Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Italian Journal of Pediatrics
Published in: Italian Journal of Pediatrics 1/2022

Open Access 01-12-2022 | Public Health | Review

E-cigarettes and youth: an unresolved Public Health concern

Authors: Fabrizio Virgili, Raffaella Nenna, Shira Ben David, Enrica Mancino, Greta Di Mattia, Luigi Matera, Laura Petrarca, Fabio Midulla

Published in: Italian Journal of Pediatrics | Issue 1/2022

Login to get access

Abstract

The use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarette) and vaping devices started as a potential aid for cessation and reducing the harmful consequences of cigarette smoking, mainly in the adult population. Today e-cigarette use is highly increasing in vulnerable populations, especially young and pregnant women, due to the misconception of its harmless use.
Despite the growing acknowledgment in e-cigarette as a potential harmful device, and due to mixed information found concerning its beneficial aid for smokers, along with an insufficient clinical study done in human models, it is important to further evaluate the possible benefits and risks of non-combusting, vaping nicotine or non-nicotine delivery devices.
In this review we tried to summarize the latest updated information found in the literature, concentrating mainly in the variety of adverse effects of e-cigarette use and its contribution for recent and future health concerns.
Literature
1.
Heiss C. Electronic cigarettes: Replacing one evil with another? Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2019;26(11):1217–8.PubMedCrossRef
2.
Samet JM. Tobacco smoking: the leading cause of preventable disease worldwide. Thorac Surg Clin. 2013;23(2):103–12.PubMedCrossRef
3.
Thirion-Romero I, Pérez-Padilla R, Zabert G, Barrientos-Gutierrez I. Respiratory impact of electronic cigarettes and low-risk tobacco. Rev Investig Clin. 2019;71(1):17–27.
4.
Gravely S, Fong GT, Cummings KM, Yan M, Quah AC, Borland R, et al. Awareness, trial, and current use of electronic cigarettes in 10 countries: Findings from the ITC project. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014;11(11):11691–704.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
5.
Gorini G, Gallus S, Carreras G, Cortini B, Vannacci V, Charrier L, et al. A long way to go: 20-year trends from multiple surveillance systems show a still huge use of tobacco in minors in Italy. Eur J Pub Health. 2019;29(1):164–9.CrossRef
6.
Jenssen BP, Walley SC; SECTION ON TOBACCO CONTROL. E-cigarettes and similar devices. Pediatrics. 2019;143(2):e20183652.
7.
Binns C, Lee MK, Low WY. Children and E-Cigarettes: a new threat to health. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2018;30(4):315–20.PubMedCrossRef
8.
Cullen KA, Ambrose BK, Gentzke AS, Apelberg BJ, Jamal A, King BA. Notes from the Field: Use of Electronic Cigarettes and Any Tobacco Product Among Middle and High School Students - United States, 2011-2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018;67(45):1276–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
9.
Cullen KA, Gentzke AS, Sawdey MD, Chang JT, Anic GM, Wang TW, et al. e-Cigarette Use Among Youth in the United States, 2019. JAMA. 2019;322(21):2095–103.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
10.
11.
12.
Gorini G, Gallus S, Carreras G, et al. Prevalence of tobacco smoking and electronic cigarette use among adolescents in Italy: Global Youth Tobacco Surveys (GYTS), 2010, 2014, 2018. Prev Med (Baltim). 2020;131:105903.CrossRef
13.
Chun LF, Moazed F, Calfee CS, Matthay MA, Gotts JE. Pulmonary toxicity of e-cigarettes. Am J Phys Lung Cell Mol Phys. 2017;313(2):L193–206.
14.
Frieden TR, Jaffe HW, Richards CL, Iademarco MF. E-Cigarette Use Among Youth and Young Adults. A Report of the Surgeon General. Mmwr; 2014.
15.
Duke JC, Lee YO, Kim AE, Watson KA, Arnold KY, Nonnemaker JM, et al. Exposure to electronic cigarette television advertisements among youth and young adults. Pediatrics. 2014;134(1):e29–36.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Richardson A, Ganz O, Vallone D. Tobacco on the web: surveillance and characterisation of online tobacco and e-cigarette advertising. Tob Control. 2015;24(4):341–7.PubMedCrossRef
17.
Singh T, Agaku IT, Arrazola RA, Marynak KL, Neff LJ, Rolle IT, et al. Exposure to Advertisements and Electronic Cigarette Use Among US Middle and High School Students. Pediatrics. 2016;137(5):e20154155.PubMedCrossRef
