Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Chinese Medicine 1/2020

01-12-2020 | Review

Research progress on the ethanol precipitation process of traditional Chinese medicine

Authors: Yanni Tai, Jichen Shen, Yu Luo, Haibin Qu, Xingchu Gong

Published in: Chinese Medicine | Issue 1/2020

Login to get access

Abstract

Ethanol precipitation is a purification process widely used in the purification of Chinese medicine concentrates. This article reviews the research progress on the process mechanism of ethanol precipitation, ethanol precipitation process application for bioactive component purification, ethanol precipitation and traditional Chinese medicine quality, ethanol precipitation equipment, critical parameters, parameter research methods, process modeling and calculation methods, and process monitoring technology. This review proposes that ethanol precipitation technology should be further developed in terms of five aspects, namely, an in-depth study of the mechanism, further study of the effects on traditional Chinese medicine quality, improvement of the quality control of concentrates, development of new process detection methods, and development of a complete intelligent set of equipment.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Gong XC, Wang SS, Qu HB. Comparison of two separation technologies applied in the manufacture of botanical injections: second ethanol precipitation and solvent extraction. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2011;50(12):7542–8. Gong XC, Wang SS, Qu HB. Comparison of two separation technologies applied in the manufacture of botanical injections: second ethanol precipitation and solvent extraction. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2011;50(12):7542–8.
2.
go back to reference Gong XC, Li Y, Qu HB. Removing tannins from medicinal plant extracts using an alkaline ethanol precipitation process: a case study of Danshen injection. Molecules. 2014;19(11):18705–20.PubMedPubMedCentral Gong XC, Li Y, Qu HB. Removing tannins from medicinal plant extracts using an alkaline ethanol precipitation process: a case study of Danshen injection. Molecules. 2014;19(11):18705–20.PubMedPubMedCentral
3.
go back to reference Shao F, Yu MY, Jiang ML, Yang M, Shang Y, Liu RH, et al. Establishment of determination of fractal dimension of ethanol-precipitated flocs of two root medicinal herbs. Chin J Exp Med Formul. 2019;25(22):103–7 (in Chinese). Shao F, Yu MY, Jiang ML, Yang M, Shang Y, Liu RH, et al. Establishment of determination of fractal dimension of ethanol-precipitated flocs of two root medicinal herbs. Chin J Exp Med Formul. 2019;25(22):103–7 (in Chinese).
4.
go back to reference State Pharmacopoeia Commission. Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China, vol. 1. Beijing: China Medical Science Press; 2015. State Pharmacopoeia Commission. Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China, vol. 1. Beijing: China Medical Science Press; 2015.
5.
go back to reference Bouchard A, Hofland GW, Witkamp GJ. Properties of sugar, polyol, and polysaccharide water–ethanol solutions. J Chem Eng Data. 2007;52(5):1838–42. Bouchard A, Hofland GW, Witkamp GJ. Properties of sugar, polyol, and polysaccharide water–ethanol solutions. J Chem Eng Data. 2007;52(5):1838–42.
6.
go back to reference Gong XC, Wang SS, Qu HB. Solid-liquid equilibria of d-glucose, d-fructose and sucrose in the mixture of ethanol and water from 273.2 K to 293.2 K. Chin J Chem Eng. 2011;19(2):217–22. Gong XC, Wang SS, Qu HB. Solid-liquid equilibria of d-glucose, d-fructose and sucrose in the mixture of ethanol and water from 273.2 K to 293.2 K. Chin J Chem Eng. 2011;19(2):217–22.
7.
go back to reference Gong XC, Wang C, Zhang L, Qu HB. Solubility of xylose, mannose, maltose monohydrate, and trehalose dihydrate in ethanol-water solutions. J Chem Eng Data. 2012;57(11):3264–9. Gong XC, Wang C, Zhang L, Qu HB. Solubility of xylose, mannose, maltose monohydrate, and trehalose dihydrate in ethanol-water solutions. J Chem Eng Data. 2012;57(11):3264–9.
8.
go back to reference Zhang L, Gong XC, Wang YF, Qu HB. Solubilities of protocatechuic aldehyde, caffeic acid, d-galactose, and d-raffinose pentahydrate in ethanol-water solutions. J Chem Eng Data. 2012;57(7):2018–22. Zhang L, Gong XC, Wang YF, Qu HB. Solubilities of protocatechuic aldehyde, caffeic acid, d-galactose, and d-raffinose pentahydrate in ethanol-water solutions. J Chem Eng Data. 2012;57(7):2018–22.
9.
go back to reference Ku Y, Jansen O, Oles CJ, Lazar EZ, Rader JI. Precipitation of inulins and oligoglucoses by ethanol and other solvents. Food Chem. 2003;81(1):125–32. Ku Y, Jansen O, Oles CJ, Lazar EZ, Rader JI. Precipitation of inulins and oligoglucoses by ethanol and other solvents. Food Chem. 2003;81(1):125–32.
10.
go back to reference Boulet M, Britten M, Lamarche F. Dispersion of food proteins in water-alcohol mixed dispersants. Food Chem. 2001;74(1):69–74. Boulet M, Britten M, Lamarche F. Dispersion of food proteins in water-alcohol mixed dispersants. Food Chem. 2001;74(1):69–74.
11.
go back to reference Wüst Zibetti A, Aydi A, Claumann CA, Eladeb A, Adberraba M. Correlation of solubility and prediction of the mixing properties of rosmarinic acid in different pure solvents and in binary solvent mixtures of ethanol + water and methanol + water from (293.2 to 318.2) K. J Mol Liq. 2016;216:370–6. Wüst Zibetti A, Aydi A, Claumann CA, Eladeb A, Adberraba M. Correlation of solubility and prediction of the mixing properties of rosmarinic acid in different pure solvents and in binary solvent mixtures of ethanol + water and methanol + water from (293.2 to 318.2) K. J Mol Liq. 2016;216:370–6.
12.
go back to reference Vilas-Boas SM, Brandão P, Martins MA, Silva LP, Schreiner TB, Fernandes L, et al. Solubility and solid phase studies of isomeric phenolic acids in pure solvents. J Mol Liq. 2018;272:1048–57. Vilas-Boas SM, Brandão P, Martins MA, Silva LP, Schreiner TB, Fernandes L, et al. Solubility and solid phase studies of isomeric phenolic acids in pure solvents. J Mol Liq. 2018;272:1048–57.
13.
go back to reference Pawar RR, Aher CS. Solubility of phenolic compounds in pure water and alcohols with FTIR and DFT study. Int J Sci Res Sci Eng Technol. 2017;3(8):778–90. Pawar RR, Aher CS. Solubility of phenolic compounds in pure water and alcohols with FTIR and DFT study. Int J Sci Res Sci Eng Technol. 2017;3(8):778–90.
14.
go back to reference Shen YZ, Farajtabar A, Xu J, Wang J, Xia YY, Zhao HK, et al. Thermodynamic solubility modeling, solvent effect and preferential solvation of curcumin in aqueous co-solvent mixtures of ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol and propylene glycol. J Chem Thermodyn. 2019;131:410–9. Shen YZ, Farajtabar A, Xu J, Wang J, Xia YY, Zhao HK, et al. Thermodynamic solubility modeling, solvent effect and preferential solvation of curcumin in aqueous co-solvent mixtures of ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol and propylene glycol. J Chem Thermodyn. 2019;131:410–9.
15.
go back to reference Lan SX, Dong SY, Dong YW. Measurement and correlation of solubilities of trans-Resveratrol in ethanol + water and acetone + water mixed solvents at different temperatures. J Chem Eng Data. 2008;53(11):2562–6. Lan SX, Dong SY, Dong YW. Measurement and correlation of solubilities of trans-Resveratrol in ethanol + water and acetone + water mixed solvents at different temperatures. J Chem Eng Data. 2008;53(11):2562–6.
16.
go back to reference Xiao M, Shao YD, Yan WD, Zhang ZZ. Measurement and correlation of solubilities of apigenin and apigenin 7-O-rhamnosylglucoside in seven solvents at different temperatures. J Chem Thermodyn. 2011;43(3):240–3. Xiao M, Shao YD, Yan WD, Zhang ZZ. Measurement and correlation of solubilities of apigenin and apigenin 7-O-rhamnosylglucoside in seven solvents at different temperatures. J Chem Thermodyn. 2011;43(3):240–3.
18.
go back to reference Zhou L, Zhang PP, Yang GD, Lin R, Wang WR, Liu TT, et al. Solubility of chrysin in ethanol and water mixtures. J Chem Eng Data. 2014;59(7):2215–20. Zhou L, Zhang PP, Yang GD, Lin R, Wang WR, Liu TT, et al. Solubility of chrysin in ethanol and water mixtures. J Chem Eng Data. 2014;59(7):2215–20.
19.
go back to reference Wu JG, Ge J, Zhang YP, Yu Y, Zhang XY. Solubility of Genistein in water, methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol, 1-butanol, and ethyl acetate from (280 to 333) K. J Chem Eng Data. 2010;55(11):5286–8. Wu JG, Ge J, Zhang YP, Yu Y, Zhang XY. Solubility of Genistein in water, methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol, 1-butanol, and ethyl acetate from (280 to 333) K. J Chem Eng Data. 2010;55(11):5286–8.
