52:34–7.PubMedCrossRef
48.
Ginaldi L, De Martinis M, Matutes E, Farahat N, Morilla R, Catovsky D. Levels of expression of CD19 and CD20 in chronic B cell leukaemias. J Clin Pathol. 1998;51:364–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
49.
Lauria F, Lenoci M, Annino L, Raspadori D, Marotta G, Bocchia M, et al. Efficacy of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies (Mabthera) in patients with progressed hairy cell leukemia. Haematologica. 2001;86:1046–50.PubMed
50.
Kreitman RJ, Tallman MS, Robak T, Coutre S, Wilson WH, Stetler-Stevenson M, et al. Phase I trial of anti-CD22 recombinant immunotoxin moxetumomab pasudotox (CAT-8015 or HA22) in patients with hairy cell leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:1822–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
51.
52.
• Dietrich S, Pircher A, Endris V, et al. BRAF inhibition in hairy cell leukemia with low-dose vemurafenib. Blood. 2016;127:2847–55 This paper investigated the potential optimal dose of vemurafenib in HCLc. It was noted that 480mg daily completely abrogated extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation of hairy cells in vivo. This data suggests that much lower doses of vemurafenib can be successfully used in treating HCLc which will improve treatment tolerability.PubMedCrossRef
53.
Sari E, Baghy K, Kovalszky I, Bodor C, Rajnai H, Csomor J, et al. Experience with vemurafenib in the treatment of hairy cell leukemia. Haematologica. 2015;100:706.CrossRef
54.
Samuel J, Macip S, Dyer MJS. Efficacy of vemurafenib in hairy-cell leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:286–8.PubMedCrossRef
55.
56.
57.
Caeser R, Collord G, Yao WQ, Chen Z, Vassiliou GS, Beer PA, et al. Targeting MEK in vemurafenib-resistant hairy cell leukemia. Leukemia. 2019;33:541–5.PubMedCrossRef
58.
• Sivina M, Kreitman RJ, Arons E, Ravandi F, Burger JA. The bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor ibrutinib (PCI-32765) blocks hairy cell leukaemia survival, proliferation and B cell receptor signalling: a new therapeutic approach. Br J Haematol. 2014;166:177–88 In vivodata showing that BTK inhibition with ibrutinib causes HCL cell death and providing rationale for its use and the current phase 2 study in HCL.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
59.
Burger JA, Sivina M, Ravandi F. The microenvironment in hairy cell leukemia: pathways and potential therapeutic targets. Leuk Lymphoma. 2011;52:94–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
60.
Zinzani PL, Bonifazi F, Pellegrini C, Casadei B, Argnani L, Motta MR, et al. Hairy cell leukemia: allogeneic transplantation could be an optimal option in selected patients. Clin Lymphoma, Myeloma Leuk. 2012;12:287–9.CrossRef
61.
Saven A, Burian C, Adusumalli J, Koziol JA. Filgrastim for cladribine-induced neutropenic fever in patients with hairy cell leukemia. Blood. 1999;93:2471–7.PubMedCrossRef
62.
Garnache Ottou F, Chandesris MO, Lhermitte L, Callens C, Beldjord K, Garrido M, et al. Peripheral blood 8 colour flow cytometry monitoring of hairy cell leukaemia allows detection of high-risk patients. Br J Haematol. 2014;166:50–9.PubMedCrossRef
63.
Mhawech-Fauceglia P, Oberholzer M, Aschenafi S, Baur A, Kurrer M, Von Rohr A, et al. Potential predictive patterns of minimal residual disease detected by immunohistochemistry on bone marrow biopsy specimens during a long-term follow-up in patients treated with cladribine for hairy cell leukemia. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2006;130:374–7.PubMed
64.
Else M, Dearden CE, Matutes E, et al. Rituximab with pentostatin or cladribine: an effective combination treatment for hairy cell leukemia after disease recurrence. Leuk Lymphoma. 2011;52:75–8.PubMedCrossRef