18.
Ayers JW, Leas EC, Allem JP, Benton A, Dredze M, Althouse BM, et al. Why do people use electronic nicotine delivery systems (electronic cigarettes)? A content analysis of Twitter, 2012-2015. PLoS One. 2017;12(3):e0170702.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
19.
20.
Tsai J, Walton K, Coleman BN, Sharapova SR, Johnson SE, Kennedy SM, et al. Reasons for Electronic Cigarette Use Among Middle and High School Students - National Youth Tobacco Survey, United States, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018;67(6):196–200.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
21.
Kong G, Morean ME, Cavallo DA, Camenga DR, Krishnan-Sarin S. Reasons for electronic cigarette experimentation and discontinuation among adolescents and young adults. Nicotine Tob Res. 2015;17(7):847–54.PubMedCrossRef
22.
23.
Singh S, Windle SB, Filion KB, Thombs BD, O'Loughlin JL, Grad R, et al. E-cigarettes and youth: Patterns of use, potential harms, and recommendations. Prev Med. 2020;133:106009.PubMedCrossRef
24.
Ambrose BK, Rostron BL, Johnson SE, Portnoy DB, Apelberg BJ, Kaufman AR, et al. Perceptions of the relative harm of cigarettes and e-cigarettes among U.S. youth. Am J Prev Med. 2014;47(2 Suppl 1):S53–60.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
25.
Anand V, McGinty KL, O'Brien K, Guenthner G, Hahn E, Martin CA. E-cigarette Use and Beliefs Among Urban Public High School Students in North Carolina. J Adolesc Health. 2015;57(1):46–51.PubMedCrossRef
26.
Roditis M, Delucchi K, Cash D, Halpern-Felsher B. Adolescents’ perceptions of health risks, social risks, and benefits differ across tobacco products. J Adolesc Health. 2016;58(5):558–66.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
27.
Pokhrel P, Little MA, Fagan P, Muranaka N, Herzog TA. Electronic cigarette use outcome expectancies among college students. Addict Behav. 2014;39(6):1062–5.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
28.
Gorukanti A, Delucchi K, Ling P, Fisher-Travis R, Halpern-Felsher B. Adolescents’ attitudes towards e-cigarette ingredients, safety, addictive properties, social norms, and regulation. Prev Med. 2017;94:65–71.PubMedCrossRef
29.
30.
Rimal RN, Real K. How behaviors are influenced by perceived norms a test of the theory of normative social behavior. Commun Res. 2005;32(3):389–414.CrossRef
31.
Williams M, Ghai S, Talbot P. Disposable electronic cigarettes and electronic hookahs: evaluation of performance. Nicotine Tob Res. 2015;17(2):201–8.PubMedCrossRef
32.
Hua M, Omaiye EE, Luo W, McWhirter KJ, Pankow JF, Talbot P. Identification of Cytotoxic Flavor Chemicals in Top-Selling Electronic Cigarette Refill Fluids. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):2782.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
33.
Williams M, Bozhilov KN, Talbot P. Analysis of the elements and metals in multiple generations of electronic cigarette atomizers. Environ Res. 2019;175:156–66.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
34.
Williams M, Talbot P. Design features in multiple generations of electronic cigarette atomizers. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(16):2904.PubMedCentralCrossRef
35.
36.
Hess CA, Olmedo P, Navas-Acien A, Goessler W, Cohen JE, Rule AM. E-cigarettes as a source of toxic and potentially carcinogenic metals. Environ Res. 2017;152:221–5.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Olmedo P, Goessler W, Tanda S, Grau-Perez M, Jarmul S, Aherrera A, et al. Metal Concentrations in e-Cigarette Liquid and Aerosol Samples: The Contribution of Metallic Coils. Environ Health Perspect. 2018;126(2):027010.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
38.
Omaiye EE, McWhirter KJ, Luo W, Pankow JF, Talbot P. High-Nicotine Electronic Cigarette Products: Toxicity of JUUL Fluids and Aerosols Correlates Strongly with Nicotine and Some Flavor Chemical Concentrations. Chem Res Toxicol. 2019;32(6):1058–69.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
39.
Kavuluru R, Han S, Hahn EJ. On the popularity of the USB flash drive-shaped electronic cigarette Juul. Tob Control. 2019;28(1):110–2.PubMed
40.
41.
Yingst JM, Lester C, Veldheer S, Allen SI, Du P, Foulds J. E-cigarette users commonly stealth vape in places where e-cigarette use is prohibited. Tob Control. 2019;28(5):493–7.PubMedCrossRef
