Top

Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health

Published in:

Open Access 01-12-2023 | Research

Protective factors for resilience in adolescence: analysis of a longitudinal dataset using the residuals approach

Authors: Jose Marquez, Louis Francis-Hew, Neil Humphrey

Published in: Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health | Issue 1/2023

Abstract

Introduction

The residuals approach, in which residual scores from regression models are used as a proxy for resilient functioning, offers great potential to increase understanding of resilience processes. However, its application in child and adolescent wellbeing research is limited to date. We use this approach to examine how adversity exposure impacts later wellbeing (life satisfaction, and internalising mental health difficulties) in the early-to-middle adolescence transition; whether gender and ethnic differences in resilience exist; which internal and external factors confer protective effects for resilience; and, whether the protective effect of these factors differs by gender and level of adversity exposure.

Method

Secondary analysis of the #BeeWell longitudinal data set (N = 12,130 adolescents, aged 12/13 at T1 and 13/14 at T2, representative of Greater Manchester, England) was undertaken, using a series of linear regressions to establish adversity indices for later wellbeing, before assessing the protective effects of internal and external factors on resilience.

Results

Multiple adversity factors (e.g., home material deprivation, sexuality discrimination, bullying) were found to impact later wellbeing. Girls and white adolescents presented lower levels of resilience than their peers. Internal psychological factors (self-esteem, emotional regulation, optimism) consistently conferred the strongest protective effects, but behavioural/activity factors (physical activity, sleep) also contributed to resilience. Among external factors, friendships and peer support were the most salient. Physical activity yielded stronger protective effects among boys (compared to girls). Effects of protective factors were stronger among those at lower (compared to higher) levels of adversity exposure.

Conclusion

The residuals approach can make a considerable contribution to our understanding of the interplay between adversity exposure and access to protective factors in determining adolescent wellbeing outcomes. Moreover, its application provides clear implications for policy and practice in terms of prevention (of adversity exposure) and intervention (to facilitate resilience).

Available only for authorised users

van Breda AD. A critical review of resilience theory and its relevance for social work. Soc Work. 2018;54(1):1–18. https://doi.org/10.15270/54-1-611.CrossRef

Shean M. Current theories relating to resilience and young people: a literature review. Melbourne: Victorian Health Promotion Foundation; 2015.

Wright M, Masten AS, Narayan A. Resilience processes in development: Four waves of research on positive adaptation in the context of adversity. In: Goldstein S, Brooks RB, editors. Handbook of Resilience in Children. New York: Springer; 2013. p. 15–37.CrossRef

McLaughlin KA, Sheridan MA. Beyond cumulative risk: a dimensional approach to childhood adversity. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2016;25(4):239–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721416655883.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

Masten AS. Ordinary magic: resilience in development. New York: Guilford Press; 2014.

Fergus S, Zimmerman MA. Adolescent resilience: a framework for understanding healthy development in the face of risk. Annu Rev Public Health. 2005;26:399–419. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144357.CrossRefPubMed

Sesma A, Mannes M, Scales PC. Positive adaptation, resilience and the developmental assets framework. In: Goldstein S, Brooks R, editors. Handbook of Resilience in Children. Boston: Springer; 2013. (10.1007/978-1-4614-3661-4_25).

Mesman E, Vreeker A, Hillegers M. Resilience and mental health in children and adolescents: an update of the recent literature and future directions. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2021;34(6):586–92. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000741.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

Masten AS, Lucke CM, Nelson KM, Stallworthy IC. Resilience in development and psychopathology: multisystem perspectives. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2021;17:521–49. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081219-120307.CrossRefPubMed

10.

Ungar M, Theron L. Resilience and mental health: how multisystemic processes contribute to positive outcomes. The lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(5):441–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30434-1.CrossRefPubMed

11.

Diener E, Lucas R, Oishi S. Subjective well-being: the science of happiness and life satisfaction. In: Snyder CR, Lopez SJ, editors. The handbook of positive psychology. Oxford University Press; 2002. p. 63–73.