20.
go back to reference Shakeel F, Haq N, Alshehri S, Ibrahim MA, Elzayat EM, Altamimi MA, et al. Solubility, thermodynamic properties and solute-solvent molecular interactions of luteolin in various pure solvents. J Mol Liq. 2018;255:43–50. Shakeel F, Haq N, Alshehri S, Ibrahim MA, Elzayat EM, Altamimi MA, et al. Solubility, thermodynamic properties and solute-solvent molecular interactions of luteolin in various pure solvents. J Mol Liq. 2018;255:43–50.
21.
go back to reference Liu LX, Chen J. Solubility of hesperetin in various solvents from (288.2 to 323.2) K. J Chem Eng Data. 2008;53(7):1649–50. Liu LX, Chen J. Solubility of hesperetin in various solvents from (288.2 to 323.2) K. J Chem Eng Data. 2008;53(7):1649–50.
22.
go back to reference Xu RJ, Cong Y, Zheng M, Chen GQ, Chen J, Zhao HK. Solubility and modeling of hesperidin in cosolvent mixtures of ethanol, isopropanol, propylene glycol, and n-Propanol + water. J Chem Eng Data. 2018;63(3):764–70. Xu RJ, Cong Y, Zheng M, Chen GQ, Chen J, Zhao HK. Solubility and modeling of hesperidin in cosolvent mixtures of ethanol, isopropanol, propylene glycol, and n-Propanol + water. J Chem Eng Data. 2018;63(3):764–70.
23.
go back to reference Zhang PP, Lin R, Yang GD, Zhang JY, Zhou L, Liu TT. Solubility of naringenin in ethanol and water mixtures. J Chem Eng Data. 2013;58(9):2402–4. Zhang PP, Lin R, Yang GD, Zhang JY, Zhou L, Liu TT. Solubility of naringenin in ethanol and water mixtures. J Chem Eng Data. 2013;58(9):2402–4.
24.
go back to reference Zhang JY, Zhang PP, Liu TT, Zhou L, Zhang LQ, Lin R, et al. Solubility of naringin in ethanol and water mixtures from 283.15 to 318.15 K. J Mol Liq. 2015;203:98–103. Zhang JY, Zhang PP, Liu TT, Zhou L, Zhang LQ, Lin R, et al. Solubility of naringin in ethanol and water mixtures from 283.15 to 318.15 K. J Mol Liq. 2015;203:98–103.
25.
go back to reference Fan JP, Yang D, Xu XK, Guo XJ, Zhang XH. Solubility of daidzin in different organic solvents and (ethyl alcohol + water) mixed solvents. J Chem Thermodyn. 2015;88:85–9. Fan JP, Yang D, Xu XK, Guo XJ, Zhang XH. Solubility of daidzin in different organic solvents and (ethyl alcohol + water) mixed solvents. J Chem Thermodyn. 2015;88:85–9.
26.
go back to reference Yang GD, Huang YR, Nan GJ, Chen HJ, Zeng AG, Bian XL. Solubility of daidzein in the binary system of ethanol and water. J Mol Liq. 2013;180:160–3. Yang GD, Huang YR, Nan GJ, Chen HJ, Zeng AG, Bian XL. Solubility of daidzein in the binary system of ethanol and water. J Mol Liq. 2013;180:160–3.
27.
go back to reference Alshehri S, Haq N, Shakeel F. Solubility, molecular interactions and mixing thermodynamic properties of piperine in various pure solvents at different temperatures. J Mol Liq. 2018;250:63–70. Alshehri S, Haq N, Shakeel F. Solubility, molecular interactions and mixing thermodynamic properties of piperine in various pure solvents at different temperatures. J Mol Liq. 2018;250:63–70.
28.
go back to reference Yang GD, Li C, Zeng AG, Qu QH, Yang X, Bian XL. Solubility of osthole in a binary system of ethanol and water. Fluid Phase Equilib. 2012;325:41–4. Yang GD, Li C, Zeng AG, Qu QH, Yang X, Bian XL. Solubility of osthole in a binary system of ethanol and water. Fluid Phase Equilib. 2012;325:41–4.
29.
go back to reference Zeng AG, Zhou J, Li C, Liu YX, Yang X, Yang GD. Solubility, dissolution enthalpy and entropy of isoimperatorin in ethanol + water solvent systems from 288.2 to 328.2 K. J Solution Chem. 2012;41(11):1986–92. Zeng AG, Zhou J, Li C, Liu YX, Yang X, Yang GD. Solubility, dissolution enthalpy and entropy of isoimperatorin in ethanol + water solvent systems from 288.2 to 328.2 K. J Solution Chem. 2012;41(11):1986–92.
30.
go back to reference Koh GY, Chou G, Liu Z. Purification of a water extract of Chinese sweet tea plant (Rubus suavissimus S. Lee) by alcohol precipitation. J Agric Food Chem. 2009;57(11):5000–6.PubMedPubMedCentral Koh GY, Chou G, Liu Z. Purification of a water extract of Chinese sweet tea plant (Rubus suavissimus S. Lee) by alcohol precipitation. J Agric Food Chem. 2009;57(11):5000–6.PubMedPubMedCentral
31.
go back to reference Pan JJ, Shao JY, Qu HB, Gong XC. Ethanol precipitation of Codonopsis Radix concentrate with a membrane dispersion micromixer. J Clean Prod. 2020;251:119633. Pan JJ, Shao JY, Qu HB, Gong XC. Ethanol precipitation of Codonopsis Radix concentrate with a membrane dispersion micromixer. J Clean Prod. 2020;251:119633.
32.
go back to reference Gong XC, Wang SS, Li Y, Qu HB. Separation characteristics of ethanol precipitation for the purification of the water extract of medicinal plants. Sep Purif Technol. 2013;107:273–80. Gong XC, Wang SS, Li Y, Qu HB. Separation characteristics of ethanol precipitation for the purification of the water extract of medicinal plants. Sep Purif Technol. 2013;107:273–80.
33.
go back to reference Gong XC, Huang SC, Jiao RN, Pan JY, Li Y, Qu HB. The determination of dissociation constants for active ingredients from herbal extracts using a liquid–liquid equilibrium method. Fluid Phase Equilib. 2016;409:447–57. Gong XC, Huang SC, Jiao RN, Pan JY, Li Y, Qu HB. The determination of dissociation constants for active ingredients from herbal extracts using a liquid–liquid equilibrium method. Fluid Phase Equilib. 2016;409:447–57.
34.
go back to reference Li L, Gou JJ, Nan TN, Dan LZ, Yi X. Study on the separation and purification process of emodin from Polygonum cuspidatum. Chin Tradit Patent Med. 2013;35(09):2034–7 (in Chinese). Li L, Gou JJ, Nan TN, Dan LZ, Yi X. Study on the separation and purification process of emodin from Polygonum cuspidatum. Chin Tradit Patent Med. 2013;35(09):2034–7 (in Chinese).
35.
go back to reference Yang XL, Wang RF, Zhang SP, Zhu WJ, Tang J, Liu JF, et al. Polysaccharides from Panax japonicus C.A. Meyer and their antioxidant activities. Carbohydr Polym. 2014;101:386–91.PubMed Yang XL, Wang RF, Zhang SP, Zhu WJ, Tang J, Liu JF, et al. Polysaccharides from Panax japonicus C.A. Meyer and their antioxidant activities. Carbohydr Polym. 2014;101:386–91.PubMed
36.
go back to reference Wu QN, Luo M, Yao XD, Yu L. Purification, structural characterization, and antioxidant activity of the COP-W1 polysaccharide from Codonopsis tangshen Oliv. Carbohydr Polym. 2020;236:116020.PubMed Wu QN, Luo M, Yao XD, Yu L. Purification, structural characterization, and antioxidant activity of the COP-W1 polysaccharide from Codonopsis tangshen Oliv. Carbohydr Polym. 2020;236:116020.PubMed
37.
go back to reference Wei Y, Wang LW, Wang DJ, Wang D, Wen CW, Han BX, et al. Characterization and anti-tumor activity of a polysaccharide isolated from Dendrobium officinale grown in the Huoshan County. Chin Med. 2018;13:47.PubMedPubMedCentral Wei Y, Wang LW, Wang DJ, Wang D, Wen CW, Han BX, et al. Characterization and anti-tumor activity of a polysaccharide isolated from Dendrobium officinale grown in the Huoshan County. Chin Med. 2018;13:47.PubMedPubMedCentral
38.
go back to reference Feng L, Xiao X, Liu J, Wang JY, Zhang N, Bing T, et al. Immunomodulatory effects of polysaccharide extract and its uptake behaviors at the cellular level. Molecules. 2020;25(6):1351.PubMedCentral Feng L, Xiao X, Liu J, Wang JY, Zhang N, Bing T, et al. Immunomodulatory effects of polysaccharide extract and its uptake behaviors at the cellular level. Molecules. 2020;25(6):1351.PubMedCentral
39.
go back to reference Xu HL, Liu LL, Chen YX, Ma H, Li M, Qu WS, et al. The chemical character of polysaccharides from processed Morindae officinalis and their effects on anti-liver damage. Int J Biol Macromol. 2019;141:410–21.PubMed Xu HL, Liu LL, Chen YX, Ma H, Li M, Qu WS, et al. The chemical character of polysaccharides from processed Morindae officinalis and their effects on anti-liver damage. Int J Biol Macromol. 2019;141:410–21.PubMed
40.
go back to reference Chen YW, Li YJ, Zheng MM, Feng KM, Li J, Zhang YQ, et al. Effect of step alcohol precipitation on compositions and antioxidant activity of maca polysaccharide. Chin J Exp Med Formul. 2017;23(18):47–51 (in Chinese). Chen YW, Li YJ, Zheng MM, Feng KM, Li J, Zhang YQ, et al. Effect of step alcohol precipitation on compositions and antioxidant activity of maca polysaccharide. Chin J Exp Med Formul. 2017;23(18):47–51 (in Chinese).