42.
Gotts JE, Jordt SE, McConnell R, Tarran R. What are the respiratory effects of e-cigarettes? BMJ. 2019;366:1–16.
43.
Callahan-Lyon P. Electronic cigarettes: human health effects. Tob Control. 2014;23(SUPPL. 2):ii36–40.PubMedCrossRef
44.
Etter JF, Bullen C, Flouris AD, Laugesen M, Eissenberg T. Electronic nicotine delivery systems: a research agenda. Tob Control. 2011;20(3):243–8.PubMedCrossRef
45.
Li Q, Zhan Y, Wang L, Leischow SJ, Zeng DD. Analysis of symptoms and their potential associations with e-liquids' components: a social media study. BMC Public Health. 2016;16:674.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
46.
Phillips B, Titz B, Kogel U, Sharma D, Leroy P, Xiang Y, et al. Toxicity of the main electronic cigarette components, propylene glycol, glycerin, and nicotine, in Sprague-Dawley rats in a 90-day OECD inhalation study complemented by molecular endpoints. Food Chem Toxicol. 2017;109(Pt 1):315–32.PubMedCrossRef
47.
Talih S, Balhas Z, Salman R, Karaoghlanian N, Shihadeh A. “Direct dripping”: a high-temperature, high-formaldehyde emission electronic cigarette use method. Nicotine Tob Res. 2016;18(4):453–9.PubMedCrossRef
48.
Kosmider L, Sobczak A, Fik M, Knysak J, Zaciera M, Kurek J, et al. Carbonyl compounds in electronic cigarette vapors: effects of nicotine solvent and battery output voltage. Nicotine Tob Res. 2014;16(10):1319–26.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
49.
Laino T, Tuma C, Moor P, Martin E, Stolz S, Curioni A. Mechanisms of propylene glycol and triacetin pyrolysis. J Phys Chem A. 2012;116(18):4602–9.PubMedCrossRef
50.
Fernández E, Ballbè M, Sureda X, Fu M, Saltó E, Martínez-Sánchez JM. Particulate Matter from Electronic Cigarettes and Conventional Cigarettes: a Systematic Review and Observational Study. Curr Environ Health Rep. 2015;2(4):423–9.PubMedCrossRef
51.
Wang G, Liu W, Song W. Toxicity assessment of electronic cigarettes. Inhal Toxicol. 2019;31(7):259–73.PubMedCrossRef
52.
Lerner CA, Sundar IK, Yao H, Gerloff J, Ossip DJ, McIntosh S, et al. Vapors produced by electronic cigarettes and e-juices with flavorings induce toxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response in lung epithelial cells and in mouse lung. PLoS One. 2015;10(2):e0116732.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
53.
54.
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). Public Health Statement: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). Atlanta: Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service; 1995.
55.
Pamies D, Vilanova E. Acrolein. In: Encyclopedia of Toxicology. 3rd ed; 2014.
56.
Reidel B, Radicioni G, Clapp PW, Ford AA, Abdelwahab S, Rebuli ME, et al. E-Cigarette Use Causes a Unique Innate Immune Response in the Lung, Involving Increased Neutrophilic Activation and Altered Mucin Secretion. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;197(4):492–501.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
57.
Breland A, Soule E, Lopez A, Ramôa C, El-Hellani A, Eissenberg T. Electronic cigarettes: what are they and what do they do? Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2017;1394(1):5–30.PubMedCrossRef
58.
59.
Kosmider L, Sobczak A, Prokopowicz A, Kurek J, Zaciera M, Knysak J, et al. Cherry-flavoured electronic cigarettes expose users to the inhalation irritant, benzaldehyde. Thorax. 2016;71(4):376–7.PubMedCrossRef
60.
Gerloff J, Sundar IK, Freter R, Sekera ER, Friedman AE, Robinson R, et al. Inflammatory response and barrier dysfunction by different e-Cigarette flavoring chemicals identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in e-liquids and e-vapors on human lung epithelial cells and fibroblasts. Appl In Vitro Toxicol. 2017;3(1):28–40.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
61.
Barrington-Trimis JL, Samet JM, McConnell R. Flavorings in electronic cigarettes: an unrecognized respiratory health hazard? JAMA. 2014;312(23):2493–4.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
62.
63.
Pepper JK, Ribisl KM, Brewer NT. Adolescents' interest in trying flavoured e-cigarettes. Tob Control. 2016;25(Suppl 2):ii62–6.PubMedCrossRef
64.
Morean ME, Kong G, Cavallo DA, Camenga DR, Krishnan-Sarin S. Nicotine concentration of e-cigarettes used by adolescents. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016;167:224–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
