Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
Published in: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 1/2012

01-01-2012 | Original Paper

Prevalence and correlates of psychotic symptoms among Asian males

Authors: Mythily Subramaniam, Swapna Verma, Christopher Cheok, I-Min Lee, John Wong, Siow Ann Chong

Published in: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology | Issue 1/2012

Login to get access

Abstract

Purpose

Psychotic symptoms have been reported at varying rates in the general population in the West. We studied the association of psychotic symptoms with educational attainment and other psychiatric disorders in 23,248 male pre-enlistees for National Service in Singapore.

Methods

In a 2-stage assessment, these enlistees were first screened with the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-24) and the CRAFFT. Those screened positive were then assessed by the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) to establish the presence of psychiatric disorders based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM-IV).

Results

The rate of psychotic symptoms (after excluding those with psychotic disorders) was 8.2% (n = 1,909). A multinomial logistic regression using the controls as the reference group revealed that younger age, lower PSLE scores, and mood and anxiety disorder remained significantly associated with both the diagnoses of psychotic disorders and the presence of psychotic symptoms.

Conclusions

A combination of categorical and dimensional representation of psychopathology for the diagnosis of psychotic disorders would better inform treatment and prognosis as there is a considerable overlap in the presentation of psychotic symptoms and psychotic disorders.
Literature
1.
Ang YG, Tan HY (2004) Academic deterioration prior to first episode schizophrenia in young Singapore males. Psychiatry Res 121:303–307PubMedCrossRef
2.
Bebbington P, Nayani T (1995) The psychosis screening questionnaire. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 5:11–19
3.
Bebbington PE, Bhugra T, Farrell M, Lewis G, Meltzer H, Jenkins R (2004) Psychosis, victimization and childhood disadvantage: evidence from the second British National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity. Br J Psychiatry 185:220–226PubMedCrossRef
4.
Belluardo N, Mudò G, Blum M, Fuxe K (2000) Central nicotinic receptors, neurotrophic factors and neuroprotection. Behav Brain Res 113:21–34PubMedCrossRef
5.
Bijil RV, van Zessen G, Ravelli A, de Rijk C, Langendoen Y (1998) The Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS): objectives and design. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 33:581–586CrossRef
6.
Cannon TD, Cadenhead K, Cornblatt B, Woods SW, Addington J, Walker E, Seidman LJ, Perkins D, Tsuang M, McGlashan T, Heinssen R (2008) Prediction of psychosis in youth at high clinical risk. A multisite longitudinal study in North America. Arch Gen Psychiatry 65:28–37PubMedCrossRef
7.
Carta MG, Carpiniello B, Cicone V, Sannais C, Paulis M, Rudas N (1993) Standardization of a psychiatric screening test for use by general practitioners in Sardina. Preliminary results. Acta Psychiatr Scand 87:342–344PubMedCrossRef
8.
Chong SA, Wong J, Verma S, Subramaniam M, Pek E, Chan YH, Lee IM, Cheok C (2007) The mental health screening of conscripts for the Singapore Armed Forces: rationale, objectives, and design. Mil Med 172:1245–1249PubMed
9.
Chong SA, Subramaniam M, Lee IM, Pek E, Cheok C, Verma S, Wong J (2009) Academic attainment: a predictor of psychiatric disorders? Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 44:999–1004PubMedCrossRef
10.
Claridge G, McCreery C, Mason O, Bentall R, Boyle G, Slade P, Popplewell D (1996) The factor structure of ‘schizotypal’ traits: a large replication study. Br J Clin Psychol 35:103–115PubMedCrossRef
11.
Cook RL, Chung T, Kelly TM, Clark DB (2005) Alcohol screening in young persons attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic. Comparison of AUDIT, CRAFFT, and CAGE instruments. J Gen Intern Med 20:1–6PubMedCrossRef
12.
Cooper L, Peters L, Andrews G (1998) Validity of the composite international diagnostic interview (CIDI) psychosis module in a psychiatric setting. J Psychiatr Res 32:361–368PubMedCrossRef
13.
Cummins LH, Chan KK, Burns KM, Blume AW, M LarimerM, Marlatt GA (2003) Validity of the CRAFFT in American–Indian and Alaska–Native adolescents: screening for drug and alcohol risk. J Stud Alcohol 64:727–732PubMed
14.
David AS, Malmberg A, Brandt L, Allebeck P, Lewis G (1997) IQ and risk for schizophrenia: a population-based cohort study. Psychol Med 27:1311–1323PubMedCrossRef
15.