12.

Ryff CD, Boylan JM, Kirsch JA. Eudaimonic and hedonic well-being: An integrative perspective with linkages to sociodemographic factors and health. In: Lee MT, Kubzansky LD, VanderWeele TJ, editors. Measuring well-being: Interdisciplinary perspectives from the social sciences and the humanities. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2021. p. 92–135.CrossRef

13.

Orben A, Przybylski AK. The association between adolescent well-being and digital technology use. Nat Hum Behav. 2019;3(2):173–82. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-018-0506-1.CrossRefPubMed

14.

Fuhrmann D, van Harmelen A-L, Kievit RA. Well-being and cognition are coupled during development: a preregistered longitudinal study of 1,136 children and adolescents. Clin Psychol Sci. 2022;10(3):450–66. https://doi.org/10.1177/21677026211030211.CrossRef

15.

Digital NHS. Mental health of children and young people in England, 2017. London: NHS Digital; 2018.

16.

Humphrey N. Are the kids alright? Examining the intersection between educational and mental health. Psychol Educ Rev. 2018;42:4–12.

17.

Proctor C, Linley PA, Maltby J. Youth life satisfaction measures: a review. J Posit Psychol. 2009;4(2):128–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760802650816.CrossRef

18.

Casas F, González-Carrasco M. Subjective well-being decreasing with age: new research on children over 8. Child Dev. 2019;90(2):375–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13133.CrossRefPubMed

19.

Katsantonis I, McLellan R, Marquez J. Development of subjective well-being and its relationship with self-esteem in early adolescence. Br J Dev Psychol. 2023;41(2):157–71. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.12436Xxx.CrossRefPubMed

20.

Due P, Eriksson C, Torsheim T, et al. Trends in high life satisfaction among adolescents in five Nordic countries 2002–2014. Nordisk välfärdsforskning. 2019;4:54–66.CrossRef

21.

Cosco TD, Kok A, Wister A, Howse K. Conceptualising and operationalising resilience in older adults. Health Psychol Behav Med. 2019;7(1):90–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/21642850.2019.1593845.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

22.

Miller-Lewis LR, Searle AK, Sawyer MG, Baghurst PA, Hedley D. Resource factors for mental health resilience in early childhood: an analysis with multiple methodologies. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2013;7(1):6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1753-2000-7-6.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

23.

Cahill S, Hager R, Chandola T. The validity of the residuals approach to measuring resilience to adverse childhood experiences. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2022;16(1):18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-022-00449-y.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

24.

Collishaw S, Hammerton G, Mahedy L, Sellers R, Owen MJ, Craddock N, Thapar AK, Harold GT, Rice F, Thapar A. Mental health resilience in the adolescent offspring of parents with depression: a prospective longitudinal study. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016;3(1):49–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00358-2.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

25.

Cohen JR, Choi JW, Thakur H, Temple JR. Psychological distress and well-being in trauma-exposed adolescents: a residualized, person-centered approach to resilience. J Trauma Stress. 2021;34(3):487–500. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22646.CrossRefPubMed

26.

Thakur H, Cohen JR. Short-term and long-term resilience among at-risk adolescents: the role of family and community settings. JCCAP. 2022;51(5):637–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2020.1756296.CrossRef

27.

van Harmelen AL, Kievit RA, Ioannidis K, Neufeld S, Jones PB, Bullmore E, et al. Adolescent friendships predict later resilient functioning across psychosocial domains in a healthy community cohort. Psychol Med. 2017;47(13):2312–22. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291717000836.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

28.

Rudolph KD, Dodson JF. Gender differences in friendship values: intensification at adolescence. J Early Adolesc. 2022;42(4):586–607. https://doi.org/10.1177/02724316211051948.CrossRef

29.

Jordan JV. Relational resilience in girls. In: Goldstein S, Brooks R, editors. Handbook of resilience in children. Boston: Springer; 2013.

30.

Ungar M. Resilience across cultures. Br J Soc Work. 2008;38(2):218–35. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcl343.CrossRef

31.

Theron LC, Liebenberg L. Understanding cultural contexts and their relationship to resilience processes. In: Theron L, Liebenberg L, Ungar M, editors. Youth resilience and culture. Cross-cultural advancements in positive psychology, vol. 11. Dordrecht: Springer; 2015. (10.1007/978-94-017-9415-2_2).

32.

Newsome J, Vaske JC, Gehring KS, Boisvert DL. Sex differences in sources of resilience and vulnerability to risk for delinquency. J Youth Adolesc. 2016;45(4):730–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-015-0381-2.CrossRefPubMed

33.

Solmi M, Radua J, Olivola M, Croce E, Soardo L, Salazar de Pablo G, Il Shin J, Kirkbride JB, Jones P, Kim JH, Kim JY, Carvalho AF, Seeman MV, Correll CU, Fusar-Poli P. Age at onset of mental disorders worldwide: large-scale meta-analysis of 192 epidemiological studies. Mol Psychiatry. 2022;27(1):281–95. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-021-01161-7.CrossRefPubMed

34.

Mansfield R, Santos J, Deighton J, Hayes D, Velikonja T, Boehnke JR, Patalay P. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on adolescent mental health: a natural experiment. Royal Soc Open Sci. 2022;9(4): 211114. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.211114.CrossRef

35.

Kuhlman KR, Straka K, Mousavi Z, Tran ML, Rodgers E. Predictors of adolescent resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic: cognitive reappraisal and humor. J Adolesc Health. 2021;69(5):729–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.07.006.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

36.

Belcher BR, Zink J, Azad A, Campbell CE, Chakravartti SP, Herting MM. The roles of physical activity, exercise, and fitness in promoting resilience during adolescence: effects on mental well-being and brain development. Biol Psychiatry. 2021;6(2):225–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.08.005.CrossRef

37.

Wang J, Zhang X, Simons SR, Sun J, Shao D, Cao F. Exploring the bi-directional relationship between sleep and resilience in adolescence. Sleep Med. 2020;73:63–9.CrossRefPubMed

38.

#BeeWell Research Team. The #BeeWell survey. Manchester: University of Manchester; 2021.

39.

University of Essex, Institute for Social and Economic Research. (2022). Understanding Society: Waves 1-12, 2009-2021 and Harmonised BHPS: Waves 1-18, 1991-2009. [data collection]. 17th Edition. UK Data Service. SN: 6614, 10.5255/UKDA-SN-6614-18

40.

Currie, C., Inchley, J., Molcho, M., Lenzi, M., Veselska, Z., & Wild, F. (Eds.) (2014). Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study protocol: Background, methodology and mandatory items for the 2013/14 survey. Child and Adolescent Health Research Unit (CAHRU). http://www.hbsc.org/methods/

41.

The Children’s Society. The good childhood report. London: The Children’s Society. 2012. https://www.childrenssociety.org.uk/information/professionals/good-childhood-index

42.

Williams DR, Yu Y, Jackson JS, Anderson NB. Racial differences in physical and mental health: socioeconomic status, stress, and discrimination. J Health Psychol. 1997;2(3):335–51.CrossRefPubMed

43.

Child Outcomes Research Consortium. Wellbeing measurement framework. (n.d.) https://www.corc.uk.net/resource-hub/wellbeing-measurement-framework-wmf/

44.

Office for National Statistics (2018). Surveys using our four personal well-being questions. Office for National Statistics. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/wellbeing/methodologies/surveysusingthe4officefornationalstatisticspersonalwellbeingquestions

45.

Deighton J, Tymms P, Vostanis P, Belsky J, Fonagy P, Brown A, Martin A, Patalay P, Wolpert M. The development of a school-based measure of child mental health. J Psychoeduc Assess. 2013;31(3):247–57. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282912465570.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

46.

Rosenberg M. Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSES) [Database record]. APA PsycTests. 1965. https://doi.org/10.1037/t01038-000.CrossRef

47.

Bagley C, Mallick K. Normative data and mental health construct validity for the rosenberg self-esteem scale in British adolescents. Int J Adolesc Youth. 2001;9(2–3):117–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2001.9747871.CrossRef

48.

Petrides KV, Sangareau Y, Furnham A, Frederickson N. Trait emotional intelligence and children’s peer relations at school. Soc Dev. 2006;15(3):537–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2006.00355.x.CrossRef

49.

Kern ML, Benson L, Steinberg EA, Steinberg L. The EPOCH measure of adolescent well-being. Psychol Assess. 2016;28(5):586–97. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000201.CrossRefPubMed

50.

Sun J, Stewart D. Development of population-based resilience measures in the primary school setting. Health Educ. 2007;107(6):575–99. https://doi.org/10.1108/09654280710827957.CrossRef

51.

Jefferies P, McGarrigle L, Ungar M. The CYRM-R: a rasch-validated revision of the child and youth resilience measure. J Evid based Social Work. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1080/23761407.2018.1548403.CrossRef

52.

StataCorp. Stat Statistical Software: Release. College Station: StataCorp LLC, 2017, 15.

53.

Evans GW, Li D, Whipple SS. Cumulative risk and child development. Psychol Bull. 2013;139(6):1342–96. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031808.CrossRefPubMed

54.

Hughes K, Bellis MA, Hardcastle KA, Sethi D, Butchart A, Mikton C, Jones L, Dunne MP. The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Public health. 2017;2(8):e356–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30118-4.CrossRefPubMed

55.

Masood A, Masud Y, Mazahir S. Gender differences in resilience and psychological distress of patients with burns. Burns. 2016;42(2):300–6.CrossRefPubMed

56.

Stratta P, Capanna C, Patriarca S, de Cataldo S, Bonanni RL, Riccardi I, Rossi A. Resilience in adolescence: Gender differences two years after the earthquake of L’Aquila. Personality Individ Differ. 2013;54(3):327–31.CrossRef

57.

Campbell OLK, Bann D, Patalay P. The gender gap in adolescent mental health: a cross-national investigation of 566,829 adolescents across 73 countries. SSM - population health. 2021;13: 100742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100742.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

58.

Marquez J. Gender differences in school effects on adolescent life satisfaction: exploring cross-national variation. Child Youth Care Forum. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-023-09756-7.CrossRef

59.

Demkowicz O, Panayiotou M, Humphrey N. Cumulative risk exposure and emotional symptoms among early adolescent girls. BMC Womens Health. 2021;21(1):388. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-021-01527-7.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

60.

Maynard MJ, Harding S, Minnis H. Psychological well-being in black Caribbean, black African, and white adolescents in the UK medical Research Council DASH study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2007;42:759–69.CrossRefPubMed

61.

Stansfeld S, Haines M, Booy R, et al. The health of young people in East London: the RELACHS study, 2001, 2003. http://archive.wolfson.qmul.ac.uk/relachs/academics/publications/Relachs_report.pdf

62.

Knowles G, Gayer-Anderson C, Beards S, Blakey R, Davis S, Lowis K, Stanyon D, Ofori A, Turner A, Pinfold V, Bakolis I, Reininghaus U, Harding S, Morgan C. Mental distress among young people in inner cities: the Resilience, Ethnicity and AdolesCent Mental Health (REACH) study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2021;75(6):515–22. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2020-214315.CrossRefPubMed

63.

Goodman A, Patel V, Leon DA. Child mental health differences amongst ethnic groups in Britain: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2008;8:258. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-8-258.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

64.

Smith NR, Lewis DJ, Fahy A, Eldridge S, Taylor SJ, Moore DG, Clark C, Stansfeld SA, Cummins S. Individual socio-demographic factors and perceptions of the environment as determinants of inequalities in adolescent physical and psychological health: the Olympic Regeneration in East London (ORiEL) study. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:150. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1459-1.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

65.

The Children’s Society (2018). The Good Childhood Report 2018. The Children’s Society. https://www.childrenssociety.org.uk/good-childhood

66.

Bennett J, Heron J, Gunnell D, Purdy S, Linton MJ. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on student mental health and wellbeing in UK university students: a multiyear cross-sectional analysis. J Ment Health. 2022;31(4):597–604.CrossRefPubMed

67.

Knowles G, Gayer-Anderson C, Turner A, Dorn L, Lam J, Davis S, Blakey R, Lowis K. Covid-19, social restrictions, and mental distress among young people: a UK longitudinal, population-based study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2022;63(11):1392–404.CrossRefPubMed

68.

Wiese CW, Kuykendall L, Tay L. Get active? A meta-analysis of leisure-time physical activity and subjective well-being. J Posit Psychol. 2018;13(1):57–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2017.1374436.CrossRef

69.

Benca RM, Obermeyer WH, Thisted RA, Gillin JC. Sleep and psychiatric disorders: a meta-analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992;49(8):651–68.CrossRefPubMed

70.

71.

Rosenbaum S, Tiedemann A, Sherrington C, Curtis J, Ward PB. Physical activity interventions for people with mental illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2014;75(9):14465.CrossRef

72.

Scott AJ, Webb TL, Martyn-St James M, Rowse G, Weich S. Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Sleep Med Rev. 2021;60: 101556.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

73.

Hu T, Zhang D, Wang J, Mistry R, Ran G, Wang X. Relation between emotion regulation and mental health: a meta-analysis review. Psychol Rep. 2014;114(2):341–62. https://doi.org/10.2466/03.20.PR0.114k22w4.CrossRefPubMed

74.

Webb TL, Miles E, Sheeran P. Dealing with feeling: a meta-analysis of the effectiveness of strategies derived from the process model of emotion regulation. Psychol Bull. 2012;138(4):775–808. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027600.CrossRefPubMed

75.

Rincon Uribe FA, Neira Espejo CA, Pedroso JDS. The role of optimism in adolescent mental health: a systematic review. J Happiness Stud. 2022;23(2):815–45.CrossRef

76.

Chu PS, Saucier DA, Hafner E. Meta-analysis of the relationships between social support and well-being in children and adolescents. J Soc Clin Psychol. 2010;29(6):624–45.CrossRef

77.

Rueger SY, Malecki CK, Pyun Y, Aycock C, Coyle S. A meta-analytic review of the association between perceived social support and depression in childhood and adolescence. Psychol Bull. 2016;142(10):1017–67. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000058.CrossRefPubMed

78.

Marraccini ME, Brier ZMF. School connectedness and suicidal thoughts and behaviors: a systematic meta-analysis. Sch Psychol Q. 2017;32(1):5–21. https://doi.org/10.1037/spq0000192.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

79.

Casas F, Bălţătescu S, Bertran I, González M, Hatos A. School satisfaction among adolescents: Testing different indicators for its measurement and its relationship with overall life satisfaction and subjective well-being in Romania and Spain. Soc Indic Res. 2013;111:665–81.CrossRef

80.

Casas F, González M. School: one world or two worlds? Children’s perspectives. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2017;80:157–70.CrossRef

81.

Halliday AJ, Kern ML, Turnbull DA. Can physical activity help explain the gender gap in adolescent mental health? A cross-sectional exploration. Ment Health Phys Act. 2019;16:8–18.CrossRef

82.

McMahon EM, Corcoran P, O’Regan G, Keeley H, Cannon M, Carli V, Wasserman C, Hadlaczky G, Sarchiapone M, Apter A, Balazs J. Physical activity in European adolescents and associations with anxiety, depression and well-being. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017;26:111–22.CrossRefPubMed

83.

Bang H, Won D, Park S. School engagement, self-esteem, and depression of adolescents: the role of sport participation and volunteering activity and gender differences. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2020;113: 105012.CrossRef

84.