65.
Kim HJ, Shin HS. Determination of tobacco-specific nitrosamines in replacement liquids of electronic cigarettes by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 2013;1291:48–55.PubMedCrossRef
66.
67.
Schweitzer KS, Chen SX, Law S, Van Demark M, Poirier C, Justice MJ, et al. Endothelial disruptive proinflammatory effects of nicotine and e-cigarette vapor exposures. Am J Phys Lung Cell Mol Phys. 2015;309(2):L175–87.
68.
Ghosh A, Coakley RC, Mascenik T, Rowell TR, Davis ES, Rogers K, et al. Chronic E-Cigarette Exposure Alters the Human Bronchial Epithelial Proteome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;198(1):67–76.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
69.
Marini S, Buonanno G, Stabile L, Ficco G. Short-term effects of electronic and tobacco cigarettes on exhaled nitric oxide. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2014;278(1):9–15.PubMedCrossRef
70.
Vardavas CI, Anagnostopoulos N, Kougias M, Evangelopoulou V, Connolly GN, Behrakis PK. Short-term pulmonary effects of using an electronic cigarette: impact on respiratory flow resistance, impedance, and exhaled nitric oxide. Chest. 2012;141(6):1400–6.PubMedCrossRef
71.
McConnell R, Barrington-Trimis JL, Wang K, Urman R, Hong H, Unger J, et al. Electronic Cigarette Use and Respiratory Symptoms in Adolescents. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;195(8):1043–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
72.
Wang MP, Ho SY, Leung LT, Lam TH. Electronic Cigarette use and respiratory symptoms in Chinese Adolescents in Hong Kong. JAMA Pediatr. 2016;170(1):89–91.PubMedCrossRef
73.
Carwile JL, Fleisch AF, Young K, Ahrens KA. Electronic cigarette use in US households with children: The “New” secondhand smoke. JAMA Pediatr. 2019;173(7):693–5.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
74.
Bayly JE, Bernat D, Porter L, Choi K. Secondhand exposure to aerosols from electronic nicotine delivery systems and asthma exacerbations among youth with asthma. Chest. 2019;155(1):88–93.PubMedCrossRef
75.
76.
Carson JL, Zhou L, Brighton L, Mills KH, Zhou H, Jaspers I, et al. Temporal structure/function variation in cultured differentiated human nasal epithelium associated with acute single exposure to tobacco smoke or E-cigarette vapor. Inhal Toxicol. 2017;29(3):137–44.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
77.
Dicpinigaitis PV, Lee Chang A, Dicpinigaitis AJ, Negassa A. Effect of e-Cigarette Use on Cough Reflex Sensitivity. Chest. 2016;149(1):161–5.PubMedCrossRef
78.
Miyashita L, Suri R, Dearing E, Mudway I, Dove RE, Neill DR, et al. E-cigarette vapour enhances pneumococcal adherence to airway epithelial cells. Eur Respir J. 2018;51(2):1701592.PubMedCrossRef
79.
Hwang JH, Lyes M, Sladewski K, Enany S, McEachern E, Mathew DP, et al. Electronic cigarette inhalation alters innate immunity and airway cytokines while increasing the virulence of colonizing bacteria. J Mol Med (Berl). 2016;94(6):667–79.CrossRef
80.
Cherian SV, Kumar A, Estrada-Y-Martin RM. E-Cigarette or vaping product-associated lung injury: a review. Am J Med. 2020;133(6):657–63.PubMedCrossRef
81.
Layden JE, Ghinai I, Pray I, Kimball A, Layer M, Tenforde MW, et al. Pulmonary illness related to E-cigarette use in Illinois and Wisconsin - Final Report. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(10):903–16.PubMedCrossRef
82.
Kowitt SD, Osman A, Meernik C, Zarkin GA, Ranney LM, Martin J, et al. Vaping cannabis among adolescents: prevalence and associations with tobacco use from a cross-sectional study in the USA. BMJ Open. 2019;9(6):e028535.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
83.
Blount BC, Karwowski MP, Shields PG, Morel-Espinosa M, Valentin-Blasini L, Gardner M, et al. Vitamin E Acetate in Bronchoalveolar-Lavage Fluid Associated with EVALI. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(8):697–705.PubMedCrossRef
84.
Kalininskiy A, Bach CT, Nacca NE, Ginsberg G, Marraffa J, Navarette KA, et al. E-cigarette, or vaping, product use associated lung injury (EVALI): case series and diagnostic approach. Lancet Respir Med. 2019;7(12):1017–26.PubMedCrossRef
85.
Triantafyllou GA, Tiberio PJ, Zou RH, Lamberty PE, Lynch MJ, Kreit JW, et al. Vaping-associated acute lung injury: a case series. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019;200(11):1430–1.PubMedCrossRef
