Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Current Urology Reports 1/2015

01-01-2015 | Regenerative Medicine (A Atala, Section Editor)

Production of Urothelium from Pluripotent Stem Cells for Regenerative Applications

Authors: Stephanie L. Osborn, Eric A. Kurzrock

Published in: Current Urology Reports | Issue 1/2015

Login to get access

Abstract

As bladder reconstruction strategies evolve, a feasible and safe source of transplantable urothelium becomes a major consideration for patients with advanced bladder disease, particularly cancer. Pluripotent stem cells, such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), are attractive candidates from which to derive urothelium as they renew and proliferate indefinitely in vitro and fulfill the non-autologous and/or non-urologic criteria, respectively, that is required for many patients. This review presents the latest advancements in differentiating urothelium from pluripotent stem cells in vitro in the context of current bladder tissue engineering strategies.
Literature
3.
go back to reference Hu P et al. Role of membrane proteins in permeability barrier function: uroplakin ablation elevates urothelial permeability. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2002;283(6):F1200–7.PubMed Hu P et al. Role of membrane proteins in permeability barrier function: uroplakin ablation elevates urothelial permeability. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2002;283(6):F1200–7.PubMed
4.
go back to reference Tanrikut C, McDougal WS. Acid-base and electrolyte disorders after urinary diversion. World J Urol. 2004;22(3):168–71.PubMedCrossRef Tanrikut C, McDougal WS. Acid-base and electrolyte disorders after urinary diversion. World J Urol. 2004;22(3):168–71.PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Oberpenning F et al. De novo reconstitution of a functional mammalian urinary bladder by tissue engineering. Nat Biotechnol. 1999;17(2):149–55.PubMedCrossRef Oberpenning F et al. De novo reconstitution of a functional mammalian urinary bladder by tissue engineering. Nat Biotechnol. 1999;17(2):149–55.PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Yoo JJ et al. Bladder augmentation using allogenic bladder submucosa seeded with cells. Urology. 1998;51(2):221–5.PubMedCrossRef Yoo JJ et al. Bladder augmentation using allogenic bladder submucosa seeded with cells. Urology. 1998;51(2):221–5.PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Jayo MJ et al. Early cellular and stromal responses in regeneration versus repair of a mammalian bladder using autologous cell and biodegradable scaffold technologies. J Urol. 2008;180(1):392–7.PubMedCrossRef Jayo MJ et al. Early cellular and stromal responses in regeneration versus repair of a mammalian bladder using autologous cell and biodegradable scaffold technologies. J Urol. 2008;180(1):392–7.PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Sutherland RS et al. Regeneration of bladder urothelium, smooth muscle, blood vessels and nerves into an acellular tissue matrix. J Urol. 1996;156(2 Pt 2):571–7.PubMedCrossRef Sutherland RS et al. Regeneration of bladder urothelium, smooth muscle, blood vessels and nerves into an acellular tissue matrix. J Urol. 1996;156(2 Pt 2):571–7.PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Probst M et al. Reproduction of functional smooth muscle tissue and partial bladder replacement. Br J Urol. 1997;79(4):505–15.PubMedCrossRef Probst M et al. Reproduction of functional smooth muscle tissue and partial bladder replacement. Br J Urol. 1997;79(4):505–15.PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Zhang Y. Bladder reconstruction by tissue engineering—with or without cells? J Urol. 2008;180(1):10–1.PubMedCrossRef Zhang Y. Bladder reconstruction by tissue engineering—with or without cells? J Urol. 2008;180(1):10–1.PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Joseph DB et al. Autologous cell seeded biodegradable scaffold for augmentation cystoplasty: phase II study in children and adolescents with spina bifida. J Urol. 2014;191(5):1389–95.PubMedCrossRef Joseph DB et al. Autologous cell seeded biodegradable scaffold for augmentation cystoplasty: phase II study in children and adolescents with spina bifida. J Urol. 2014;191(5):1389–95.PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Frimberger D et al. Human embryoid body-derived stem cells in bladder regeneration using rodent model. Urology. 2005;65(4):827–32.PubMedCrossRef Frimberger D et al. Human embryoid body-derived stem cells in bladder regeneration using rodent model. Urology. 2005;65(4):827–32.PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Zhang Y et al. Growth of bone marrow stromal cells on small intestinal submucosa: an alternative cell source for tissue engineered bladder. BJU Int. 2005;96(7):1120–5.PubMedCrossRef Zhang Y et al. Growth of bone marrow stromal cells on small intestinal submucosa: an alternative cell source for tissue engineered bladder. BJU Int. 2005;96(7):1120–5.PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Sharma AK et al. Urinary bladder smooth muscle regeneration utilizing bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cell seeded elastomeric poly(1,8-octanediol-co-citrate) based thin films. Biomaterials. 2010;31(24):6207–17.PubMedCrossRef Sharma AK et al. Urinary bladder smooth muscle regeneration utilizing bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cell seeded elastomeric poly(1,8-octanediol-co-citrate) based thin films. Biomaterials. 2010;31(24):6207–17.PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Tian H et al. Myogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on a 3D nano fibrous scaffold for bladder tissue engineering. Biomaterials. 2010;31(5):870–7.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Tian H et al. Myogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on a 3D nano fibrous scaffold for bladder tissue engineering. Biomaterials. 2010;31(5):870–7.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Zhu WD et al. Bladder reconstruction with adipose-derived stem cell-seeded bladder acellular matrix grafts improve morphology composition. World J Urol. 2010;28(4):493–8.PubMedCrossRef Zhu WD et al. Bladder reconstruction with adipose-derived stem cell-seeded bladder acellular matrix grafts improve morphology composition. World J Urol. 2010;28(4):493–8.PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Sharma AK et al. A nonhuman primate model for urinary bladder regeneration using autologous sources of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells. 2011;29(2):241–50.PubMedCrossRef Sharma AK et al. A nonhuman primate model for urinary bladder regeneration using autologous sources of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells. 2011;29(2):241–50.PubMedCrossRef
20.
21.
go back to reference Sharma AK et al. Cotransplantation with specific populations of spina bifida bone marrow stem/progenitor cells enhances urinary bladder regeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110(10):4003–8.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Sharma AK et al. Cotransplantation with specific populations of spina bifida bone marrow stem/progenitor cells enhances urinary bladder regeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110(10):4003–8.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Subramaniam R et al. Tissue engineering potential of urothelial cells from diseased bladders. J Urol. 2011;186(5):2014–20.PubMedCrossRef Subramaniam R et al. Tissue engineering potential of urothelial cells from diseased bladders. J Urol. 2011;186(5):2014–20.PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Castillo-Martin M et al. Molecular pathways of urothelial development and bladder tumorigenesis. Urol Oncol. 2010;28(4):401–8.PubMedCrossRef Castillo-Martin M et al. Molecular pathways of urothelial development and bladder tumorigenesis. Urol Oncol. 2010;28(4):401–8.PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Duggan BJ et al. Oligoclonality in bladder cancer: the implication for molecular therapies. J Urol. 2004;171(1):419–25.PubMedCrossRef Duggan BJ et al. Oligoclonality in bladder cancer: the implication for molecular therapies. J Urol. 2004;171(1):419–25.PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Denzinger S et al. Improved clonality analysis of multifocal bladder tumors by combination of histopathologic organ mapping, loss of heterozygosity, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and p53 analyses. Hum Pathol. 2006;37(2):143–51.PubMedCrossRef Denzinger S et al. Improved clonality analysis of multifocal bladder tumors by combination of histopathologic organ mapping, loss of heterozygosity, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and p53 analyses. Hum Pathol. 2006;37(2):143–51.PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Hafner C et al. Evidence for oligoclonality and tumor spread by intraluminal seeding in multifocal urothelial carcinomas of the upper and lower urinary tract. Oncogene. 2001;20(35):4910–5.PubMedCrossRef Hafner C et al. Evidence for oligoclonality and tumor spread by intraluminal seeding in multifocal urothelial carcinomas of the upper and lower urinary tract. Oncogene. 2001;20(35):4910–5.PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Zhang M et al. The differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells towards a urothelium-like phenotype in vitro and the dynamic temporal changes of related cytokines by both paracrine and autocrine signal regulation. PLoS One. 2014;9(4):e95583.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Zhang M et al. The differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells towards a urothelium-like phenotype in vitro and the dynamic temporal changes of related cytokines by both paracrine and autocrine signal regulation. PLoS One. 2014;9(4):e95583.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Bharadwaj S et al. Characterization of urine-derived stem cells obtained from upper urinary tract for use in cell-based urological tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part A. 2011;17(15–16):2123–32.PubMedCrossRef Bharadwaj S et al. Characterization of urine-derived stem cells obtained from upper urinary tract for use in cell-based urological tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part A. 2011;17(15–16):2123–32.PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Ning J et al. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into urothelial cells and the implications for reconstructing urinary bladder mucosa. Cytotechnology. 2011;63(5):531–9.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Ning J et al. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into urothelial cells and the implications for reconstructing urinary bladder mucosa. Cytotechnology. 2011;63(5):531–9.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Kang HH et al. Urothelial differentiation of human amniotic fluid stem cells by urothelium specific conditioned medium. Cell Biol Int. 2014;38(4):531–7.PubMedCrossRef Kang HH et al. Urothelial differentiation of human amniotic fluid stem cells by urothelium specific conditioned medium. Cell Biol Int. 2014;38(4):531–7.PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Chung SS, Koh CJ. Bladder cancer cell in co-culture induces human stem cell differentiation to urothelial cells through paracrine FGF10 signaling. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim. 2013;49(10):746–51.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Chung SS, Koh CJ. Bladder cancer cell in co-culture induces human stem cell differentiation to urothelial cells through paracrine FGF10 signaling. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim. 2013;49(10):746–51.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Wu S et al. Urothelial differentiation of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stromal cells in vitro. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst). 2013;36(3–4):63–9.CrossRef Wu S et al. Urothelial differentiation of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stromal cells in vitro. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst). 2013;36(3–4):63–9.CrossRef
34.
go back to reference Kinebuchi Y et al. Direct induction of layered tissues from mouse embryonic stem cells: potential for differentiation into urinary tract tissue. Cell Tissue Res. 2008;331(3):605–15.PubMedCrossRef Kinebuchi Y et al. Direct induction of layered tissues from mouse embryonic stem cells: potential for differentiation into urinary tract tissue. Cell Tissue Res. 2008;331(3):605–15.PubMedCrossRef
35.••
go back to reference Mauney JR et al. All-trans retinoic acid directs urothelial specification of murine embryonic stem cells via GATA4/6 signaling mechanisms. PLoS One. 2010;5(7):e11513. This seminal work described the first in vitro induction of urothelium from mouse embryonic stem cells, while further defining the important role of retinoic acid in urothelial cell specification. PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Mauney JR et al. All-trans retinoic acid directs urothelial specification of murine embryonic stem cells via GATA4/6 signaling mechanisms. PLoS One. 2010;5(7):e11513. This seminal work described the first in vitro induction of urothelium from mouse embryonic stem cells, while further defining the important role of retinoic acid in urothelial cell specification. PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Franck D et al. Evaluation of silk biomaterials in combination with extracellular matrix coatings for bladder tissue engineering with primary and pluripotent cells. PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e56237.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Franck D et al. Evaluation of silk biomaterials in combination with extracellular matrix coatings for bladder tissue engineering with primary and pluripotent cells. PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e56237.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
37.••
go back to reference Osborn SL, et al. Induction of human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells into urothelium. Stem Cells Transl Med. 2014. This is the first report to describe the induction of human urothelium from ESCs and iPSCs using a developmentally directed culture system, where urothelium is induced through a definitive endoderm step. The system efficiently differentiated urothelium through a process that appeared to mimic development of the bladder epithelium during embryogenesis. Osborn SL, et al. Induction of human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells into urothelium. Stem Cells Transl Med. 2014. This is the first report to describe the induction of human urothelium from ESCs and iPSCs using a developmentally directed culture system, where urothelium is induced through a definitive endoderm step. The system efficiently differentiated urothelium through a process that appeared to mimic development of the bladder epithelium during embryogenesis.
38.••
go back to reference Kang M, Kim HH, Han YM. Generation of bladder urothelium from human pluripotent stem cells under chemically defined serum- and feeder-free system. Int J Mol Sci. 2014;15(5):7139–57. This article describes the induction of urothelium from pluripotent stem cells using a chemically defined culture system, with the intent on production for clinical application. The urothelium was also induced through a definitive endoderm step. PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Kang M, Kim HH, Han YM. Generation of bladder urothelium from human pluripotent stem cells under chemically defined serum- and feeder-free system. Int J Mol Sci. 2014;15(5):7139–57. This article describes the induction of urothelium from pluripotent stem cells using a chemically defined culture system, with the intent on production for clinical application. The urothelium was also induced through a definitive endoderm step. PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
39.•
go back to reference Moad M et al. A novel model of urinary tract differentiation, tissue regeneration, and disease: reprogramming human prostate and bladder cells into induced pluripotent stem cells. Eur Urol. 2013;64(5):753–61. This was the first report on the differentiation of urothelium from iPSCs. The authors directly differentiated iPSCs into urothelium using conditioned medium, which produced a mixed-phenotype urothelial/stromal cell culture. PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Moad M et al. A novel model of urinary tract differentiation, tissue regeneration, and disease: reprogramming human prostate and bladder cells into induced pluripotent stem cells. Eur Urol. 2013;64(5):753–61. This was the first report on the differentiation of urothelium from iPSCs. The authors directly differentiated iPSCs into urothelium using conditioned medium, which produced a mixed-phenotype urothelial/stromal cell culture. PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
40.•
go back to reference D’Amour KA et al. Efficient differentiation of human embryonic stem cells to definitive endoderm. Nat Biotechnol. 2005;23(12):1534–41. This manuscript was a seminal report on the in vitro-directed differentiation of human ESCs to definitive endoderm and subsequent endodermal lineages in vivo. PubMedCrossRef D’Amour KA et al. Efficient differentiation of human embryonic stem cells to definitive endoderm. Nat Biotechnol. 2005;23(12):1534–41. This manuscript was a seminal report on the in vitro-directed differentiation of human ESCs to definitive endoderm and subsequent endodermal lineages in vivo. PubMedCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Varley CL et al. FOXA1 and IRF-1 intermediary transcriptional regulators of PPARgamma-induced urothelial cytodifferentiation. Cell Death Differ. 2009;16(1):103–14.PubMedCrossRef Varley CL et al. FOXA1 and IRF-1 intermediary transcriptional regulators of PPARgamma-induced urothelial cytodifferentiation. Cell Death Differ. 2009;16(1):103–14.PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Yu Z et al. The epidermal differentiation-associated Grainyhead gene Get1/Grhl3 also regulates urothelial differentiation. EMBO J. 2009;28(13):1890–903.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Yu Z et al. The epidermal differentiation-associated Grainyhead gene Get1/Grhl3 also regulates urothelial differentiation. EMBO J. 2009;28(13):1890–903.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Batourina E et al. Apoptosis induced by vitamin A signaling is crucial for connecting the ureters to the bladder. Nat Genet. 2005;37(10):1082–9.PubMedCrossRef Batourina E et al. Apoptosis induced by vitamin A signaling is crucial for connecting the ureters to the bladder. Nat Genet. 2005;37(10):1082–9.PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Wilson JG, Warkany J. Malformations in the genito-urinary tract induced by maternal vitamin A deficiency in the rat. Am J Anat. 1948;83(3):357–407.PubMedCrossRef Wilson JG, Warkany J. Malformations in the genito-urinary tract induced by maternal vitamin A deficiency in the rat. Am J Anat. 1948;83(3):357–407.PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Villa-Diaz LG et al. Concise review: the evolution of human pluripotent stem cell culture: from feeder cells to synthetic coatings. Stem Cells. 2013;31(1):1–7.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Villa-Diaz LG et al. Concise review: the evolution of human pluripotent stem cell culture: from feeder cells to synthetic coatings. Stem Cells. 2013;31(1):1–7.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Vallier L. Serum-free and feeder-free culture conditions for human embryonic stem cells. Methods Mol Biol. 2011;690:57–66.PubMedCrossRef Vallier L. Serum-free and feeder-free culture conditions for human embryonic stem cells. Methods Mol Biol. 2011;690:57–66.PubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Southgate J et al. Normal human urothelial cells in vitro: proliferation and induction of stratification. Lab Invest. 1994;71(4):583–94.PubMed Southgate J et al. Normal human urothelial cells in vitro: proliferation and induction of stratification. Lab Invest. 1994;71(4):583–94.PubMed
48.
go back to reference Cilento BG et al. Phenotypic and cytogenetic characterization of human bladder urothelia expanded in vitro. J Urol. 1994;152(2 Pt 2):665–70.PubMed Cilento BG et al. Phenotypic and cytogenetic characterization of human bladder urothelia expanded in vitro. J Urol. 1994;152(2 Pt 2):665–70.PubMed
49.
go back to reference Freeman MR et al. Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor is an autocrine growth factor for human urothelial cells and is synthesized by epithelial and smooth muscle cells in the human bladder. J Clin Invest. 1997;99(5):1028–36.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Freeman MR et al. Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor is an autocrine growth factor for human urothelial cells and is synthesized by epithelial and smooth muscle cells in the human bladder. J Clin Invest. 1997;99(5):1028–36.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Varley CL et al. Role of PPARgamma and EGFR signalling in the urothelial terminal differentiation programme. J Cell Sci. 2004;117(Pt 10):2029–36.PubMedCrossRef Varley CL et al. Role of PPARgamma and EGFR signalling in the urothelial terminal differentiation programme. J Cell Sci. 2004;117(Pt 10):2029–36.PubMedCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Truschel ST et al. Primary uroepithelial cultures. A model system to analyze umbrella cell barrier function. J Biol Chem. 1999;274(21):15020–9.PubMedCrossRef Truschel ST et al. Primary uroepithelial cultures. A model system to analyze umbrella cell barrier function. J Biol Chem. 1999;274(21):15020–9.PubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Zhao J et al. Transdifferentiation of autologous bone marrow cells on a collagen-poly(epsilon-caprolactone) scaffold for tissue engineering in complete lack of native urothelium. J R Soc Interface. 2014;11(96):20140233.PubMedCrossRef Zhao J et al. Transdifferentiation of autologous bone marrow cells on a collagen-poly(epsilon-caprolactone) scaffold for tissue engineering in complete lack of native urothelium. J R Soc Interface. 2014;11(96):20140233.PubMedCrossRef
53.
go back to reference Shi JG, et al. Transdifferentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells into urothelial cells: potential for urinary tract tissue engineering. Cell Tissue Res. 2012;347(3):737–746. Shi JG, et al. Transdifferentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells into urothelial cells: potential for urinary tract tissue engineering. Cell Tissue Res. 2012;347(3):737–746.
54.
Metadata
Title
Production of Urothelium from Pluripotent Stem Cells for Regenerative Applications
Authors
Stephanie L. Osborn
Eric A. Kurzrock
Publication date
01-01-2015
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Current Urology Reports / Issue 1/2015
Print ISSN: 1527-2737
Electronic ISSN: 1534-6285
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11934-014-0466-6

Other articles of this Issue 1/2015

Current Urology Reports 1/2015 Go to the issue

Regenerative Medicine (A Atala, Section Editor)

Reprogramming of Prostate Cancer Cells - Technical Challenges

Regenerative Medicine (A Atala, Section Editor)

Recent Advances in Ureteral Tissue Engineering