65.
Goodman GR, Burian C, Koziol JA, Saven A. Extended follow-up of patients with hairy cell leukemia after treatment with cladribine. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:891–6.PubMedCrossRef
66.
Cornet E, Tomowiak C, Tanguy-Schmidt A, Lepretre S, Dupuis J, Feugier P, et al. Long-term follow-up and second malignancies in 487 patients with hairy cell leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 2014;166:390–400.PubMedCrossRef
67.
Hisada M, Chen BE, Jaffe ES, Travis LB. Second cancer incidence and cause-specific mortality among 3104 patients with hairy cell leukemia: a population-based study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2007;99:215–22.PubMedCrossRef
68.
Rosenberg JD, Burian C, Waalen J, Saven A. Clinical characteristics and long-term outcome of young hairy cell leukemia patients treated with cladribine: a single-institution series. Blood. 2014;123:177–83.CrossRefPubMed
69.
Sud A, Chattopadhyay S, Thomsen H, Sundquist K, Sundquist J, Houlston RS, Hemminki K (2019) Analysis of 153,115 patients with hematological malignancies refines the spectrum of familial risk. Blood blood.2019001362.
70.
Sun T, Grupka N, Klein C. Transformation of hairy cell leukemia to high-grade lymphoma: a case report and review of the literature. Hum Pathol. 2004;35:1423–6.PubMedCrossRef
71.
Calapre L, Warburton L, Millward M, Ziman M, Gray ES. Circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) as a liquid biopsy for melanoma. Cancer Lett. 2017;404:62–9.PubMedCrossRef
72.
73.
Jain P, Kanagal-Shamanna R, Konoplev S, Zuo Z, Estrov Z. Biclonal IGHV-4-34 hairy cell leukemia variant and CLL - successful treatment with ibrutinib and venetoclax. Am J Hematol. 2018;93:1568–9.PubMedCrossRef
74.
Subbiah V, Bang Y-J, Lassen UN, et al. ROAR: a phase 2, open-label study in patients (PTS) with BRAF V600E-mutated rare cancers to investigate the efficacy and safety of dabrafenib (D) and trametinib (T) combination therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34.CrossRef
75.
Andritsos LA, Grieselhuber NR, Anghelina M, Rogers KA, Roychowdhury S, Reeser JW, et al. Trametinib for the treatment of IGHV4-34, MAP2K1-mutant variant hairy cell leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma. 2018;59:1008–11.PubMedCrossRef
76.
Robert J. Kreitman, MD, Philippe Moreau , Martin Hutchings, MD , Anas Gazzah, MD , Jean-Yves Blay, MD PhD , Zev A. Wainberg, MD , Alexander Stein, MD , Sascha Dietrich, MD , Maja J.A. de Jonge, MD , Wolfgang Willenbacher, MD , Jacques De Greve, MD , Evge M (2018) Treatment with combination of dabrafenib and trametinib in patients with recurrent/refractory BRAF V600E-mutated hairy cell leukemia (HCL). In: Blood. 132 (Supplement 1): 391.CrossRef
77.
Cawley JC, Burns GF, Hayhoe FGJ. A chronic lymphoproliferative disorder with distinctive features: a distinct variant of hairy-cell leukaemia. Leuk Res. 1980;4:547–59.PubMedCrossRef
78.
Nagel S, Ehrentraut S, Meyer C, Kaufmann M, Drexler HG, MacLeod RAF. Genomic and expression profiling of hairy cell leukemia revealed multiple mechanisms of NFkB activation. Blood. 2014.
79.
Angelova EA, Medeiros LJ, Wang W, Muzzafar T, Lu X, Khoury JD, et al. Clinicopathologic and molecular features in hairy cell leukemia-variant: single institutional experience. Mod Pathol. 2018;31:1717–32.PubMedCrossRef
80.
• Waterfall JJ, Arons E, Walker RL, Pineda M, Roth L, Killian JK, et al. High prevalence of MAP2K1 mutations in variant and IGHV4-34-expressing hairy-cell leukemias. Nat Genet. 2014;46:8–10 This paper showed the high prevalence of MAP2K1 (MEK) mutations in HCLv and IGHV4-34 HCLc. This was significant as it showed the underlying pathogeneic mechanism in these cases but also as these cases could also be treated with a MEK inhibitor such as trametinib.PubMedCrossRef
