Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Community Mental Health Journal 1/2017

01-01-2017 | Original Paper

Racial/Ethnic Differences in Emotional Health: A Longitudinal Study of Immigrants’ Adolescent Children

Authors: Celia C. Lo, Laura M. Hopson, Gaynell M. Simpson, Tyrone C. Cheng

Published in: Community Mental Health Journal | Issue 1/2017

Login to get access

Abstract

First, discrimination was conceptualized as a major source of stress for immigrants’ adolescent children. Next, such children’s emotional health (indicated by measures of self-esteem and depression) was examined for possible associations with discrimination, psychosocial supports, and social structure; additionally, race/ethnicity’s possible moderating role in such associations was evaluated. Data from the first 2 waves of the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study (1991–2006) were employed, focusing on 3 groups: Asians, Hispanics, and Whites. Linear regression analyses were used to weigh how discrimination, psychosocial supports, and social structure measured at Wave 1 and Wave 2 related to self-esteem and depression measured at Wave 2. Asians exhibited the highest level of depression and were most likely to perceive discrimination; Asians’ self-esteem was also low, compared to other groups’. Discrimination and psychosocial supports appeared to operate differentially in explaining the 3 groups’ emotional health.
Literature
go back to reference Adkins, D. E., Wang, V., Dupre, M. E., van den Oord E. J., & Elder G. H. (2009). Structure and stress: Trajectories of depressive symptoms across adolescence and young adulthood. Social Forces, 88(1), 31–60.CrossRef Adkins, D. E., Wang, V., Dupre, M. E., van den Oord E. J., & Elder G. H. (2009). Structure and stress: Trajectories of depressive symptoms across adolescence and young adulthood. Social Forces, 88(1), 31–60.CrossRef
go back to reference Aneshensel, C. S. (1992). Social stress: Theory and research. Annual Review of Sociology, 18, 15–38.CrossRef Aneshensel, C. S. (1992). Social stress: Theory and research. Annual Review of Sociology, 18, 15–38.CrossRef
go back to reference Boyd, M., & Tian, S. (2016). Educational and labor market attainments of the 1.5-and second-generation children of East Asian immigrants in Canada. American Behavioral Scientist, 60(5–6), 705–729.CrossRef Boyd, M., & Tian, S. (2016). Educational and labor market attainments of the 1.5-and second-generation children of East Asian immigrants in Canada. American Behavioral Scientist, 60(5–6), 705–729.CrossRef
go back to reference Camarota, S. A. (2011, October). A record-setting decade of immigration: 2000 to 2010. Backgrounder (pp. 1–15). Washington, D.C.: Center for Immigration Studies. Camarota, S. A. (2011, October). A record-setting decade of immigration: 2000 to 2010. Backgrounder (pp. 1–15). Washington, D.C.: Center for Immigration Studies.
go back to reference Costigan, C. L., C. M. Koryzma, Hua J. M., & Chance L. J. (2010). Ethnic identity, achievement, and psychological adjustment: Examining Risk and Resilience among youth from immigrant Chinese families in Canada. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 16(2), 264–273. doi:10.1037/a0017275.CrossRef Costigan, C. L., C. M. Koryzma, Hua J. M., & Chance L. J. (2010). Ethnic identity, achievement, and psychological adjustment: Examining Risk and Resilience among youth from immigrant Chinese families in Canada. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 16(2), 264–273. doi:10.​1037/​a0017275.CrossRef
go back to reference Dillon, F. R., De La Rosa, M., & Ibanez, G. E. (2013). Acculturative stress and diminishing family cohesion among recent Latino immigrants. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 15, 484–491.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Dillon, F. R., De La Rosa, M., & Ibanez, G. E. (2013). Acculturative stress and diminishing family cohesion among recent Latino immigrants. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 15, 484–491.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Donovan, R. A., Huynh, Q. L., Park, I. J. K., Kim, S. Y., Lee, R. M., & Robertson, E. (2013). Relationships among identity, perceived discrimination, and depressive symptoms in eight ethnic-generational groups. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(4), 397–414. doi:10.1002/jclp.21936.CrossRefPubMed Donovan, R. A., Huynh, Q. L., Park, I. J. K., Kim, S. Y., Lee, R. M., & Robertson, E. (2013). Relationships among identity, perceived discrimination, and depressive symptoms in eight ethnic-generational groups. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(4), 397–414. doi:10.​1002/​jclp.​21936.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Feliciano, C. (2009). Education and ethnic identity formation among Children of Latin American and Caribbean immigrants. Sociological Perspectives, 52(2), 135–158.CrossRef Feliciano, C. (2009). Education and ethnic identity formation among Children of Latin American and Caribbean immigrants. Sociological Perspectives, 52(2), 135–158.CrossRef
go back to reference Fortuny, K., Hernandez, D. J., & Chaudry, A. (2010). Young children of immigrants: The leading edge of America’s future policy brief. Washington, D. C.: The Urban Institute. Fortuny, K., Hernandez, D. J., & Chaudry, A. (2010). Young children of immigrants: The leading edge of America’s future policy brief. Washington, D. C.: The Urban Institute.
go back to reference French, S. E., & Chavez N. R. (2010). The relationship of ethnicity-related stressors and Latino ethnic identity to well-being. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 32(3), 410–428. doi:10.1177/0739986310374716.CrossRef French, S. E., & Chavez N. R. (2010). The relationship of ethnicity-related stressors and Latino ethnic identity to well-being. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 32(3), 410–428. doi:10.​1177/​0739986310374716​.CrossRef
go back to reference Gee, G. C., Ryan, A., Laflamme, D. J., & Holt, J. (2006). Self-reported discrimination and mental health status among African descendants, Mexican Americans, and other Latinos in the New Hampshire REACH 2010 initiative: The added dimension of immigration. American Journal of Public Health, 96(10), 1821–1828.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Gee, G. C., Ryan, A., Laflamme, D. J., & Holt, J. (2006). Self-reported discrimination and mental health status among African descendants, Mexican Americans, and other Latinos in the New Hampshire REACH 2010 initiative: The added dimension of immigration. American Journal of Public Health, 96(10), 1821–1828.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Goto, S. G., Gee, G. C., & Takeuchi, D. T. (2002). Strangers still? The experience of discrimination among Chinese Americans. Journal of Community Psychology, 30(2), 211–224. doi:10.1002/jcop.9998.CrossRef Goto, S. G., Gee, G. C., & Takeuchi, D. T. (2002). Strangers still? The experience of discrimination among Chinese Americans. Journal of Community Psychology, 30(2), 211–224. doi:10.​1002/​jcop.​9998.CrossRef
go back to reference Katsiaficas, D., Suarez-Orozco, C., Sirin, S. R., & Gupta, T. (2013). Mediators of the relationship between acculturative stress and internalization symptoms for immigrant origin youth. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 19(1), 27–37. doi:10.1037/a0031094.CrossRef Katsiaficas, D., Suarez-Orozco, C., Sirin, S. R., & Gupta, T. (2013). Mediators of the relationship between acculturative stress and internalization symptoms for immigrant origin youth. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 19(1), 27–37. doi:10.​1037/​a0031094.CrossRef
go back to reference Kim, S. Y., Wang, Y. J., Deng, S. Y., Alvarez, R., & Li, J. (2011). Accent, perpetual foreigner stereotype, and perceived discrimination as indirect links between English proficiency and depressive symptoms in Chinese American adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 47(1), 289–301. doi:10.1037/a0020712.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Kim, S. Y., Wang, Y. J., Deng, S. Y., Alvarez, R., & Li, J. (2011). Accent, perpetual foreigner stereotype, and perceived discrimination as indirect links between English proficiency and depressive symptoms in Chinese American adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 47(1), 289–301. doi:10.​1037/​a0020712.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Leu, J., Walton, E., & Takeuchi, D. (2011). Contextualizing acculturation: Gender, family, and community reception influences on Asian immigrant mental health. American Journal of Community Psychology, 48(3–4), 168–180. doi:10.1007/s10464-010-9360-7.CrossRefPubMed Leu, J., Walton, E., & Takeuchi, D. (2011). Contextualizing acculturation: Gender, family, and community reception influences on Asian immigrant mental health. American Journal of Community Psychology, 48(3–4), 168–180. doi:10.​1007/​s10464-010-9360-7.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Lo, C. C., & Cheng, T. C. (2012a). Discrimination’s role in minority groups’ rates of substance-use disorder. American Journal on Addictions, 21(2), 150–156.CrossRefPubMed Lo, C. C., & Cheng, T. C. (2012a). Discrimination’s role in minority groups’ rates of substance-use disorder. American Journal on Addictions, 21(2), 150–156.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Makimoto, K. (1998). Drinking patterns and drinking problems among Asian-Americans and Pacific Islanders. Alcohol Research and Health, 22(4), 270. Makimoto, K. (1998). Drinking patterns and drinking problems among Asian-Americans and Pacific Islanders. Alcohol Research and Health, 22(4), 270.
go back to reference Medvedeva, M. (2010). Perceived discrimination and linguistic adaptation of adolescent children of immigrants. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(8), 940–952.CrossRefPubMed Medvedeva, M. (2010). Perceived discrimination and linguistic adaptation of adolescent children of immigrants. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(8), 940–952.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Mossakowski, K. N. (2003). Coping with perceived discrimination: Does ethnic identity protect mental health?” Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 44(3), 318–331. doi:10.2307/1519782.CrossRefPubMed Mossakowski, K. N. (2003). Coping with perceived discrimination: Does ethnic identity protect mental health?” Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 44(3), 318–331. doi:10.​2307/​1519782.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Ortega, A. N., Fang, H., Perez, V. H., Rizzo, J. A., Carter-Pokras, O., P Wallace, S., & Gelberg, L. (2007). Health care access, use of services, and experiences among undocumented Mexicans and other Latinos. Archives of Internal Medicine, 167(21), 2354–2360.CrossRefPubMed Ortega, A. N., Fang, H., Perez, V. H., Rizzo, J. A., Carter-Pokras, O., P Wallace, S., & Gelberg, L. (2007). Health care access, use of services, and experiences among undocumented Mexicans and other Latinos. Archives of Internal Medicine, 167(21), 2354–2360.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Pearlin, L. I. (1989). The sociological-study of stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 30(3), 241–256.CrossRefPubMed Pearlin, L. I. (1989). The sociological-study of stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 30(3), 241–256.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Perez, R. (2011). Linguistic acculturation and context on self-esteem: Hispanic youth between cultures. Child & Adolescent Social Work Journal, 28(3), 203–228.CrossRef Perez, R. (2011). Linguistic acculturation and context on self-esteem: Hispanic youth between cultures. Child & Adolescent Social Work Journal, 28(3), 203–228.CrossRef
go back to reference Portes, A., & Rumbaut, R. G. (2008). Children of immigrants longitudinal study (CILS), 1991–2006. Vol. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research. Portes, A., & Rumbaut, R. G. (2008). Children of immigrants longitudinal study (CILS), 1991–2006. Vol. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research.
go back to reference Rivas-Drake, D., Hughes, D., & Way, N. (2009). Public ethnic regard and perceived socioeconomic stratification: Associations with well-being among dominican and Black American youth. Journal of Early Adolescence, 29(1), 122–141. doi:10.1177/0272431608324479.CrossRef Rivas-Drake, D., Hughes, D., & Way, N. (2009). Public ethnic regard and perceived socioeconomic stratification: Associations with well-being among dominican and Black American youth. Journal of Early Adolescence, 29(1), 122–141. doi:10.​1177/​0272431608324479​.CrossRef