Askeland KG, Bøe T, Breivik K, La Greca AM, Sivertsen B, Hysing M. Life events and adolescent depressive symptoms: protective factors associated with resilience. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(6): e0234109.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

85.

Marmot M. Health equity in England: the Marmot review 10 years on. BMJ. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m693.CrossRefPubMed

86.

Fraguas D, Díaz-Caneja CM, Ayora M, Durán-Cutilla M, Abregú-Crespo R, Ezquiaga-Bravo I, Arango C. Assessment of school anti-bullying interventions: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. JAMA Pediatr. 2021;175(1):44–55.CrossRefPubMed

87.

Chung KF, Chan MS, Lam YY, Lai CSY, Yeung WF. School-based sleep education programs for Short sleep duration in adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sch Health. 2017;87(6):401–8.CrossRefPubMed

88.

Liu M, Wu L, Ming Q. How does physical activity intervention improve self-esteem and self-concept in children and adolescents? Evidence from a meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(8): e0134804.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

89.

Haney P, Durlak JA. Changing self-esteem in children and adolescents: a meta-analytical review. J Clin Child Psychol. 1998;27(4):423–33.CrossRefPubMed

90.

Moltrecht B, Deighton J, Patalay P, Edbrooke-Childs J. Effectiveness of current psychological interventions to improve emotion regulation in youth: a meta-analysis. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2021;30(6):829–48.CrossRefPubMed

91.

Malouff JM, Schutte NS. Can psychological interventions increase optimism? A meta-analysis. J Posit Psychol. 2017;12(6):594–604.CrossRef

92.

Kincade L, Cook C, Goerdt A. Meta-analysis and common practice elements of universal approaches to improving student-teacher relationships. Rev Educ Res. 2020;90(5):710–48.CrossRef

93.

Dai X, Du N, Shi S, Lu S. Effects of mindfulness-based interventions on peer relationships of children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mindfulness. 2022;13(11):2653–75.CrossRef

94.

Harris M, Andrews K, Gonzalez A, Prime H, Atkinson L. Technology-assisted parenting interventions for families experiencing social disadvantage: a meta-analysis. Prev Sci. 2020;21:714–27.CrossRefPubMed

95.

Kalisch R, Cramer AO, Binder H, Fritz J, Leertouwer I, Lunansky G, Meyer B, Timmer J, Veer IM, Van Harmelen AL. Deconstructing and reconstructing resilience: a dynamic network approach. Perspect Psychol Sci. 2019;14(5):765–77.CrossRefPubMed

96.

Harris KM, Halpern CT, Whitsel EA, Hussey JM, Killeya-Jones LA, Tabor J, Dean SC. Cohort profile: the national longitudinal study of adolescent to adult health (Add Health). Int J Epidemiol. 2019;48(5):1415–1415k. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz115.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

Title: Protective factors for resilience in adolescence: analysis of a longitudinal dataset using the residuals approach
Authors: Jose Marquez
Louis Francis-Hew
Neil Humphrey
Publication date: 01-12-2023
Publisher: BioMed Central
Published in: Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health / Issue 1/2023
Electronic ISSN: 1753-2000
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-023-00687-8

2024 ASCO Annual Meeting

Springer Medicine

Protective factors for resilience in adolescence: analysis of a longitudinal dataset using the residuals approach

Abstract

Introduction

Method

Results

Conclusion

2024 ASCO Annual Meeting

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Introduction

Method

Results

Conclusion

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 1/2023

Computer-based multiple component cognitive training in children with ADHD: a pilot study

Work-family interface and children's mental health: a systematic review

Psychometric properties of the Trauma Checklist 2.0 and its predictive utility of felony re-offending among high-risk juvenile offenders

Children's rights and restrictive measures during the COVID-19 pandemic: implications for politicians, mental health experts and society

Neurocognition and functioning in adolescents at clinical high risk for psychosis

Generalized anxiety disorder screening using gad-7 among in-school adolescents of anambra state, nigeria: a comparative study between urban and rural areas