81.
Matutes E, Wotherspoon A, Brito-Babapulle V, Catovsky D. The natural history and clinico-pathological features of the variant form of hairy cell leukemia [1]. Leukemia. 2001;15:184–6.PubMedCrossRef
82.
83.
Matutes E, Wotherspoon A, Catovsky D. The variant form of hairy-cell leukaemia. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 2003;16:41–56.PubMedCrossRef
84.
Narat S, Gandla J, Dogan A, Mehta A. Successful treatment of hairy cell leukemia variant with rituximab. Leuk Lymphoma. 2005;46:1229–32.PubMedCrossRef
85.
Yoshida T, Mihara K, Sugihara S, Arihiro K, Mino T, Sasaki N, et al. Splenectomy followed by administration of rituximab is useful to treat a patient with hairy cell leukemia-variant. Ann Hematol. 2013;92:711–3.PubMedCrossRef
86.
Quach H, Januszewicz H, Westerman D (2005) Complete remission of hairy cell leukemia variant (HCL-v) complicated by red cell aplasia post treatment with rituximab. Haematologica 90 Suppl:
87.
Kreitman RJ, Wilson W, Calvo KR, Arons E, Roth L, Sapolsky J, et al. Cladribine with immediate rituximab for the treatment of patients with variant hairy cell leukemia. Clin Cancer Res. 2013;19:6873–81.PubMedCrossRef
88.
Kreitman RJ, Wilson WH, Bergeron K, Raggio M, Stetler-Stevenson M, Fitzgerald DJ, et al. Efficacy of the anti-CD22 recombinant immunotoxin BL22 in chemotherapy-resistant hairy-cell leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:241–7.PubMedCrossRef
89.
Bohn JP, Wanner D, Steurer M. Ibrutinib for relapsed refractory hairy cell leukemia variant. Leuk Lymphoma. 2017;58:1224–6.PubMedCrossRef
90.
Andritsos LA, Anghelina M, Grieselhuber NR, et al. Trametinib for the treatment of IGHV4-34, MAP2K1-mutant variant hairy cell leukemia. Blood. 2016;128:5598 LP–5598.CrossRef
91.
Telek B, Batár P, Udvardy M. Successful alemtuzumab treatment of a patient with atypical hairy cell leukaemia variant. Orv Hetil. 2007;148:1805–7.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Hairy Cell Leukaemia
Authors
Matthew Cross
Claire Dearden
Publication date
01-05-2020
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Current Oncology Reports / Issue 5/2020
Print ISSN: 1523-3790
Electronic ISSN: 1534-6269
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11912-020-00911-0

Other articles of this Issue 5/2020

Current Oncology Reports 5/2020 Go to the issue

Correction

Correction to: Targeting and Therapeutic Monitoring of H3K27M-Mutant Glioma

Interventional Oncology (DC Madoff, Section Editor)

Percutaneous Management of Cancer Pain

Breast Cancer (B Overmoyer, Section Editor)

Applying the New Guidelines of HER2 Testing in Breast Cancer

Correction

Correction to: The Present and Future of Liquid Biopsies in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Combining Four Biosources for Diagnosis, Prognosis, Prediction, and Disease Monitoring

Lymphomas (MR Smith, Section Editor)

Therapy of Peripheral T Cell Lymphoma: Focus on Nodal Subtypes

Neuro-oncology (Y Umemura, Section Editor)

Developing Real-world Evidence-Ready Datasets: Time for Clinician Engagement
Webinar | 19-02-2024 | 17:30 (CET)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on antibody–drug conjugates in cancer

Watch now

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are novel agents that have shown promise across multiple tumor types. Explore the current landscape of ADCs in breast and lung cancer with our experts, and gain insights into the mechanism of action, key clinical trials data, existing challenges, and future directions.

Dr. Véronique Diéras
Prof. Fabrice Barlesi
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Image Credits