86.
Henry TS, Kanne JP, Kligerman SJ. Imaging of vaping-associated lung disease. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(15):1486–7.PubMedCrossRef
87.
Mukhopadhyay S, Mehrad M, Dammert P, Arrossi AV, Sarda R, Brenner DS, et al. Lung biopsy findings in severe pulmonary illness associated with E-Cigarette Use (Vaping). Am J Clin Pathol. 2020;153(1):30–9.PubMed
88.
Blagev DP, Harris D, Dunn AC, Guidry DW, Grissom CK, Lanspa MJ. Clinical presentation, treatment, and short-term outcomes of lung injury associated with e-cigarettes or vaping: a prospective observational cohort study. Lancet. 2019;394:2073–83.PubMedCrossRef
89.
McCauley L, Markin C, Hosmer D. An unexpected consequence of electronic cigarette use. Chest. 2012;141(4):1110–3.PubMedCrossRef
90.
Thota D, Latham E. Case report of electronic cigarettes possibly associated with eosinophilic pneumonitis in a previously healthy active-duty sailor. J Emerg Med. 2014;47(1):15–7.PubMedCrossRef
91.
Hureaux J, Drouet M, Urban T. A case report of subacute bronchial toxicity induced by an electronic cigarette. Thorax. 2014;69(6):596–7.PubMedCrossRef
92.
Vannier S, Ronziere T, Ferre JC, Lassalle V, Verin M. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome triggered by an electronic cigarette: case report. Eur J Neurol. 2015;22(5):e64–5.PubMedCrossRef
93.
Hom S, Chen L, Wang T, Ghebrehiwet B, Yin W, Rubenstein DA. Platelet activation, adhesion, inflammation, and aggregation potential are altered in the presence of electronic cigarette extracts of variable nicotine concentrations. Platelets. 2016;27(7):694–702.PubMedCrossRef
94.
Antoniewicz L, Bosson JA, Kuhl J, Abdel-Halim SM, Kiessling A, Mobarrez F, et al. Electronic cigarettes increase endothelial progenitor cells in the blood of healthy volunteers. Atherosclerosis. 2016;255:179–85.PubMedCrossRef
95.
Carnevale R, Sciarretta S, Violi F, Nocella C, Loffredo L, Perri L, et al. Acute impact of tobacco vs electronic cigarette smoking on oxidative stress and vascular function. Chest. 2016;150(3):606–12.PubMedCrossRef
96.
Staudt MR, Salit J, Kaner RJ, Hollmann C, Crystal RG. Altered lung biology of healthy never smokers following acute inhalation of E-cigarettes. Respir Res. 2018;19(1):78.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
97.
Alzahrani T, Pena I, Temesgen N, Glantz SA. Association Between electronic cigarette use and myocardial infarction. Am J Prev Med. 2018;55(4):455–61.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
98.
Yan XS, D'Ruiz C. Effects of using electronic cigarettes on nicotine delivery and cardiovascular function in comparison with regular cigarettes. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2015;71(1):24–34.PubMedCrossRef
99.
Vlachopoulos C, Ioakeimidis N, Abdelrasoul M, et al. Electronic cigarette stiffness and blood pressure in young smokers treatment of pure aortic regurgitation using a second-generation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67(23):2802–3.PubMedCrossRef
100.
101.
Foulds J, Veldheer S, Yingst J, Hrabovsky S, Wilson SJ, Nichols TT, et al. Development of a questionnaire for assessing dependence on electronic cigarettes among a large sample of ex-smoking E-cigarette users. Nicotine Tob Res. 2015;17(2):186–92.PubMedCrossRef
102.
Etter JF, Eissenberg T. Dependence levels in users of electronic cigarettes, nicotine gums and tobacco cigarettes. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;147:68–75.PubMedCrossRef
103.
Pentz MA, Shin H, Riggs N, Unger JB, Collison KL, Chou CP. Parent, peer, and executive function relationships to early adolescent e-cigarette use: a substance use pathway? Addict Behav. 2015;42:73–8.PubMedCrossRef
104.
Spindle TR, Hiler MM, Cooke ME, Eissenberg T, Kendler KS, Dick DM. Electronic cigarette use and uptake of cigarette smoking: a longitudinal examination of U.S. college students. Addict Behav. 2017;67:66–72.PubMedCrossRef
105.
Bold KW, Kong G, Camenga DR, Simon P, Cavallo DA, Morean ME, et al. Trajectories of E-Cigarette and Conventional Cigarette Use Among Youth. Pediatrics. 2018;141(1):e20171832.PubMedCrossRef
106.
Leventhal AM, Strong DR, Kirkpatrick MG, Unger JB, Sussman S, Riggs NR, et al. association of electronic cigarette use with initiation of combustible tobacco product smoking in early adolescence. JAMA. 2015;314(7):700–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
107.
Primack BA, Soneji S, Stoolmiller M, Fine MJ, Sargent JD. Progression to traditional cigarette smoking after electronic cigarette use among US adolescents and young adults. JAMA Pediatr. 2015;169(11):1018–23.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
108.
Soneji S, Barrington-Trimis JL, Wills TA, Leventhal AM, Unger JB, Gibson LA, et al. Association between initial use of e-Cigarettes and subsequent cigarette smoking among adolescents and young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2017;171(8):788–97.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
109.
Goldenson NI, Leventhal AM, Stone MD, McConnell RS, Barrington-Trimis JL. Associations of Electronic Cigarette Nicotine Concentration With Subsequent Cigarette Smoking and Vaping Levels in Adolescents. JAMA Pediatr. 2017;171(12):1192–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
110.
111.
Agrawal A, Madden PA, Martin NG, Lynskey MT. Do early experiences with cannabis vary in cigarette smokers? Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013;128(3):255–9.PubMedCrossRef
112.
Huang YY, Kandel DB, Kandel ER, Levine A. Nicotine primes the effect of cocaine on the induction of LTP in the amygdala. Neuropharmacology. 2013;74:126–34.PubMedCrossRef
113.
Camenga DR, Kong G, Cavallo DA, Liss A, Hyland A, Delmerico J, et al. Alternate tobacco product and drug use among adolescents who use electronic cigarettes, cigarettes only, and never smokers. J Adolesc Health. 2014;55(4):588–91.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
114.
115.
116.
Hasan KM, Friedman TC, Shao X, Parveen M, Sims C, Lee DL, et al. E-cigarettes and western diet: important metabolic risk factors for hepatic diseases. Hepatology. 2019;69(6):2442–54.PubMedCrossRef
117.
Fan T, DuBose L, Wayne C, Sisniega C. E-cigarette, or vaping, associated lung and hepatic injury. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2020;71(3):e98–e100.PubMedCrossRef
118.
119.
Govindarajan P, Spiller HA, Casavant MJ, Chounthirath T, Smith GA. E-cigarette and liquid nicotine exposures among young children. Pediatrics. 2018;141(5):e20173361.PubMedCrossRef
120.
Kamboj A, Spiller HA, Casavant MJ, Chounthirath T, Smith GA. Pediatric exposure to E-cigarettes, nicotine, and tobacco products in the United States. Pediatrics. 2016;137(6):e20160041.PubMedCrossRef
121.
Patterson SB, Beckett AR, Lintner A, Leahey C, Greer A, Brevard SB, et al. A novel classification system for injuries after electronic cigarette explosions. J Burn Care Res. 2017;38(1):e95–e100.PubMedCrossRef
122.
Drehmer JE, Nabi-Burza E, Walters BH, et al. Parental smoking and E-Cigarette use in homes and cars. Pediatrics. 2019;143(4):e20183249.PubMedCrossRef
123.
Ballbè M, Martínez-Sánchez JM, Sureda X, Fu M, Pérez-Ortuño R, Pascual JA, et al. Cigarettes vs. e-cigarettes: Passive exposure at home measured by means of airborne marker and biomarkers. Environ Res. 2014;135:76–80.PubMedCrossRef
124.
Soule EK, Maloney SF, Spindle TR, Rudy AK, Hiler MM, Cobb CO. Electronic cigarette use and indoor air quality in a natural setting. Tob Control. 2017;26(1):109–12.PubMedCrossRef
125.
Ruprecht AA, De Marco C, Pozzi P, Munarini E, Mazza R, Angellotti G, et al. Comparison between particulate matter and ultrafine particle emission by electronic and normal cigarettes in real-life conditions. Tumori. 2014;100(1):e24–7.PubMedCrossRef
126.
Whittington JR, Simmons PM, Phillips AM, Gammill SK, Cen R, Magann EF, et al. The use of electronic cigarettes in pregnancy: a review of the literature. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2018;73(9):544–9.PubMedCrossRef
127.
Spector LG, Murphy SE, Wickham KM, Lindgren B, Joseph AM. Prenatal tobacco exposure and cotinine in newborn dried blood spots. Pediatrics. 2014;133(6):e1632–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
128.
Gunnerbeck A, Edstedt Bonamy AK, Wikström AK, Granath F, Wickström R, Cnattingius S. Maternal snuff use and smoking and the risk of oral cleft malformations--a population-based cohort study. PLoS One. 2014;9(1):e84715.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
129.
Dahlin S, Gunnerbeck A, Wikström AK, Cnattingius S, Edstedt Bonamy AK. Maternal tobacco use and extremely premature birth - a population-based cohort study. BJOG. 2016;123(12):1938–46.PubMedCrossRef