Davidson M, Reichenberg A, Rabinowitz J, Weiser M, Kaplan Z, Mark M (1999) Behavioral and intellectual markers for schizophrenia in apparently healthy male adolescents. Am J Psychiatry 156:1328–1335PubMed
16.
Eisen JL, Beer DA, Pato MT, Venditto TA, Rasmussen SA (1997) Obsessive-compulsive disorder in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Am J Psychiatry 154:271–273PubMed
17.
Ferchmin PA, Hao J, Perez D, Penzo M, Maldonado HM, Gonzalez MT, Rodriguez AD, de Vellis J (2005) Tobacco cembranoids protect the function of acute hippocampal slices against NMDA by a mechanism mediated by alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptors. J Neurosci Res 82:631–641PubMedCrossRef
18.
Galynker I, Ieronimo C, Perez-Acquino A, Lee Y, Winston A (1996) Panic attacks with psychotic features. J Clin Psychiatry 57:402–406PubMed
19.
Goodwin RD, Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ (2004) Panic attacks and psychoticism. Am J Psychiatry 61:88–92CrossRef
20.
Hall W, Degenhardt L (2000) Cannabis use and psychosis: a review of clinical and epidemiological evidence. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 34:26–34PubMedCrossRef
21.
Hanssen MS, Bijl RV, Vollebergh W, van Os J (2003) Self-reported psychotic experiences in the general population: a valid screening tool for DSM-III-R psychotic disorders? Acta Psychiatr Scand 107:369–377PubMedCrossRef
22.
Honig A, Romme MA, Ensink BJ, Escher SD, Pennings MH, deVries MW (1998) Auditory hallucinations: a comparison between patients and non-patients. J Nerv Ment Dis 186:646–651PubMedCrossRef
23.
Isohanni M, Lauronen E, Moilanen K, Isohanni I, Kemppainen L, Koponen H, Miettunen J, Mäki P, Räsänen S, Veijola J, Tienari P, Wahlberg KE, Murray GK (2005) Predictors of schizophrenia: evidence from the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort and other sources. Br J Psychiatry 187:s4–s7CrossRef
24.
Janssen I, Krabbendam L, Bak M, Hanssen M, Vollebergh W, de Graaf R, van Os J (2004) Childhood abuse as a risk factor for psychotic experiences. Acta Psychiatr Scand 109:38–45PubMedCrossRef
25.
Johns LC, Cannon M, Singleton N, Murray RM, Farrell M, Brugha T, Bebbington P, Jenkins R, Meltzer H (2004) Prevalence and correlates of self-reported psychotic symptoms in the British population. Br J Psychiatry 185:298–305PubMedCrossRef
26.
Johns LC, van Os J (2001) The continuity of psychotic experiences in the general population. Clin Psychol Rev 21:1125–1141PubMedCrossRef
27.
Jones P, Rodgers B, Murray R, Marmot M (1994) Child development risk factors for adult schizophrenia in the British 1946 birth cohort. Lancet 344:1398–1402PubMedCrossRef
28.
King M, Nazroo J, Weich S, McKenzie K, Bhui K, Karlsen S, Stansfeld S, Tyrer P, Blanchard M, Lloyd K, McManus S, Sproston K, Erens B (2005) Psychotic symptoms in the general population of England. A comparison of ethnic groups (The EMPIRIC study). Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 40:375–381PubMedCrossRef
29.
Kendler KS, Gallagher TJ, Abelson JM, Kessler RC (1996) Lifetime prevalence, demographic risk factors, and diagnostic validity of nonaffective psychosis as assessed in a US community sample. The National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 53:1022–1031PubMedCrossRef
30.
Knight JR, Shrier LA, Bravender TD, Farrell M, Vander Bilt J, Shaffer HJ (1999) A new brief screen for adolescent substance abuse. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 153:591–596PubMed
31.
Knight JR, Sherrit L, Shrier LA, Harris SK, Chang G (2002) Validity of the CRAFFT substance abuse screening test among adolescent clinic patients. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 156:607–614PubMed
32.
Konings M, Bak M, Hanssen M, van Os J, Krabbendam L (2006) Validity and reliability of the CAPE: a self-report instrument for the measurement of psychotic experiences in the general population. Acta Psychiatr Scand 114:55–61PubMedCrossRef
33.
Krabbendam L, Myin-Germeys I, Hanssen M, de Graaf R, Vollebergh W, Bak M, van Os J (2005) Development of depressed mood predicts onset of psychotic disorder in individuals who report hallucinatory experiences. Br J Clin Psychol 44:113–125PubMedCrossRef
34.
Møller P, Husby R (2000) The initial prodrome in schizophrenia: searching for naturalistic core dimensions of experience and behavior. Schizophr Bull 26:217–232PubMed
35.
Morgan C, Fisher H, Hutchinson G, Kirkbride J, Craig TK, Morgan K, Dazzan P, Boydell J, Doody GA, Jones PB, Murray RM, Leff J, Fearon P (2008) Ethnicity, social disadvantage and psychotic-like experiences in a healthy population based sample. Acta Psychiatr Scand 119:226–235PubMedCrossRef
36.
Owens DG, Miller P, Lawrie SM, