Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
BMC Public Health
Published in: BMC Public Health 1/2021

Open Access 01-12-2021 | Research article

Preventing and controlling water pipe smoking: a systematic review of management interventions

Authors: Javad Babaie, Ayat Ahmadi, Gholamreza Abdollahi, Leila Doshmangir

Published in: BMC Public Health | Issue 1/2021

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Water pipe smoking (WPS) is re-gaining widespread use and popularity among various groups of people, especially adolescents. Despite different adverse health effects of WPS, many of the WPS interventions have failed to control this type of tobacco smoking. This study was conducted to identify experienced management interventions in preventing and controlling WPS worldwide.

Methods

A systematic literature review was conducted. Electronic databases were searched for recordes which were published from beginning 1990 to August 2018. Studies aiming at evaluating, at least, one intervention in preventing and controlling WPS were included in this review, followed by performing the quality assessment and data extraction of eligible studies by two independent investigators. Finally, interventions that were identified from the content analysis process were discussed and classified into relevant categories.

Results

After deleting duplications, 2228 out of 4343 retrieved records remained and 38 studies were selected as the main corpus of the present study. Then, the identified 27 interventions were grouped into four main categories including preventive (5, 18.51%) and control (8, 29.62%) interventions, as well as the enactment and implementation of legislations and policies for controlling WPS at national (7, 25.92%) and international (7, 25.92%) levels.

Conclusion

The current enforced legislations for preventing and controlling WPS are not supported by rigorous evidence. Informed school-based interventions, especially among adolescents can lead to promising results in preventing and controlling WPS and decreasing the effects of this important social and health crisis in the global arena.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
Forouzanfar MH, Afshin A, Alexander LT, Anderson HR, Bhutta ZA, Biryukov S, et al. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2015. Lancet. 2016;388(10053):1659–724.CrossRef
2.
Organization WH. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic 2017: Monitoring tobacco use and prevention policies 2017.
3.
Organization WH. Control and prevention of waterpipe tobacco products report. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016.
4.
Meeting WSGoTPR, Organization WH. WHO study group on tobacco product regulation: report on the scientific basis of tobacco product regulation: third report of a WHO study group: World Health Organization; 2009.
5.
Horn K, Pearson JL, Villanti AC. Polytobacco use and the “customization generation”-new perspectives for tobacco control. J Drug Educ. 2016;46(3–4):51–63.PubMedCrossRef
6.
Salloum RG, Maziak W, Hammond D, Nakkash R, Islam F, Cheng X, et al. Eliciting preferences for waterpipe tobacco smoking using a discrete choice experiment: implications for product regulation. BMJ Open. 2015;5(9):e009497.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
7.
Primack BA, Shensa A, Kim KH, Carroll MV, Hoban MT, Leino EV, et al. Waterpipe smoking among U.S. university students. Nicotine Tobacco Res. 2013;15(1):29–35.CrossRef
8.
Barnett TE, Curbow BA, Weitz JR, Johnson TM, Smith-Simone SY. Water pipe tobacco smoking among middle and high school students. Am J Public Health. 2009;99(11):2014–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
9.
Akl EA, Gunukula SK, Aleem S, Obeid R, Jaoude PA, Honeine R, et al. The prevalence of waterpipe tobacco smoking among the general and specific populations: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2011;11(1):244.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
10.
11.
Pandey P. Rising popularity of “tobacco-free” hookah among youth: A burgeoning public health challenge for India! International Journal of Noncommunicable Diseases. 2017;2(2):30.
12.
Jawad M, Lee JT, Millett C. Waterpipe tobacco smoking prevalence and correlates in 25 eastern Mediterranean and eastern European countries: cross-sectional analysis of the global youth tobacco survey. Nicotine Tob Res. 2015;18(4):395–402.PubMedCrossRef
13.
Stamm-Balderjahn S, Groneberg DA, Kusma B, Jagota A, Schonfeld N. Smoking prevention in school students: positive effects of a hospital-based intervention. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2012;109(44):746–52.PubMedPubMedCentral
14.
Arrazola RA, Singh T, Corey CG, Husten CG, Neff LJ, Apelberg BJ, et al. Tobacco use among middle and high school students—United States, 2011–2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015;64(14):381.PubMedPubMedCentral
15.
Barnett TE, Tomar SL, Lorenzo FE, Forrest JR, Porter L, Gurka MJ. Hookah use among Florida high school students, 2011-2014. Am J Prev Med. 2017;52(2):220–3.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Shishani K, Nawafleh H, Jarrah S, Froelicher ES. Smoking patterns among Jordanian health professionals: a study about the impediments to tobacco control in Jordan. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2011;10(4):221–7.PubMedCrossRef
17.
Jawad M, Wilson A, Lee JT, Jawad S, Hamilton FL, Millett C. Prevalence and predictors of water pipe and cigarette smoking among secondary school students in London. Nicotine Tobacco Res. 2013;15(12):2069–75.CrossRef
18.
Kumar A, Baig S, Raif A. Comparison of knowledge attitude and practice of shisha use among medical students and pharmacy students. Eur Respir J. 2015;46.
19.
Aboaziza E, Eissenberg T. Waterpipe tobacco smoking: what is the evidence that it supports nicotine/tobacco dependence? Tob Control. 2015;24(Suppl 1):i44–53.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Bou Fakhreddine HM, Kanj AN, Kanj NA. The growing epidemic of water pipe smoking: health effects and future needs. Respir Med. 2014;108(9):1241–53.PubMedCrossRef
21.
Waziry R, Jawad M, Ballout RA, Al Akel M, Akl EA. The effects of waterpipe tobacco smoking on health outcomes: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Epidemiol. 2017;46(1):32–43.PubMed
22.
Rezaei S, Sari AA, Arab M, Majdzadeh R, Poorasl AM. Economic burden of smoking: a systematic review of direct and indirect costs. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2016;30:397.PubMedPubMedCentral
23.
Xu X, Bishop EE, Kennedy SM, Simpson SA, Pechacek TF. Annual healthcare spending attributable to cigarette smoking: an update. Am J Prev Med. 2015;48(3):326–33.PubMedCrossRef
24.
Buice ME. Smoke signals: an analysis of policies to reduce hookah use among adolescents in Washington state; 2015.
25.
Jawad M. Legislation enforcement of the waterpipe tobacco industry: a qualitative analysis of the London experience. Nicotine & tobacco research. 2014;16(7):1000–8.CrossRef
26.
Martinasek MP, McDermott RJ, Martini L. Waterpipe (hookah) tobacco smoking among youth. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care. 2011;41(2):34–57.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Hammal F, Wild TC, Nykiforuk C, Abdullahi K, Mussie D, Finegan BA. Waterpipe (hookah) smoking among youth and women in Canada is new, not traditional. Nicotine and Tobacco Research. 2016;18(5):757–62.PubMedCrossRef
28.
McKelvey K, Attonito J, Madhivanan P, Jaber R, Yi Q, Mzayek F, et al. Determinants of waterpipe smoking initiation among school children in Irbid, Jordan: a 4-year longitudinal analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014;142:307–13.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
29.
Joudrey PJ, Jasie KA, Pykalo L, Singer T, Woodin MB, Sherman S. The operation, products and promotion of waterpipe businesses in new York City, Abu Dhabi and Dubai. East Mediterr Health J. 2016;22(4):237–43.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Kassem NOF, Jackson SR, Boman-Davis M, Kassem NO, Liles S, Daffa RM, et al. Hookah smoking and facilitators/barriers to lounge use among students at a US university. Am J Health Behav. 2015;39(6):832–48.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
31.
Maziak W, Taleb ZB, Bahelah R, Islam F, Jaber R, Auf R, et al. The global epidemiology of waterpipe smoking. Tob Control. 2015;24:i3–i12.PubMedCrossRef
32.
33.
Lopez AA, Eissenberg T, Jaafar M, Afifi R. Now is the time to advocate for interventions designed specifically to prevent and control waterpipe tobacco smoking. Addict Behav. 2017;66:41–7.PubMedCrossRef
34.
35.
Lipkus IMPD, Eissenberg TPD, Schwartz-Bloom RDPD, Prokhorov AVMDPD, Levy JPD. Affecting perceptions of harm and addiction among college Waterpipe tobacco smokers. Nicotine Tob Res. 2011;13(7):599–610.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
36.
Leavens ELS, Meier E, Tackett AP, Miller MB, Tahirkheli NN, Brett EI, et al. The impact of a brief cessation induction intervention for waterpipe tobacco smoking: a pilot randomized clinical trial. Addict Behav. 2018;78:94–100.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Lock K, Adams E, Pilkington P, Duckett K, Gilmore A, Marston C. Evaluating social and behavioural impacts of English smoke-free legislation in different ethnic and age groups: implications for reducing smoking-related health inequalities. Tobacco control. 2010;tc. 2009:032318.
38.
O'Neill N, Dogar O, Jawad M, Kanaan M, Siddiqi K. Which Behavior Change Techniques May Help Waterpipe Smokers to Quit? An Expert Consensus Using a Modified Delphi Technique (ntw297, 2016). Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 2017;19(9):1123-.
39.
Jawad M, Darzi A, Lotfi T, Nakkash R, Hawkins B, Akl EA. Waterpipe product packaging and labelling at the 3rd international hookah fair; does it comply with article 11 of the framework convention on tobacco control? J Public Health Policy. 2017;38(3):303–13.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
40.
Mahoozi S, Heidari M, Shahbazi S, Naseh L. Influence of training about carcinogenic effects of hookah smoking on the awareness, attitude, and performance of women. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2017;18(7):1967–71.PubMedPubMedCentral
41.
Momenabadi V, Kaveh MH, Hashemi SY. Effect of educational intervention on intention of university students’ disuse of hookah smoking: BASNEF model. J Subst Abus. 2017:1–6.
42.
Mohlman MK, Boulos DNK, Setouhy ME, Radwan G, Makambi K, Jillson I, et al. A randomized, controlled community-wide intervention to reduce environmental tobacco smoke exposure. Nicotine and Tobacco Research. 2013;15(8):1372–81.PubMedCrossRef
43.
Mostafa A, Mohammed HT, Hussein WM, Elhabiby M, Safwat W, Labib S, et al. Would placing pictorial health warnings on waterpipe devices reduce waterpipe tobacco smoking? Tob Control: A qualitative exploration of Egyptian waterpipe smokers' and non-smokers' responses; 2018.
44.
Mohd Zin F, Hillaluddin AH, Mustaffa J. Adolescents' perceptions regarding effective tobacco use prevention strategies for their younger counterparts: a qualitative study in Malaysia. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2016;17(12):5113–9.PubMed
45.
Deshpande A, Kudtarkar P, Dhaware D, Chowgule R. Study of secondhand smoke levels pre and post implementation of the comprehensive smoking ban in Mumbai. Indian J Community Med. 2010;35(3):409–13.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
46.
Rozema AD, Hiemstra M, Mathijssen JJP, Jansen MWJ, van Oers H. Impact of an Outdoor Smoking Ban at Secondary Schools on Cigarettes, E-Cigarettes and Water Pipe Use among Adolescents: An 18-Month Follow-Up. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15:2.CrossRef
47.
Anjum Q, Ahmed F, Ashfaq T. Knowledge, attitude and perception of water pipe smoking (shisha) among adolescents aged 14-19 years. JPMA The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association. 2008;58(6):312.PubMed
48.
Jaam M, Al-Marridi W, Fares H, Izham M, Kheir N, Awaisu A. Perception and intentions to quit among waterpipe smokers in Qatar: a cross-sectional survey. Public Health Action. 2016;6(1):38–43.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
49.
Salti N, Chaaban J, Nakkash R, Alaouie H. The effect of taxation on tobacco consumption and public revenues in Lebanon. Tobacco control. 2013:tobaccocontrol-2012-050703.
50.
Asfar T, Al Ali R, Rastam S, Maziak W, Ward KD. Behavioral cessation treatment of waterpipe smoking: the first pilot randomized controlled trial. Addict Behav. 2014;39(6):1066–74.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
51.
Erdöl C, Ergüder T, Morton J, Palipudi K, Gupta P, Asma S. Waterpipe tobacco smoking in Turkey: policy implications and trends from the global adult tobacco survey (GATS). Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015;12(12):15559–66.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
52.
Hamadeh RR, Ahmed J, Al-Kawari M, Bucheeri S. Quit tobacco clinics in Bahrain: Smoking cessation rates and patient satisfaction. Tobacco Induced Diseases. 2017;15:1.CrossRef
53.
Essa-Hadad J, Linn S, Rafaeli S. A web-based program to increase knowledge and reduce cigarette and nargila smoking among Arab university students in Israel: mixed-methods study to test acceptability. J Med Internet Res. 2015;17(2):e39.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
54.
Ali Quadri MF, Saleh SM, Alsanosy R, Abdelwahab SI, Tobaigy FM, Maryoud M, et al. Effectiveness of an intervention program on knowledge of oral cancer among the youth of Jazan, Saudi Arabia. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2014;15(5):1913–8.CrossRef
55.
Tomaszek S, Schuurmans MM, Schneiter D, Weder W, Hillinger S. Smoking prevention intervention with school classes at a university hospital by thoracic surgeon und pulmonologist. Cancer Research. 2014;74:19.CrossRef
56.
Riggs NR, Pentz MA. Inhibitory control and the onset of combustible cigarette, e-cigarette, and hookah use in early adolescence: the moderating role of socioeconomic status. Child Neuropsychol. 2016;22(6):679–91.PubMedCrossRef
57.
Freiberg M. Options for state and local governments to regulate non-cigarette tobacco products. Ann Health Law. 2012;21(2):407-45.
58.
Highet G, Ritchie D, Platt S, Amos A, Hargreaves K, Martin C, et al. The re-shaping of the life-world: male British Bangladeshi smokers and the English smoke-free legislation. Ethn Health. 2011;16(6):519–33.PubMedCrossRef
59.
Islam F, Salloum RG, Nakkash R, Maziak W, Thrasher JF. Effectiveness of health warnings for waterpipe tobacco smoking among college students. Int J Public Health. 2016;61(6):709–15.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
60.
Grant A, O'Mahoney H. Portrayal of waterpipe (shisha, hookah, nargile) smoking on twitter: a qualitative exploration. Public Health. 2016;140:128–35.PubMedCrossRef
61.
Kowitt SD, Goldstein AO, Schmidt AM, Hall MG, Brewer NT. Attitudes toward FDA Regulation of newly deemed tobacco products. Tob Regul Sci. 2017;3(4):504–15.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
62.
VanDevanter N, Katigbak C, Naegle M, Zhou S, Sherman S, Weitzman M. Nursing education to reduce use of tobacco and alternative tobacco products: change is imperative. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc. 2017;23(6):414–21.PubMedCrossRef
63.
Sepetdjian E, Abdul Halim R, Salman R, Jaroudi E, Shihadeh A, Saliba NA. Phenolic compounds in particles of mainstream waterpipe smoke. Nicotine & tobacco research. 2013;15(6):1107–12.CrossRef
64.
Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, Group P. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6(7):e1000097.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
65.
Jawad M, El Kadi L, Mugharbil S, Nakkash R. Waterpipe tobacco smoking legislation and policy enactment: a global analysis. Tob Control. 2015;24(Suppl 1):i60–i5.PubMedCrossRef
66.
67.
Kingsbury JH, Parks MJ, Amato MS, Boyle RG. Deniers and admitters: examining smoker identities in a changing tobacco landscape. Nicotine & tobacco Res. 2016;18(11):2130–7.CrossRef
68.
Villanti AC, Pearson JL, Cantrell J, Vallone DM, Rath JM. Patterns of combustible tobacco use in U.S. young adults and potential response to graphic cigarette health warning labels. Addict Behav. 2015;42:119–25.PubMedCrossRef
69.
Crone M, Reijneveld S, Willemsen M, Van Leerdam F, Spruijt R, Sing RH. Prevention of smoking in adolescents with lower education: a school based intervention study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2003;57(9):675–80.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
70.
Smith DM, Bansal-Travers M, Huang JD, Barker D, Hyland AJ, Chaloupka F. Association between use of flavoured tobacco products and quit behaviours: findings from a cross-sectional survey of US adult tobacco users. Tobacco Control. 2016;25:ii73–80.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
71.
Little MA, Talcott GW, Bursac Z, Linde BD, Pagano LA, Messler EC, et al. Efficacy of a brief tobacco intervention for tobacco and nicotine containing product use in the US air force. Nicotine & tobacco Res. 2016;18(5):1142–9.CrossRef
72.
Jawad M, Charide R, Waziry R, Darzi A, Ballout RA, Akl EA. The prevalence and trends of waterpipe tobacco smoking: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2018;13(2):e0192191.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
73.
Farah R, Haddad C, Sacre H, Hallit S, Salameh P. Knowledge and attitude toward waterpipe smoking: scale validation and correlates in the Lebanese adult population. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2020.
74.
Yadav S, G. R. Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking: A Mini-review. J Translational Int Med 2018;6:173–175.
75.
Nidal Eshah NF, Froelicher ES. Understanding hookah smoking behaviors among non current cigarettes smokers: implications for prevention programs. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2017;24(1):S129.
76.
Tugay BU, Ilhan B, Çatak T. Kabakc¸i T, Koc¸ H, Tugay N. what do the adolescents think about smoking and ban strategies in Turkey? Eur Respir J. 2012;40.
77.
Phan Thu P, Ngo Quy C, Vu Van G, Pham Le Q. Evaluate the demands for smoking cessation services of smokers at the outpatient departement of Bach Mai Hospital. Respirology. 2016;21:69.
78.
Moyer VA. Primary care interventions to prevent tobacco use in children and adolescents: US preventive services task force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2013;159(8):552–7.PubMed
79.
Arshad A, Matharoo J, Arshad E, Sadhra SS, Norton-Wangford R, Jawad M. Knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions towards waterpipe tobacco smoking amongst college or university students: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):439.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
80.
Kumar A, Ghazal S, Malik M, Rizvi N, Ismail S. Knowledge attitudes and practices of shisha smoking among medical practitioners in Karachi. Pakistan Journal of Smoking Cessation. 2015;10(1):44–9.CrossRef
81.
Mughal F, Rashid A, Jawad M. Tobacco and electronic cigarette products: awareness, cessation attitudes, and behaviours among general practitioners. Prim Health Care Res Dev. 2018:1–5.
82.
Yadav S, Rawal G. Healthcare information for all-Is it achievable. Int J Sci Res Rev. 2015;4:101–5.
83.
Yadav S. G. R. role of integrating community health workers in achieving healthcare information for all. Int J Sci Res Rev. 2015;4:106–10.
84.
World HEalth Organization framework convention on tobacco control. WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia: WHO; 2004.
85.
Advisory note: waterpipe tobacco smoking: health effects, research needs and recommended actions by regulators. Regulation WSGoTP. 2005.
86.
87.
88.
Maziak W, Nakkash R, Bahelah R, Husseini A, Fanous N, Eissenberg T. Tobacco in the Arab world: old and new epidemics amidst policy paralysis. Health Policy Plan. 2014;29(6):784–94.PubMedCrossRef
89.
Morris DS, Fiala SC, Pawlak R. Opportunities for policy interventions to reduce youth hookah smoking in the United States. Prev Chronic Dis. 2012;9:E165.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
90.
Regulation TP. Waterpipe tobacco smoking: health effects. Research Needs and Recommended Actions by Regulators.
91.
Ben Taleb Z, Breland A, Bahelah R, Kalan ME, Vargas-Rivera M, Jaber R, et al. Flavored versus nonflavored waterpipe tobacco: a comparison of toxicant exposure, puff topography, subjective experiences, and harm perceptions. Nicotine and Tobacco Research. 2019;21(9):1213–9.PubMedCrossRef
92.
Villanti AC, Johnson AL, Ambrose BK, Cummings KM, Stanton CA, Rose SW, et al. Flavored tobacco product use in youth and adults: findings from the first wave of the PATH study (2013–2014). Am J Prev Med. 2017;53(2):139–51.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
93.
Smith-Simone S, Maziak W, Ward KD, Eissenberg T. Waterpipe tobacco smoking: knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behavior in two U.S. samples. Nicotine & tobacco research. 2008;10(2):393–8.CrossRef
94.
95.
Jawad M, Bakir A, Ali M, Grant A. Impact of waterpipe tobacco pack health warnings on waterpipe smoking attitudes: a qualitative analysis among regular users in London. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015.
96.
Jawad M, Jawad S, Waziry RK, Ballout RA, Akl EA. Interventions for waterpipe tobacco smoking prevention and cessation: a systematic review. Sci Rep. 2016;25872.
97.
Gezer T, Dagli E, Yildiz F, Elbek O. Analysis of tobacco control in Turkey through political mapping. Eur Respir J. 2016;48.
98.
Khayatzadeh-Mahani A, Breton E, Ruckert A, Labonte R. Banning shisha smoking in public places in Iran: an advocacy coalition framework perspective on policy process and change. Health Policy Plan. 2017;32(6):835–46.PubMedCrossRef
99.
Danaei M, Jabbarinejad-Kermani A, Mohebbi E, Momeni M. Waterpipe tobacco smoking prevalence and associated factors in the southeast of Iran. Addiction & health. 2017;9(2):72.
100.
Dawson A, Verweij M. No smoke without fire: harm reduction, E-cigarettes and the smoking endgame. Public Health Ethics. 2017;10(1):1–4.CrossRef
101.
Chaouachi K. Harm reduction techniques for hookah (shisha, narghile, "water pipe") smoking of tobacco based products. Med Hypotheses. 2009;73(4):623–4.PubMedCrossRef
102.
C Brinkman M, Kim H, S. SB, M Adetona A, M Gordon S, I Clark P. Evidence of compensation among waterpipe smokers using harm reduction components. BMJ,. 2018;29(1).
Metadata
Title
Preventing and controlling water pipe smoking: a systematic review of management interventions
Authors
Javad Babaie
Ayat Ahmadi
Gholamreza Abdollahi
Leila Doshmangir
Publication date
01-12-2021
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Public Health / Issue 1/2021
Electronic ISSN: 1471-2458
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10306-w

Other articles of this Issue 1/2021

BMC Public Health 1/2021 Go to the issue

Research

Difficulties detaching psychologically from work among German teachers: prevalence, risk factors and health outcomes within a cross-sectional and national representative employee survey

Research article

Mental health, potential minority stressors and resilience: evidence from a cross-sectional survey of gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men within the Celtic nations

Research article

Dental caries experience and associated factors in adults: a cross-sectional community survey within Ethiopia

Research article

Prevalence and risk factors of food insecurity among Libyan migrant families in Australia

Research

Wrist circumference as a novel predictor of transition from metabolically healthy to unhealthy phenotype in overweight/obese adults: a gender-stratified 15.5-year follow-up

Research

Declines in health literacy and health-related quality of life during the COVID-19 pandemic: a longitudinal study of the Japanese general population