41.
go back to reference Chen Q, Wu XB, Zhang DQ. Comparison of the abilities of universal, super, and specific DNA barcodes to discriminate among the original species of Fritillariae cirrhosae bulbus and its adulterants. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(2):e0229181.PubMedPubMedCentral Chen Q, Wu XB, Zhang DQ. Comparison of the abilities of universal, super, and specific DNA barcodes to discriminate among the original species of Fritillariae cirrhosae bulbus and its adulterants. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(2):e0229181.PubMedPubMedCentral
42.
go back to reference Tao YH, Sun L, Yin HM, Wang XH, Li F, Zhang YJ, et al. Optimization of alcohol precipitation technology of Wubie granules intermediates based on pharmacodynamic screening. Chin J Exp Med Formul. 2016;22(12):28–31 (in Chinese). Tao YH, Sun L, Yin HM, Wang XH, Li F, Zhang YJ, et al. Optimization of alcohol precipitation technology of Wubie granules intermediates based on pharmacodynamic screening. Chin J Exp Med Formul. 2016;22(12):28–31 (in Chinese).
43.
go back to reference Luo YH, Li CF, Yang H, Huang KF, Huang YQ. Study on optimizing of the alcohol precipitation refining technology for Yanshuning compound water extract. Fujian Med J. 2010;32(05):71–4 (in Chinese). Luo YH, Li CF, Yang H, Huang KF, Huang YQ. Study on optimizing of the alcohol precipitation refining technology for Yanshuning compound water extract. Fujian Med J. 2010;32(05):71–4 (in Chinese).
44.
go back to reference Zhang Y, Wang YQ, Ma ZY, Mei ZN, Teng HL. Optimization of the water extraction and ethanol precipitation technology of Zhuang Medicine Baijin granules by pharmacodynamics combined with orthogonal test. China Pharm. 2020;31(08):919–25 (in Chinese). Zhang Y, Wang YQ, Ma ZY, Mei ZN, Teng HL. Optimization of the water extraction and ethanol precipitation technology of Zhuang Medicine Baijin granules by pharmacodynamics combined with orthogonal test. China Pharm. 2020;31(08):919–25 (in Chinese).
45.
go back to reference Zhang L, Liu JT. Optimization of alcohol precipitation technology for dingtongning granule based on index components and pharmacodynamics. China Pharmacist. 2017;20(11):1979–82 (in Chinese). Zhang L, Liu JT. Optimization of alcohol precipitation technology for dingtongning granule based on index components and pharmacodynamics. China Pharmacist. 2017;20(11):1979–82 (in Chinese).
46.
go back to reference Hua JL, Ding YF, Ju JM, Lu M, Li SL, Shen MQ, et al. Optimization of alcohol precipitation technology of changkang granules based on index components and pharmacodynamics. Chin J Exp Med Formul. 2014;20(4):16–9 (in Chinese). Hua JL, Ding YF, Ju JM, Lu M, Li SL, Shen MQ, et al. Optimization of alcohol precipitation technology of changkang granules based on index components and pharmacodynamics. Chin J Exp Med Formul. 2014;20(4):16–9 (in Chinese).
47.
go back to reference Luo ZS, Qian ZY, Zhou M, Huang XP, Gui SS, Tan RG. Optimization of extraction technology and precipitation process for Eryan Huguo decoction by orthogonal test. Chin Tradit Patent Med. 2016;38(01):193–7 (in Chinese). Luo ZS, Qian ZY, Zhou M, Huang XP, Gui SS, Tan RG. Optimization of extraction technology and precipitation process for Eryan Huguo decoction by orthogonal test. Chin Tradit Patent Med. 2016;38(01):193–7 (in Chinese).
48.
go back to reference Leng J, Guo XH, Xu C, Tian FW, Yang M. Optimization of water extraction and alcohol precipitation of Xikebao decoction and comparison of anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. Chin Tradit Patent Med. 2017;39(01):191–5 (in Chinese). Leng J, Guo XH, Xu C, Tian FW, Yang M. Optimization of water extraction and alcohol precipitation of Xikebao decoction and comparison of anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. Chin Tradit Patent Med. 2017;39(01):191–5 (in Chinese).
49.
go back to reference Zhou YQ, Liu SF, Zhang N, Wang YJ, Du SM. Optimization of purification technology for Shenqi Sherong pills by chemical and pharmacodynamic indicators. Chin J Exp Med Formul. 2013;19(06):36–9 (in Chinese). Zhou YQ, Liu SF, Zhang N, Wang YJ, Du SM. Optimization of purification technology for Shenqi Sherong pills by chemical and pharmacodynamic indicators. Chin J Exp Med Formul. 2013;19(06):36–9 (in Chinese).
50.
go back to reference Yan HY, Zou CC, Huang L, Jin Y. A comparative study on efficacy of Gualou-Xiebai extracts in different alcohol precipitation oncentration. Chin Hosp Pharm J. 2014;34(23):1973–7 (in Chinese). Yan HY, Zou CC, Huang L, Jin Y. A comparative study on efficacy of Gualou-Xiebai extracts in different alcohol precipitation oncentration. Chin Hosp Pharm J. 2014;34(23):1973–7 (in Chinese).
51.
go back to reference Jin SY, Cui RQ, Zhang F, Cao Y. Optimization of alcohol precipitation for Lidan Paidu prescription based on index compotents and pharmacodymamics. Cent South Pharm. 2017;15(09):1233–7 (in Chinese). Jin SY, Cui RQ, Zhang F, Cao Y. Optimization of alcohol precipitation for Lidan Paidu prescription based on index compotents and pharmacodymamics. Cent South Pharm. 2017;15(09):1233–7 (in Chinese).
52.
go back to reference Xia BH, Liu JY, Li C, He YC, Liang H, Gong LM, et al. Anti-hypertensive effect of aqueous extract and supernatants of alcohol extracting-water precipitation of Prunella vulgari. Chin J Exp Med Formul. 2014;20(2):113–6 (in Chinese). Xia BH, Liu JY, Li C, He YC, Liang H, Gong LM, et al. Anti-hypertensive effect of aqueous extract and supernatants of alcohol extracting-water precipitation of Prunella vulgari. Chin J Exp Med Formul. 2014;20(2):113–6 (in Chinese).
53.
go back to reference Su Q, Wu TT, Huang YL, Ling BD, Wu CJ. Research on changes of composition and efficacy of Scutellariae radix extract in process of preparation. Chin J Exp Med Formul. 2018;24(14):1–6 (in Chinese). Su Q, Wu TT, Huang YL, Ling BD, Wu CJ. Research on changes of composition and efficacy of Scutellariae radix extract in process of preparation. Chin J Exp Med Formul. 2018;24(14):1–6 (in Chinese).
54.
go back to reference Zhang FS, Ran CX, Zheng J, Ding YB, Chen GJ. Polysaccharides obtained from bamboo shoots (Chimonobambusa quadrangularis) processing by-products: new insight into ethanol precipitation and characterization. Int J Biol Macromol. 2018;112:951–60.PubMed Zhang FS, Ran CX, Zheng J, Ding YB, Chen GJ. Polysaccharides obtained from bamboo shoots (Chimonobambusa quadrangularis) processing by-products: new insight into ethanol precipitation and characterization. Int J Biol Macromol. 2018;112:951–60.PubMed
55.
go back to reference Du ZC, Qi B, Zhang MZ, Wei YX, Li LJ, Hao EW, et al. Optimization of extraction technology of Guizhi Zhumian Capsule by orthogonal design and pharmacodynamics test. China Tradit Herb Drugs. 2019;50(03):618–25 (in Chinese). Du ZC, Qi B, Zhang MZ, Wei YX, Li LJ, Hao EW, et al. Optimization of extraction technology of Guizhi Zhumian Capsule by orthogonal design and pharmacodynamics test. China Tradit Herb Drugs. 2019;50(03):618–25 (in Chinese).
56.
go back to reference Zheng X. Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology. Shang Hai: East China University of Science and Technology Press; 2008 (in Chinese). Zheng X. Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology. Shang Hai: East China University of Science and Technology Press; 2008 (in Chinese).
57.
go back to reference Wang Q. Talking about ethanol precipitation technology and equipment of Chinese medicine. Mechanical and Electrical Information. 2009;32:38–40 (in Chinese). Wang Q. Talking about ethanol precipitation technology and equipment of Chinese medicine. Mechanical and Electrical Information. 2009;32:38–40 (in Chinese).
58.
go back to reference Gong XC, Shen JC, Qu HB. Application of continuous mixing technology in ethanol precipitation process of Salvia miltiorrhiza by using micromixer. China J Chin Materia Med. 2016;41(23):4356–61 (in Chinese). Gong XC, Shen JC, Qu HB. Application of continuous mixing technology in ethanol precipitation process of Salvia miltiorrhiza by using micromixer. China J Chin Materia Med. 2016;41(23):4356–61 (in Chinese).
59.
go back to reference Yu HS, Bie ST, Li Z, Song XB, Li ZL, Liu CQ, et al. Device and method of alcohol precipitation in pressure type mechanical atomization combination continual alcohol precipitation patent. CN106512477A. 2016-12-29. Yu HS, Bie ST, Li Z, Song XB, Li ZL, Liu CQ, et al. Device and method of alcohol precipitation in pressure type mechanical atomization combination continual alcohol precipitation patent. CN106512477A. 2016-12-29.
60.
go back to reference Yan BX, Zhang JA, Zhang AC, Zhou SQ, Fu ZS, Fan YL. Ethanol Precipitation Tank patent. CN202983296U. 2012-10-31. Yan BX, Zhang JA, Zhang AC, Zhou SQ, Fu ZS, Fan YL. Ethanol Precipitation Tank patent. CN202983296U. 2012-10-31.
61.
go back to reference Zhao ZY. Ethanol settling tank with efficient stirring device patent. CN204182170U. 2014-10-24. Zhao ZY. Ethanol settling tank with efficient stirring device patent. CN204182170U. 2014-10-24.
62.
go back to reference Shen YH, Xiang GG, Xiang ZL, Shen YC, Dong XH, Dai LY, et al. Efficient Ethanol Precipitation Tank patent. CN201768402U. 2010-07-22. Shen YH, Xiang GG, Xiang ZL, Shen YC, Dong XH, Dai LY, et al. Efficient Ethanol Precipitation Tank patent. CN201768402U. 2010-07-22.
63.
go back to reference He GY, Zhou MD, Tong SQ, Qu HB, Yan JZ. Optimizing process of radix salvia miltiorrhiza ethanol precipitation by response surface methodology. Chin JMAP. 2010;27(02):118–22 (in Chinese). He GY, Zhou MD, Tong SQ, Qu HB, Yan JZ. Optimizing process of radix salvia miltiorrhiza ethanol precipitation by response surface methodology. Chin JMAP. 2010;27(02):118–22 (in Chinese).
64.
go back to reference Yuan J, Li YR, Chen Y, Wang LH, Liu XS. Optimization of alcohol precipitation process of Salviae miltiorrhizae water-extraction solution by orthogonal design with multi-index comprehensive evaluation. Chin J Pharms. 2010;41(11):826–9 (in Chinese). Yuan J, Li YR, Chen Y, Wang LH, Liu XS. Optimization of alcohol precipitation process of Salviae miltiorrhizae water-extraction solution by orthogonal design with multi-index comprehensive evaluation. Chin J Pharms. 2010;41(11):826–9 (in Chinese).
65.
go back to reference Gong XC, Yan BJ, Qu HB. Correlations of three important technological parameters in first ethanol precipitation of Danshen. China J Chin Materia Med. 2010;35(24):3274–7 (in Chinese). Gong XC, Yan BJ, Qu HB. Correlations of three important technological parameters in first ethanol precipitation of Danshen. China J Chin Materia Med. 2010;35(24):3274–7 (in Chinese).
66.
go back to reference Hu XY, Li YR, Yuan J, Liu XS, Chen Y, Zhang AY. Optimization of alcohol precipitation process of Cinobufacini extract by multi-index comprehensive evaluation method. Lishizhen Med Mater Med Res. 2012;23(04):1016–9 (in Chinese). Hu XY, Li YR, Yuan J, Liu XS, Chen Y, Zhang AY. Optimization of alcohol precipitation process of Cinobufacini extract by multi-index comprehensive evaluation method. Lishizhen Med Mater Med Res. 2012;23(04):1016–9 (in Chinese).
67.
go back to reference Hou LZ, Zhang XJ, Wang Y, Liu XH. Orthogonal test for optimizing ethanol precipitated technique of Kuanxin oral liquor. Chin J Exp Med Formul. 2011;17(02):32–4 (in Chinese). Hou LZ, Zhang XJ, Wang Y, Liu XH. Orthogonal test for optimizing ethanol precipitated technique of Kuanxin oral liquor. Chin J Exp Med Formul. 2011;17(02):32–4 (in Chinese).
68.
go back to reference Zhang L, Gong XC, Qu HB. Optimizing the alcohol precipitation of Danshen by response surface methodology. Sep Sci Technol. 2013;48(6):977–83. Zhang L, Gong XC, Qu HB. Optimizing the alcohol precipitation of Danshen by response surface methodology. Sep Sci Technol. 2013;48(6):977–83.
69.
go back to reference Yan BJ, Guo ZT, Qu HB, Zhao BC, Zhao T. An approach to determine critical process parameters for ethanol precipitation process of Danhong injection. China J Chin Materia Med. 2013;38(11):1672–5 (in Chinese). Yan BJ, Guo ZT, Qu HB, Zhao BC, Zhao T. An approach to determine critical process parameters for ethanol precipitation process of Danhong injection. China J Chin Materia Med. 2013;38(11):1672–5 (in Chinese).
70.
go back to reference Yan BJ, Guo ZT, Qu HB, Zhao BC, Zhao T. Feedforward control strategy and its application in quality improvement of ethanol precipitation process of Danhong injection. China J Chin Materia Med. 2013;38(11):1667–71 (in Chinese). Yan BJ, Guo ZT, Qu HB, Zhao BC, Zhao T. Feedforward control strategy and its application in quality improvement of ethanol precipitation process of Danhong injection. China J Chin Materia Med. 2013;38(11):1667–71 (in Chinese).
71.
go back to reference Zhang L, Yan BJ, Gong XC, Lawrence XY, Qu HB. Application of quality by design to the process development of botanical drug products: a case study. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2013;14(1):277–86.PubMedPubMedCentral Zhang L, Yan BJ, Gong XC, Lawrence XY, Qu HB. Application of quality by design to the process development of botanical drug products: a case study. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2013;14(1):277–86.PubMedPubMedCentral
72.
go back to reference Zhong Y, Zhu JQ, Fan XH, Kang LY, Li Z. Network analysis of ethanol precipitation process for Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus. China J Chin Materia Med. 2014;39(17):3287–90 (in Chinese). Zhong Y, Zhu JQ, Fan XH, Kang LY, Li Z. Network analysis of ethanol precipitation process for Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus. China J Chin Materia Med. 2014;39(17):3287–90 (in Chinese).
73.
go back to reference Gong XC, Yan AY, Qu HB. Optimization for the ethanol precipitation process of botanical injection: indicator selection and factor influences. Sep Sci Technol. 2014;49(4):619–26. Gong XC, Yan AY, Qu HB. Optimization for the ethanol precipitation process of botanical injection: indicator selection and factor influences. Sep Sci Technol. 2014;49(4):619–26.
74.
go back to reference Gong XC, Li Y, Guo ZT, Qu HB. Control the effects caused by noise parameter fluctuations to improve pharmaceutical process robustness: a case study of design space development for an ethanol precipitation process. Sep Purif Technol. 2014;132:126–37. Gong XC, Li Y, Guo ZT, Qu HB. Control the effects caused by noise parameter fluctuations to improve pharmaceutical process robustness: a case study of design space development for an ethanol precipitation process. Sep Purif Technol. 2014;132:126–37.
75.
go back to reference Yi YD, Ma W, Lin SH, Yu NC. Optimization of alcohol precipitation technology for Qingmai granules by orthogonal test. China Pharmacist. 2014;17(04):571–3 (in Chinese). Yi YD, Ma W, Lin SH, Yu NC. Optimization of alcohol precipitation technology for Qingmai granules by orthogonal test. China Pharmacist. 2014;17(04):571–3 (in Chinese).
76.
go back to reference Bi HS, Guo JG, Xie XF. Optimization of water extraction and alcohol precipitation process for Gardeniae Fructus by orthogonal design. Chin J Exp Med Formul. 2014;20(1):19–23 (in Chinese). Bi HS, Guo JG, Xie XF. Optimization of water extraction and alcohol precipitation process for Gardeniae Fructus by orthogonal design. Chin J Exp Med Formul. 2014;20(1):19–23 (in Chinese).
77.
go back to reference Chen C, Wu XY, Huang YZ, Gong MY, Mo XL, Huang QF. Optimization of water extraction and alcohol precipitation technology for hemorrhoid fumigants by orthogonal test. Chin J Exp Med Formul. 2014;20(17):16–9 (in Chinese). Chen C, Wu XY, Huang YZ, Gong MY, Mo XL, Huang QF. Optimization of water extraction and alcohol precipitation technology for hemorrhoid fumigants by orthogonal test. Chin J Exp Med Formul. 2014;20(17):16–9 (in Chinese).
78.
go back to reference Chen LH, Zhang QH, Guan YM, Zhu WF, Yang M, Cheng L, et al. Optimization of alcohol precipitation process for extra-cellular polysaccharides from fermentative fluid of cordyceps. Chin J Exp Med Formul. 2014;20(18):20–2 (in Chinese). Chen LH, Zhang QH, Guan YM, Zhu WF, Yang M, Cheng L, et al. Optimization of alcohol precipitation process for extra-cellular polysaccharides from fermentative fluid of cordyceps. Chin J Exp Med Formul. 2014;20(18):20–2 (in Chinese).
79.
go back to reference He YH, Xie YB, Su XL, Li HB, Wu AM, Wu J, et al. Optimization of alcohol precipitation technology for safflower injection with orthogonal test method. Pharm J Chin PLA. 2014;30(4):321–3 (in Chinese). He YH, Xie YB, Su XL, Li HB, Wu AM, Wu J, et al. Optimization of alcohol precipitation technology for safflower injection with orthogonal test method. Pharm J Chin PLA. 2014;30(4):321–3 (in Chinese).
80.
go back to reference Li YW, Wen DD, Zhang XJ. Optimization of extraction technology of ephedran. China Pharmaceuticals. 2014;23(19):49–52 (in Chinese). Li YW, Wen DD, Zhang XJ. Optimization of extraction technology of ephedran. China Pharmaceuticals. 2014;23(19):49–52 (in Chinese).
81.
go back to reference Nong YQ, Xu MH, Jiang L. Optimization of water extraction and alcohol precipitation process of Lanshen Lipidlowering prescription by orthogonal test. Food and Drug. 2014;16(2):88–91 (in Chinese). Nong YQ, Xu MH, Jiang L. Optimization of water extraction and alcohol precipitation process of Lanshen Lipidlowering prescription by orthogonal test. Food and Drug. 2014;16(2):88–91 (in Chinese).
82.
go back to reference Wang CY, Yang JC, Li YX, Ma CW. Optimization of ethanol precipitation technique for Fufang Shenqi soft capsules by orthogonal design. China Pharmacist. 2014;17(5):773–5 (in Chinese). Wang CY, Yang JC, Li YX, Ma CW. Optimization of ethanol precipitation technique for Fufang Shenqi soft capsules by orthogonal design. China Pharmacist. 2014;17(5):773–5 (in Chinese).
83.
go back to reference Xu ZL, Huang WH, Gong XC, Ye TT, Qu HB, Song YG, et al. Design space approach to optimize first ethanol precipitation process of Dangshen. China J Chin Materia Med. 2015;40(22):4411–6 (in Chinese). Xu ZL, Huang WH, Gong XC, Ye TT, Qu HB, Song YG, et al. Design space approach to optimize first ethanol precipitation process of Dangshen. China J Chin Materia Med. 2015;40(22):4411–6 (in Chinese).
84.
go back to reference Yan M, Wei YC, Li XF, Meng J, Wu Y, Xiao W. Optimization on alcohol precipitation techniques of Liuwei Dihuang decoction by response surface methodology. China J Chin Materia Med. 2015;40(19):3794–9 (in Chinese). Yan M, Wei YC, Li XF, Meng J, Wu Y, Xiao W. Optimization on alcohol precipitation techniques of Liuwei Dihuang decoction by response surface methodology. China J Chin Materia Med. 2015;40(19):3794–9 (in Chinese).
85.
go back to reference Gao X, Qin J, Zhang WJ, Qi JJ, Hou YF, Qi L, et al. Optimization of water-extracting and alcohol precipitating conditions of total poly-saccharides from Trillium tschonoskii Maxim. Northwest Pharm J. 2015;30(05):562–6 (in Chinese). Gao X, Qin J, Zhang WJ, Qi JJ, Hou YF, Qi L, et al. Optimization of water-extracting and alcohol precipitating conditions of total poly-saccharides from Trillium tschonoskii Maxim. Northwest Pharm J. 2015;30(05):562–6 (in Chinese).
86.
go back to reference Liu WX, Yang X, Weng ZP, Wang JZ, Tang PL, Zhao Y. Research on alcohol precipitation technology of LW-PSB. Lishizhen Med Mater Med Res. 2015;26(03):608–10 (in Chinese). Liu WX, Yang X, Weng ZP, Wang JZ, Tang PL, Zhao Y. Research on alcohol precipitation technology of LW-PSB. Lishizhen Med Mater Med Res. 2015;26(03):608–10 (in Chinese).
87.
go back to reference Shi H, Bai J, Feng X, Wang LY, Ma Q. Optimization of water extraction and alcohol precipitation technology for Qiguiyin formula with multi-index. Chin Archives Tradit Chin Med. 2015;33(04):813–6 (in Chinese). Shi H, Bai J, Feng X, Wang LY, Ma Q. Optimization of water extraction and alcohol precipitation technology for Qiguiyin formula with multi-index. Chin Archives Tradit Chin Med. 2015;33(04):813–6 (in Chinese).
88.
go back to reference Wang YX, Mi H-J, Zhang CL, Hu Y, Shi J, Bi YA, et al. Optimization on alcohol precipitation process for Lonicerae Flos and Artemisiae Annuae Herba in Reduning Injection by central composite design and response surface methodology. China Tradit Herb Drugs. 2015;46(05):671–8 (in Chinese). Wang YX, Mi H-J, Zhang CL, Hu Y, Shi J, Bi YA, et al. Optimization on alcohol precipitation process for Lonicerae Flos and Artemisiae Annuae Herba in Reduning Injection by central composite design and response surface methodology. China Tradit Herb Drugs. 2015;46(05):671–8 (in Chinese).
89.
go back to reference Yuan J. Optimization of Water extract and alcohol precipitation process of Bishuang Paidu granules by orthogonal test. China Pharmaceuticals. 2015;24(18):59–61 (in Chinese). Yuan J. Optimization of Water extract and alcohol precipitation process of Bishuang Paidu granules by orthogonal test. China Pharmaceuticals. 2015;24(18):59–61 (in Chinese).
90.
go back to reference Hou YD. Optimization of Alcohol precipitation process for tannins in Herba Sarcandrae. Strait Pharm J. 2015;27(4):39–42 (in Chinese). Hou YD. Optimization of Alcohol precipitation process for tannins in Herba Sarcandrae. Strait Pharm J. 2015;27(4):39–42 (in Chinese).
91.
go back to reference Pan Y. Study on the water extraction and alcohol precipitation technology of polysaccharide from Zizyphus jujube CV. Dongzao. The Food Industry. 2015;36(1):124–6 (in Chinese). Pan Y. Study on the water extraction and alcohol precipitation technology of polysaccharide from Zizyphus jujube CV. Dongzao. The Food Industry. 2015;36(1):124–6 (in Chinese).
92.
go back to reference Xi ZJ, Xu LW, Shi XF, Qi W, Tao JS, Yuan CX. Study on the preparation process of Zhenjing Xiehuo granules. China Pharmacist. 2015;18(12):2058–61 (in Chinese). Xi ZJ, Xu LW, Shi XF, Qi W, Tao JS, Yuan CX. Study on the preparation process of Zhenjing Xiehuo granules. China Pharmacist. 2015;18(12):2058–61 (in Chinese).
93.
go back to reference Chen HW, Zhang CY, Ren WG, Wang J, Wei BJ. Multi-index integrated evaluation method optimizes water·extraction and ethanol precipitation of Xuanbi antong formula (XBF). China J Chin Materia Med. 2016;41(01):70–4 (in Chinese). Chen HW, Zhang CY, Ren WG, Wang J, Wei BJ. Multi-index integrated evaluation method optimizes water·extraction and ethanol precipitation of Xuanbi antong formula (XBF). China J Chin Materia Med. 2016;41(01):70–4 (in Chinese).
94.
go back to reference Chen LY, Wang LC, Wu H, Cheng JM, Liu R, Chai Y, et al. Optimization of extraction technology and alcohol precipitation process for water-soluble polysaccharides in Meretrix meretrix by orthogonal test. Chin J Exp Med Formul. 2016;22(05):18–21 (in Chinese). Chen LY, Wang LC, Wu H, Cheng JM, Liu R, Chai Y, et al. Optimization of extraction technology and alcohol precipitation process for water-soluble polysaccharides in Meretrix meretrix by orthogonal test. Chin J Exp Med Formul. 2016;22(05):18–21 (in Chinese).
95.
go back to reference Huang XO, Wei YL, Lan XQ. The alcohol precipitation technology research of Guben Bushen oral liquid. Chin Med J Res Prac. 2016;30(02):38–40 (in Chinese). Huang XO, Wei YL, Lan XQ. The alcohol precipitation technology research of Guben Bushen oral liquid. Chin Med J Res Prac. 2016;30(02):38–40 (in Chinese).
96.
go back to reference Li Q, Liang XM, Du HF, Zhou X, Wang Y, Guo JH. Optimization of water extraction and alcohol precipitation technology of Tongfengxiao granules by orthogonal test. China Pharm. 2016;27(04):518–21 (in Chinese). Li Q, Liang XM, Du HF, Zhou X, Wang Y, Guo JH. Optimization of water extraction and alcohol precipitation technology of Tongfengxiao granules by orthogonal test. China Pharm. 2016;27(04):518–21 (in Chinese).
97.
go back to reference Li RH, Sun ZT, Lu ZG, Wang YX, Li Y, Liu ES, et al. Optimization of ethanol precipitation process of Zhimahuang Group in Shufeng Dingchuan granules by analytic hierarchy process and entropy method. Chin J Exp Med Formul. 2016;22(20):1–5 (in Chinese). Li RH, Sun ZT, Lu ZG, Wang YX, Li Y, Liu ES, et al. Optimization of ethanol precipitation process of Zhimahuang Group in Shufeng Dingchuan granules by analytic hierarchy process and entropy method. Chin J Exp Med Formul. 2016;22(20):1–5 (in Chinese).
98.
go back to reference Shao J, Sun ZH, Guo M, Zhao ZJ, Wen XY. Optimization of ethanol precipitation process for total polysaccharides extracted from Shenqi compound recipe by Box–Behnken design combined with response surface methodology. Chin J Pharms. 2016;47(8):1012–5 (in Chinese). Shao J, Sun ZH, Guo M, Zhao ZJ, Wen XY. Optimization of ethanol precipitation process for total polysaccharides extracted from Shenqi compound recipe by Box–Behnken design combined with response surface methodology. Chin J Pharms. 2016;47(8):1012–5 (in Chinese).
99.
go back to reference Xue D, Ni J, Zhang P, Yang CJ, Zhao Y, Xia ZW, et al. Optimization of aqueous extraction-alcohol precipitation technology for Qifang Bimin granules with multi-index orthogonally designed experiments. Tianjin J Tradit Chin Med. 2016;33(01):39–42 (in Chinese). Xue D, Ni J, Zhang P, Yang CJ, Zhao Y, Xia ZW, et al. Optimization of aqueous extraction-alcohol precipitation technology for Qifang Bimin granules with multi-index orthogonally designed experiments. Tianjin J Tradit Chin Med. 2016;33(01):39–42 (in Chinese).
100.
go back to reference Yu W, Yang HL, Zhou HB, Zhou YP. Orthogonal test for optimizing ethanol precipitated technique of Bazhen granules. Chin J EthoMed Ethnopharm. 2016;25(09):28–9 (in Chinese). Yu W, Yang HL, Zhou HB, Zhou YP. Orthogonal test for optimizing ethanol precipitated technique of Bazhen granules. Chin J EthoMed Ethnopharm. 2016;25(09):28–9 (in Chinese).
101.
go back to reference Zhang Q, Pu WY, Qian F. Optimization of water extraction and alcohol precipitation technology for Qianyang Yuyin granules by orthogonal test. Chin J Inf Tradit Chin Med. 2016;23(12):103–6 (in Chinese). Zhang Q, Pu WY, Qian F. Optimization of water extraction and alcohol precipitation technology for Qianyang Yuyin granules by orthogonal test. Chin J Inf Tradit Chin Med. 2016;23(12):103–6 (in Chinese).
102.
go back to reference Zhang YJ, Liu LL, Chang XJ, Wu Y, Xiao W, Hu JH, et al. Optimization of alcohol precipitation technology of Biqiu granules based on index components and pharmacodynamics. China J Chin Materia Med. 2016;41(24):4598–604 (in Chinese). Zhang YJ, Liu LL, Chang XJ, Wu Y, Xiao W, Hu JH, et al. Optimization of alcohol precipitation technology of Biqiu granules based on index components and pharmacodynamics. China J Chin Materia Med. 2016;41(24):4598–604 (in Chinese).
103.
go back to reference Li L, Yang J, Long XY, Li ZJ, Wang SY, Sun JZ. Optimization of the extraction process of Chailing Hugan granules. J Guangdong Pharm Univ. 2016;32(6):695–9 (in Chinese). Li L, Yang J, Long XY, Li ZJ, Wang SY, Sun JZ. Optimization of the extraction process of Chailing Hugan granules. J Guangdong Pharm Univ. 2016;32(6):695–9 (in Chinese).
104.
go back to reference Liu PA, He Q, Li SX, Xie Y, Chen GY, Cai GX. Study on preparation process of Dendrobium Candidum eye drops. China Pharmacist. 2016;19(1):73–7 (in Chinese). Liu PA, He Q, Li SX, Xie Y, Chen GY, Cai GX. Study on preparation process of Dendrobium Candidum eye drops. China Pharmacist. 2016;19(1):73–7 (in Chinese).
105.
go back to reference Pan HY, Deng HX, Chen ZQ, Zhang YF, Wang LH. Study on balance of process of alcohol precipitation of ganmaoling granules. China J Chin Materia Med. 2016;41(8):1376–9 (in Chinese). Pan HY, Deng HX, Chen ZQ, Zhang YF, Wang LH. Study on balance of process of alcohol precipitation of ganmaoling granules. China J Chin Materia Med. 2016;41(8):1376–9 (in Chinese).
106.
go back to reference Wan L. Process optimization on water extract—alcohol extraction of Majiezhike granules. China Pharmaceuticals. 2016;25(7):8–10 (in Chinese). Wan L. Process optimization on water extract—alcohol extraction of Majiezhike granules. China Pharmaceuticals. 2016;25(7):8–10 (in Chinese).
107.
go back to reference Chen CY, Qian F. Optimization of water extraction and alcohol precipitation technology for Shouwu Granula by orthogonal test. Chin Med J Res Prac. 2017;31(01):37–40 (in Chinese). Chen CY, Qian F. Optimization of water extraction and alcohol precipitation technology for Shouwu Granula by orthogonal test. Chin Med J Res Prac. 2017;31(01):37–40 (in Chinese).
108.
go back to reference Li YZ, Wen YD, Yu J, Peng PJ, Yang XJ. Optimization of alcohol precipitation process for Qingyan Shuanghou granules using Box–Behnken design-response surface methodology. Hunan J Tradit Chin Med. 2017;33(06):165–7 (in Chinese). Li YZ, Wen YD, Yu J, Peng PJ, Yang XJ. Optimization of alcohol precipitation process for Qingyan Shuanghou granules using Box–Behnken design-response surface methodology. Hunan J Tradit Chin Med. 2017;33(06):165–7 (in Chinese).
109.
go back to reference Shuai XC, Wang T, Xu FF. Optimization of ethanol precipitation process for Liqifuwei oral liquid by orthogonal test. Pract J Clin Med. 2017;14(06):110–2 (in Chinese). Shuai XC, Wang T, Xu FF. Optimization of ethanol precipitation process for Liqifuwei oral liquid by orthogonal test. Pract J Clin Med. 2017;14(06):110–2 (in Chinese).
110.
go back to reference Zhang GH, Wang J, Chen JS, Duan WJ, Ma YS. Optimization of water extraction and alcohol precipitation technology of Tong Fengqing cataplasm. Lishizhen Med Mater Med Res. 2017;28(12):2918–21 (in Chinese). Zhang GH, Wang J, Chen JS, Duan WJ, Ma YS. Optimization of water extraction and alcohol precipitation technology of Tong Fengqing cataplasm. Lishizhen Med Mater Med Res. 2017;28(12):2918–21 (in Chinese).
111.
go back to reference Zhang X, Ni J, Zhang LL, Zhang J, Wang HT, Li R, et al. Optimization of water extraction and alcohol precipitation technology for Zhidanhuayu formula with multi-index. Chin Med J Res Prac. 2017;31(01):44–8 (in Chinese). Zhang X, Ni J, Zhang LL, Zhang J, Wang HT, Li R, et al. Optimization of water extraction and alcohol precipitation technology for Zhidanhuayu formula with multi-index. Chin Med J Res Prac. 2017;31(01):44–8 (in Chinese).
112.
go back to reference Chen XT, Xu WJ, Li ZY, Wang LL. Optimization of extraction technology and precipitation process for Chaixiong mixture by orthogonal test. Pharm Today. 2017;27(4):225–7 (in Chinese). Chen XT, Xu WJ, Li ZY, Wang LL. Optimization of extraction technology and precipitation process for Chaixiong mixture by orthogonal test. Pharm Today. 2017;27(4):225–7 (in Chinese).
113.
go back to reference Fang Y, Zhao YY, Liu YH, Xu FQ, Jin CS, Wu DL, et al. Study on extraction technology of polysaccharides from Poria Cocos. Acta Chin Med. 2017;32(4):602–5 (in Chinese). Fang Y, Zhao YY, Liu YH, Xu FQ, Jin CS, Wu DL, et al. Study on extraction technology of polysaccharides from Poria Cocos. Acta Chin Med. 2017;32(4):602–5 (in Chinese).
114.
go back to reference Zhang SY, Song XL, Liu W, Tang J, Shi HZ. Water extract-alcohol precipitation process of dibutyl particles. J Anhui Agri Sci. 2017;45(29):3–5 (in Chinese). Zhang SY, Song XL, Liu W, Tang J, Shi HZ. Water extract-alcohol precipitation process of dibutyl particles. J Anhui Agri Sci. 2017;45(29):3–5 (in Chinese).
115.
go back to reference Fan L, Luo JZ, Gu XQ, Gu QH, Yu DW. Study on the water extraction and alcohol precipitation technology in tegrated of Xuanfei Zhike Granule. China Pharmacist. 2018;21(01):93–6 (in Chinese). Fan L, Luo JZ, Gu XQ, Gu QH, Yu DW. Study on the water extraction and alcohol precipitation technology in tegrated of Xuanfei Zhike Granule. China Pharmacist. 2018;21(01):93–6 (in Chinese).
116.
go back to reference Han SS, Luo SW, Chen LX, Wang YY. Study on the water extraction and alcohol precipitation of compound Cornu Cervi Degelatinatum. Bachu Med J. 2018;1(02):71–5 (in Chinese). Han SS, Luo SW, Chen LX, Wang YY. Study on the water extraction and alcohol precipitation of compound Cornu Cervi Degelatinatum. Bachu Med J. 2018;1(02):71–5 (in Chinese).
117.
go back to reference Wan DN, Rao QR, Yu MY, Liu RH, Quan HX, Yang M, et al. Optimization of ethanol precipitation technology of Crataegus pinnatifida by using Box–Behnken design-response surface methodology. China Pharm. 2018;29(15):2078–81 (in Chinese). Wan DN, Rao QR, Yu MY, Liu RH, Quan HX, Yang M, et al. Optimization of ethanol precipitation technology of Crataegus pinnatifida by using Box–Behnken design-response surface methodology. China Pharm. 2018;29(15):2078–81 (in Chinese).
118.
go back to reference Wang WP, Ni J, Leng X, Yang CJ, You LT, Liu Y, et al. Optimization of water extraction and alcohol precipitation process of Qizhi Yifei granules by multi-index orthogonal experimental. Chin J Inf Tradit Chin Med. 2018;25(09):71–5 (in Chinese). Wang WP, Ni J, Leng X, Yang CJ, You LT, Liu Y, et al. Optimization of water extraction and alcohol precipitation process of Qizhi Yifei granules by multi-index orthogonal experimental. Chin J Inf Tradit Chin Med. 2018;25(09):71–5 (in Chinese).
119.
go back to reference Lan H, Zuo Q, Yang J, Liu T, Bin J. The research on water extraction and alcohol precipitation process of Qingyan Oral Liquid. Chin J EthoMed Ethnopharm. 2018;27(6):17–21 (in Chinese). Lan H, Zuo Q, Yang J, Liu T, Bin J. The research on water extraction and alcohol precipitation process of Qingyan Oral Liquid. Chin J EthoMed Ethnopharm. 2018;27(6):17–21 (in Chinese).
120.
go back to reference Liu XL, Cai XH, Ni XX, Wang QF, Chen JS. Optimization on alcohol precipitation process of compound Yinchen mixture by central composite design-response surface method. J Pharm Pract. 2018;36(4):329–33 (in Chinese). Liu XL, Cai XH, Ni XX, Wang QF, Chen JS. Optimization on alcohol precipitation process of compound Yinchen mixture by central composite design-response surface method. J Pharm Pract. 2018;36(4):329–33 (in Chinese).
121.
go back to reference Zhu ZD, Luo YD, Xiao M, Tan AQ, Li FC. Study on the alcohol precipitation and drying process of Shiwei Ehuang Granules. China Modern Med. 2018;25(25):11–5 (in Chinese). Zhu ZD, Luo YD, Xiao M, Tan AQ, Li FC. Study on the alcohol precipitation and drying process of Shiwei Ehuang Granules. China Modern Med. 2018;25(25):11–5 (in Chinese).
122.
go back to reference Kang YP. Study on water extraction and alcohol precipitation technology for Weibikang Granule. Chin Med Modern Distance Education of China. 2019;17(13):116–8 (in Chinese). Kang YP. Study on water extraction and alcohol precipitation technology for Weibikang Granule. Chin Med Modern Distance Education of China. 2019;17(13):116–8 (in Chinese).
123.
go back to reference Cong J, Wang XL. Optimization of ethanol precipitation process of Panax Ginseng and Pueraria Lobata concentrated decoction by response surface method. China Pharm. 2019;28(16):17–9 (in Chinese). Cong J, Wang XL. Optimization of ethanol precipitation process of Panax Ginseng and Pueraria Lobata concentrated decoction by response surface method. China Pharm. 2019;28(16):17–9 (in Chinese).
124.
go back to reference Ma XT, Xiao FQ, Qiu MY, Wang TN, Yan MM, Yi CG, et al. Optimization of water extraction andethanol precipitation process and activity of compound lipid-lowering sustained-release tablets by multi-index comprehensive scoring method. Chin J Hosp Pharm. 2019;39(17):1759–65 (in Chinese). Ma XT, Xiao FQ, Qiu MY, Wang TN, Yan MM, Yi CG, et al. Optimization of water extraction andethanol precipitation process and activity of compound lipid-lowering sustained-release tablets by multi-index comprehensive scoring method. Chin J Hosp Pharm. 2019;39(17):1759–65 (in Chinese).
125.
go back to reference Qin H. Optimazation of water extraction and alcohol precipitation total alkaloid in Sophora flavescens by star point design-response surface method. Mod Chin Med. 2019;21(08):1084–8 (in Chinese). Qin H. Optimazation of water extraction and alcohol precipitation total alkaloid in Sophora flavescens by star point design-response surface method. Mod Chin Med. 2019;21(08):1084–8 (in Chinese).
126.
go back to reference Wang LH, He XH, Ma T, Tian PP, Li J, Chen HW. Optimization of water extraction and alcohol precipitation process and improvement of cardiac function in rats with myocardial infarction (stasis-heat syndrome) for GCRF formula. Chin J New Drugs. 2019;28(07):862–70 (in Chinese). Wang LH, He XH, Ma T, Tian PP, Li J, Chen HW. Optimization of water extraction and alcohol precipitation process and improvement of cardiac function in rats with myocardial infarction (stasis-heat syndrome) for GCRF formula. Chin J New Drugs. 2019;28(07):862–70 (in Chinese).
127.
go back to reference Wang YL, Shang RG, Li KL, Dou JW. Optimization of alcohol precipitation process of Kangzhi suppository by orthogonal test. World Chin Med. 2019;14(06):1378–81 (in Chinese). Wang YL, Shang RG, Li KL, Dou JW. Optimization of alcohol precipitation process of Kangzhi suppository by orthogonal test. World Chin Med. 2019;14(06):1378–81 (in Chinese).
128.
go back to reference Zhu Y, Yu SR, Zhang XY, Zhou C, Wei J. Optimization of alcohol-precipitation technology for Fufang Roucongrong Mixture by AHP combined with orthogonal test. China Pharmacist. 2019;22(07):1257–60 (in Chinese). Zhu Y, Yu SR, Zhang XY, Zhou C, Wei J. Optimization of alcohol-precipitation technology for Fufang Roucongrong Mixture by AHP combined with orthogonal test. China Pharmacist. 2019;22(07):1257–60 (in Chinese).
129.
go back to reference Li BS, Kang Q, Chen C, Wang YJ, Zhao Y, He BY, et al. Optimization of alcohol precipitation technology for Fufang Shuanghua oral liquid based on FAHP-entropy method. Central South Pharm. 2019;17(3):414–9 (in Chinese). Li BS, Kang Q, Chen C, Wang YJ, Zhao Y, He BY, et al. Optimization of alcohol precipitation technology for Fufang Shuanghua oral liquid based on FAHP-entropy method. Central South Pharm. 2019;17(3):414–9 (in Chinese).
130.
go back to reference Sun MF, Yang JY, Cao W, Shao JY, Wang GX, Qu HB, et al. Critical process parameter identification of manufacturing processes of Astragali Radix extract with a weighted determination coefficient method. Chin Herb Med. 2020;12(02):125–32.CrossRef Sun MF, Yang JY, Cao W, Shao JY, Wang GX, Qu HB, et al. Critical process parameter identification of manufacturing processes of Astragali Radix extract with a weighted determination coefficient method. Chin Herb Med. 2020;12(02):125–32.CrossRef
131.
go back to reference Zhang H, Yan AY, Gong XC, Qu HB. Study on quality indicators for concentration process of supernatant obtained in first ethanol precipitation in production of Danshen injection. China J Chin Materia Med. 2011;36(11):1436–40 (in Chinese). Zhang H, Yan AY, Gong XC, Qu HB. Study on quality indicators for concentration process of supernatant obtained in first ethanol precipitation in production of Danshen injection. China J Chin Materia Med. 2011;36(11):1436–40 (in Chinese).
132.
go back to reference Yan AY, Gong XC, Qu HB. Method for discriminating key quality control indicators of concentrated solution before traditional Chinese medicine ethanol precipitation. China J Chin Materia Med. 2012;37(11):1558–63 (in Chinese). Yan AY, Gong XC, Qu HB. Method for discriminating key quality control indicators of concentrated solution before traditional Chinese medicine ethanol precipitation. China J Chin Materia Med. 2012;37(11):1558–63 (in Chinese).
133.
go back to reference Shah HK. Impact of Correlated Responses on the Desirability function. Bachelor's thesis. Arizona State University, 2001. Shah HK. Impact of Correlated Responses on the Desirability function. Bachelor's thesis. Arizona State University, 2001.
135.
go back to reference Shao JY, Qu HB, Gong XC. Comparison of two algorithms for development of design space-overlapping method and probability-based method. China J Chin Materia Med. 2018;43(10):2074–80 (in Chinese). Shao JY, Qu HB, Gong XC. Comparison of two algorithms for development of design space-overlapping method and probability-based method. China J Chin Materia Med. 2018;43(10):2074–80 (in Chinese).
136.
go back to reference Zhao F, Gong XC, Qu HB. Optimization of ethanol reflux extraction process of red ginseng using a design space approach based on hazard and operability analysis. China J Chin Materia Med. 2017;42(06):1067–73 (in Chinese). Zhao F, Gong XC, Qu HB. Optimization of ethanol reflux extraction process of red ginseng using a design space approach based on hazard and operability analysis. China J Chin Materia Med. 2017;42(06):1067–73 (in Chinese).
137.
go back to reference Wang J. Application of process analysis technology in Salvia miltiorrhiza ethanol precipitation and‘Yang Wei’Granules spraying. Bachelor’s thesis. Zhejiang University, 2007. Wang J. Application of process analysis technology in Salvia miltiorrhiza ethanol precipitation and‘Yang Wei’Granules spraying. Bachelor’s thesis. Zhejiang University, 2007.
138.
go back to reference Luo XF. Application of statistical process control in quality control of Danshen Injection. Bachelor’s thesis. Zhejiang University, 2008. Luo XF. Application of statistical process control in quality control of Danshen Injection. Bachelor’s thesis. Zhejiang University, 2008.