130.
Baba S, Wikström AK, Stephansson O, Cnattingius S. Changes in snuff and smoking habits in Swedish pregnant women and risk for small for gestational age births. BJOG. 2013;120(4):456–62.PubMedCrossRef
131.
Bruin JE, Gerstein HC, Holloway AC. Long-term consequences of fetal and neonatal nicotine exposure: a critical review. Toxicol Sci. 2010;116(2):364–74.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
132.
Dhalwani NN, Szatkowski L, Coleman T, Fiaschi L, Tata LJ. Nicotine replacement therapy in pregnancy and major congenital anomalies in offspring. Pediatrics. 2015;135(5):859–67.PubMedCrossRef
133.
Goriounova NA, Mansvelder HD. Short- and long-term consequences of nicotine exposure during adolescence for prefrontal cortex neuronal network function. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2012;2(12):a012120.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
134.
135.
England LJ, Bunnell RE, Pechacek TF, Tong VT, McAfee TA. Nicotine and the developing human: a neglected element in the electronic cigarette debate. Am J Prev Med. 2015;49(2):286–93.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
136.
137.
Pauly JR, Slotkin TA. Maternal tobacco smoking, nicotine replacement and neurobehavioural development. Acta Paediatr. 2008;97(10):1331–7.PubMedCrossRef
138.
Noël A, Hansen S, Zaman A, Perveen Z, Pinkston R, Hossain E, et al. In utero exposures to electronic-cigarette aerosols impair the Wnt signaling during mouse lung development. Am J Phys Lung Cell Mol Phys. 2020;318(4):L705–22.
139.
McGrath-Morrow SA, Hayashi M, Aherrera A, Lopez A, Malinina A, Collaco JM, et al. The effects of electronic cigarette emissions on systemic cotinine levels, weight and postnatal lung growth in neonatal mice. PLoS One. 2015;10(2):e0118344.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
140.
Lauterstein DE, Tijerina PB, Corbett K, Akgol Oksuz B, Shen SS, Gordon T, et al. Frontal cortex transcriptome analysis of mice exposed to electronic cigarettes during early life stages. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016;13(4):417.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
141.
Usher K, Bhullar N, Jackson D. Life in the pandemic: social isolation and mental health. J Clin Nurs. 2020;29(15–16):2756–7.PubMedCrossRef
142.
Vanderbruggen N, Matthys F, Van Laere S, Zeeuws D, Santermans L, Van den Ameele S, et al. Self-Reported alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use during COVID-19 lockdown measures: results from a web-based survey. Eur Addict Res. 2020;26(6):309–15.PubMedCrossRef
143.
Gallus S, Stival C, Carreras G, Gorini G, Amerio A, McKee M, et al. Use of electronic cigarettes and heated tobacco products during the Covid-19 pandemic. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):702.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
144.
Ramamurthi D, Chau C, Jackler RK. Exploitation of the COVID-19 pandemic by e-cigarette marketers. Tob Control. 2021;30(e1):e56–9.PubMedCrossRef
145.
Gaiha SM, Cheng J, Halpern-Felsher B. Association between youth smoking, electronic cigarette use, and COVID-19. J Adolesc Health. 2020;67(4):519–23.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
146.
Chen DT-H, Kyriakos CN. Cigarette and E-cigarettes dual users, exclusive users and COVID-19: Findings from Four UK Birth Cohort Studies. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(8):3935.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
147.
Sifat AE, Nozohouri S, Villalba H, Vaidya B, Abbruscato TJ. The Role of Smoking and Nicotine in the Transmission and Pathogenesis of COVID-19. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2020;375(3):498–509.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
148.
Maggi F, Rosellini A, Spezia PG, et al. Nicotine upregulates ACE2 expression and increases competence for SARS-CoV-2 in human pneumocytes. ERJ Open Res. 2021;7:00713–2020.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
149.
McAlinden KD, Lu W, Ferdowsi PV, Myers S, Markos J, Larby J, et al. Electronic cigarette aerosol is cytotoxic and increases ACE2 expression on human airway Epithelial cells: implications for SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). J Clin Med. 2021;10(5):1028.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
150.
Wang Q, Sundar IK, Li D, Lucas JH, Muthumalage T, McDonough SR, et al. E-cigarette-induced pulmonary inflammation and dysregulated repair are mediated by nAChR α7 receptor: role of nAChR α7 in SARS-CoV-2 Covid-19 ACE2 receptor regulation. Respir Res. 2020;21(1):154.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
151.
Kaisar MA, Villalba H, Prasad S, Liles T, Sifat AE, Sajja RK, et al. Offsetting the impact of smoking and e-cigarette vaping on the cerebrovascular system and stroke injury: Is Metformin a viable countermeasure? Redox Biol. 2017;13:353–62.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
152.
McFadden DD, Bornstein SL, Vassallo R, Salonen BR, Bhuiyan MN, Schroeder DR, et al. Symptoms COVID 19 Positive Vapers Compared to COVID 19 Positive Non-vapers. J Prim Care Community Health. 2022;13:21501319211062672.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
153.
Kale D, Herbec A, Perski O, Jackson SE, Brown J, Shahab L. Associations between vaping and Covid-19: Cross-sectional findings from the HEBECO study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2021;221:108590.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
154.
Miyara M, Tubach F, Pourcher V, Morelot-Panzini C, Pernet J, Haroche J. Low incidence of daily active tobacco smoking in patients with symptomatic COVID-19 [Internet]. Qeios [Preprint]. 2020. p. 13. Available from: https://​doi.​org/​10.​32388/​WPP19W.​3. [cited 2022 Apr 3].
155.
Gonzalez-Rubio J, Navarro-Lopez C, Lopez-Najera E, et al. Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS) and Nicotine in COVID-19 Patients: Trying to Calm the Storm. Front Immunol. 2020;11:1359.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
156.
Changeux JP, Amoura Z, Rey FA, Miyara M. A nicotinic hypothesis for Covid-19 with preventive and therapeutic implications. C R Biol. 2020;343(1):33–9.PubMed
157.
Xiong Y, Liu Y, Cao L, Wang D, Guo M, Jiang A, et al. Transcriptomic characteristics of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and peripheral blood mononuclear cells in COVID-19 patients. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2020;9(1):761–70.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
158.
Hassoun A, Brady K, Arefi R, Trifonova I, Tsirilakis K. Vaping-associated lung injury during COVID-19 multisystem inflammatory syndrome outbreak. J Emerg Med. 2021;60(4):524–30.PubMedCrossRef
159.
160.
Foust AM, Winant AJ, Chu WC, Das KM, Phillips GS, Lee EY. Pediatric SARS, H1N1, MERS, EVALI, and Now Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pneumonia: What Radiologists Need to Know. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2020;215(3):736–44.PubMedCrossRef
161.
Helfgott D, Capozzoli G, Madray J, Baig A, Uppaluri L, Gaur S, et al. E-cigarette or vaping product use associated lung injury (EVALI) in the time of COVID-19:a clinical dilemma. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2022;57(3):623–30.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
E-cigarettes and youth: an unresolved Public Health concern
Authors
Fabrizio Virgili
Raffaella Nenna
Shira Ben David
Enrica Mancino
Greta Di Mattia
Luigi Matera
Laura Petrarca
Fabio Midulla
Publication date
01-12-2022
Publisher
BioMed Central
Keyword
Public Health
Published in
Italian Journal of Pediatrics / Issue 1/2022
Electronic ISSN: 1824-7288
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-022-01286-7

Other articles of this Issue 1/2022

Italian Journal of Pediatrics 1/2022 Go to the issue

Research

The awareness and acceptance of anti-COVID 19 vaccination in adolescence

Research

Prevalence of active trachoma and associated factors among school age children in Debre Tabor Town, Northwest Ethiopia, 2019: a community based cross-sectional study

Research

Evaluation of carotid intima media thickness in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome

Research

Determinants of HIV infection among children born to HIV positive mothers on prevention of mother to child transmission program at referral hospitals in west Amhara, Ethiopia; case control study

Research

Association between maternal breastfeeding and risk of systemic neoplasms of offspring

Research

Assessment of selected interleukins (IL-6, IL-17A, IL-18, IL-23) and chemokines (RANTES, IP-10) in children with acute and chronic urticaria