go back to reference Rogers-Sirin, L., & Gupta, T. (2012). Cultural identity and mental health: Differing trajectories among Asian and Latino youth. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 59(4), 555–566. doi:10.1037/a0029329.CrossRefPubMed Rogers-Sirin, L., & Gupta, T. (2012). Cultural identity and mental health: Differing trajectories among Asian and Latino youth. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 59(4), 555–566. doi:10.​1037/​a0029329.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Rubin, A. (2010). Statistics for evidence-based practice and evaluation. (2nd edn.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning. Rubin, A. (2010). Statistics for evidence-based practice and evaluation. (2nd edn.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning.
go back to reference Rumbaut, R. G. (1994). The crucible within: Ethnic identity, self-esteem, and segmented assimilation among children of immigrants. International Migration Review, 28(4), 748–794. doi:10.2307/2547157.CrossRef Rumbaut, R. G. (1994). The crucible within: Ethnic identity, self-esteem, and segmented assimilation among children of immigrants. International Migration Review, 28(4), 748–794. doi:10.​2307/​2547157.CrossRef
go back to reference Rumbaut, R. G. (1997). Paradoxes (and orthodoxies) of assimilation. Sociological Perspectives, 40(3), 483–511.CrossRef Rumbaut, R. G. (1997). Paradoxes (and orthodoxies) of assimilation. Sociological Perspectives, 40(3), 483–511.CrossRef
go back to reference Sirin, S. R., Ryce, P., Gupta, T., & Rogers-Sirin, L. (2013). The role of acculturative stress on mental health symptoms for immigrant adolescents: A longitudinal investigation. Developmental Psychology, 49(4), 736–748. doi:10.1037/a0028398.CrossRefPubMed Sirin, S. R., Ryce, P., Gupta, T., & Rogers-Sirin, L. (2013). The role of acculturative stress on mental health symptoms for immigrant adolescents: A longitudinal investigation. Developmental Psychology, 49(4), 736–748. doi:10.​1037/​a0028398.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Tenorio, K. A., & Lo, C. C. (2011). Social location, social integration, and the co-occurrence of substance abuse and psychological distress. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 37(4), 218–223.CrossRefPubMed Tenorio, K. A., & Lo, C. C. (2011). Social location, social integration, and the co-occurrence of substance abuse and psychological distress. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 37(4), 218–223.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Torres, L., & Ong, A. D. (2010). A daily diary investigation of Latino ethnic identity, discrimination, and depression. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 16(4), 561–568. doi:10.1037/a0020652.CrossRef Torres, L., & Ong, A. D. (2010). A daily diary investigation of Latino ethnic identity, discrimination, and depression. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 16(4), 561–568. doi:10.​1037/​a0020652.CrossRef
go back to reference Verkuyten, M. (1998). Perceived discrimination and self-esteem among ethnic minority adolescents. Journal of Social Psychology, 138(4), 479–493.CrossRefPubMed Verkuyten, M. (1998). Perceived discrimination and self-esteem among ethnic minority adolescents. Journal of Social Psychology, 138(4), 479–493.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Wolf, D. L. (1997). Family secrets: Transnational struggles among children of filipino immigrants. Sociological Perspectives, 40(3), 457–482.CrossRef Wolf, D. L. (1997). Family secrets: Transnational struggles among children of filipino immigrants. Sociological Perspectives, 40(3), 457–482.CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Racial/Ethnic Differences in Emotional Health: A Longitudinal Study of Immigrants’ Adolescent Children
Authors
Celia C. Lo
Laura M. Hopson
Gaynell M. Simpson
Tyrone C. Cheng
Publication date
01-01-2017
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Community Mental Health Journal / Issue 1/2017
Print ISSN: 0010-3853
Electronic ISSN: 1573-2789
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-016-0049-8

Other articles of this Issue 1/2017

Community Mental Health Journal 1/2017 Go to the issue