139.
go back to reference Liu B, Bi KS, Sun L, Shi XY, Qiao YJ, Liu ZQ. Determining Danshensu and Hesperidin in Rukuaxiaopian using near-infrared spectroscopy. World Sci Technol/Modern Tradit Chin Med Materia Med. 2009;11(03):388–94 (in Chinese). Liu B, Bi KS, Sun L, Shi XY, Qiao YJ, Liu ZQ. Determining Danshensu and Hesperidin in Rukuaxiaopian using near-infrared spectroscopy. World Sci Technol/Modern Tradit Chin Med Materia Med. 2009;11(03):388–94 (in Chinese).
140.
go back to reference Xing LH, Xu JZ, Qu HB. Rapid near-infrared spectroscopy determination of tannins in the alcoholic-precipitation process of Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae. Chin J Pharm Ana. 2010;30(10):1813–6 (in Chinese). Xing LH, Xu JZ, Qu HB. Rapid near-infrared spectroscopy determination of tannins in the alcoholic-precipitation process of Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae. Chin J Pharm Ana. 2010;30(10):1813–6 (in Chinese).
141.
go back to reference Huang HX, Qu HB. In-line monitoring of alcohol precipitation by near-infrared spectroscopy in conjunction with multivariate batch modeling. Anal Chim Acta. 2011;707(1):47–56.PubMed Huang HX, Qu HB. In-line monitoring of alcohol precipitation by near-infrared spectroscopy in conjunction with multivariate batch modeling. Anal Chim Acta. 2011;707(1):47–56.PubMed
142.
go back to reference Sun D, Yuan J, Hu XY, Liu XS. Fast analytical method on content and transfer rate of marker component in ethanol precipitation of cinobufacini by near infrared spectroscopy. China J Chin Materia Med. 2011;36(18):2479–83 (in Chinese). Sun D, Yuan J, Hu XY, Liu XS. Fast analytical method on content and transfer rate of marker component in ethanol precipitation of cinobufacini by near infrared spectroscopy. China J Chin Materia Med. 2011;36(18):2479–83 (in Chinese).
143.
go back to reference Xu B, Shi XY, Qiao YJ, Du M, Sui CL, Liu Q. Multi-phase and multivariate statistical process control for alcohol precipitation of water extract of Lonicerae Japonicae. Chin J Tradit Chin Med Pharm. 2012;27(04):784–8 (in Chinese). Xu B, Shi XY, Qiao YJ, Du M, Sui CL, Liu Q. Multi-phase and multivariate statistical process control for alcohol precipitation of water extract of Lonicerae Japonicae. Chin J Tradit Chin Med Pharm. 2012;27(04):784–8 (in Chinese).
144.
go back to reference Wu ZS, Xu B, Du M, Sui CL, Shi XY, Qiao YJ. Validation of a NIR quantification method for the determination of chlorogenic acid in Lonicera japonica solution in ethanol precipitation process. J Pharmaceut Biomed. 2012;62:1–6. Wu ZS, Xu B, Du M, Sui CL, Shi XY, Qiao YJ. Validation of a NIR quantification method for the determination of chlorogenic acid in Lonicera japonica solution in ethanol precipitation process. J Pharmaceut Biomed. 2012;62:1–6.
145.
go back to reference Xu B, Wu ZH, Lin ZZ, Sui CL, Shi XY, Qiao YJ. NIR analysis for batch process of ethanol precipitation coupled with a new calibration model updating strategy. Anal Chim Acta. 2012;720:22–8.PubMed Xu B, Wu ZH, Lin ZZ, Sui CL, Shi XY, Qiao YJ. NIR analysis for batch process of ethanol precipitation coupled with a new calibration model updating strategy. Anal Chim Acta. 2012;720:22–8.PubMed
146.
go back to reference Jin Y, Wu ZZ, Liu XS, Wu YJ. Near infrared spectroscopy in combination with chemometrics as a process analytical technology (PAT) tool for on-line quantitative monitoring of alcohol precipitation. J Pharmaceut Biomed. 2013;77:32–9. Jin Y, Wu ZZ, Liu XS, Wu YJ. Near infrared spectroscopy in combination with chemometrics as a process analytical technology (PAT) tool for on-line quantitative monitoring of alcohol precipitation. J Pharmaceut Biomed. 2013;77:32–9.
147.
go back to reference Wang YX, Mi HJ, Wang ZZ, Zhang CL, Su G, Xiao W. Near infrared spectroscopy on-line and real - time monitoring of alcohol precipitation process of Reduning Injection. China J Chin Materia Med. 2014;39(23):4608–14 (in Chinese). Wang YX, Mi HJ, Wang ZZ, Zhang CL, Su G, Xiao W. Near infrared spectroscopy on-line and real - time monitoring of alcohol precipitation process of Reduning Injection. China J Chin Materia Med. 2014;39(23):4608–14 (in Chinese).
148.
go back to reference Du WJ, Liu XS, Tao LY, Jin Y, Chen Y, Wu S, et al. Multi-indicators rapid determination in alcohol precipitation of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos and Artemisiae Annuae Herba in Reduning Injection by near-infrared spectroscopy. China Tradit Herb Drugs. 2015;46(01):61–6 (in Chinese). Du WJ, Liu XS, Tao LY, Jin Y, Chen Y, Wu S, et al. Multi-indicators rapid determination in alcohol precipitation of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos and Artemisiae Annuae Herba in Reduning Injection by near-infrared spectroscopy. China Tradit Herb Drugs. 2015;46(01):61–6 (in Chinese).
149.
go back to reference Li TT, Hu T, Nie L, Zang LX, Zeng YZ, Zang HC. Rapid monitoring five components of ethanol precipitation process of Shenzhiling oral solution using near infrared spectroscopy. China J Chin Materia Med. 2016;41(19):3543–50 (in Chinese). Li TT, Hu T, Nie L, Zang LX, Zeng YZ, Zang HC. Rapid monitoring five components of ethanol precipitation process of Shenzhiling oral solution using near infrared spectroscopy. China J Chin Materia Med. 2016;41(19):3543–50 (in Chinese).
150.
go back to reference Luo Y, Li WL, Huang WH, Liu XH, Song YG, Qu HB. Rapid quantification of multi-components in alcohol precipitation liquid of Codonopsis Radix using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2017;18(5):383–92.PubMedPubMedCentral Luo Y, Li WL, Huang WH, Liu XH, Song YG, Qu HB. Rapid quantification of multi-components in alcohol precipitation liquid of Codonopsis Radix using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2017;18(5):383–92.PubMedPubMedCentral
151.
go back to reference Luo Y. Studies on the quality control of alcohol precipitation process of Shenqi Fuzheng Injection using near infrared spectroscopy. Bachelor’s thesis. Zhejiang University, 2017. Luo Y. Studies on the quality control of alcohol precipitation process of Shenqi Fuzheng Injection using near infrared spectroscopy. Bachelor’s thesis. Zhejiang University, 2017.
152.
go back to reference Huang HX, Qu HB. In-situ monitoring of saccharides removal of alcohol precipitation using near-infrared spectroscopy. J Innov Opt Heal Sci. 2018;11(05):1850027. Huang HX, Qu HB. In-situ monitoring of saccharides removal of alcohol precipitation using near-infrared spectroscopy. J Innov Opt Heal Sci. 2018;11(05):1850027.
153.
go back to reference Yan X, Fu H, Zhang S, Qu HB. Combining convolutional neural networks and in-line near-infrared spectroscopy for real-time monitoring of the chromatographic elution process in commercial production of notoginseng total saponins. J Sep Sci. 2020;43(3):663–70.PubMed Yan X, Fu H, Zhang S, Qu HB. Combining convolutional neural networks and in-line near-infrared spectroscopy for real-time monitoring of the chromatographic elution process in commercial production of notoginseng total saponins. J Sep Sci. 2020;43(3):663–70.PubMed
154.
go back to reference Yan X, Fu H, Zhang S, Qu HB. Combining convolutional neural networks and on-line Raman spectroscopy for monitoring the Cornu Caprae Hircus hydrolysis process. Spectrochim Acta Part A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2020;226:117589. Yan X, Fu H, Zhang S, Qu HB. Combining convolutional neural networks and on-line Raman spectroscopy for monitoring the Cornu Caprae Hircus hydrolysis process. Spectrochim Acta Part A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2020;226:117589.
155.
go back to reference Yan BJ, Li Y, Guo ZT, Qu HB. Quality by design for herbal drugs: a feedforward control strategy and an approach to define the acceptable ranges of critical quality attributes. Phytochem Anal. 2014;25(1):59–65.PubMed Yan BJ, Li Y, Guo ZT, Qu HB. Quality by design for herbal drugs: a feedforward control strategy and an approach to define the acceptable ranges of critical quality attributes. Phytochem Anal. 2014;25(1):59–65.PubMed
Metadata
Title
Research progress on the ethanol precipitation process of traditional Chinese medicine
Authors
Yanni Tai
Jichen Shen
Yu Luo
Haibin Qu
Xingchu Gong
Publication date
01-12-2020
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Chinese Medicine / Issue 1/2020
Electronic ISSN: 1749-8546
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13020-020-00366-2

Other articles of this Issue 1/2020

Chinese Medicine 1/2020 Go to the issue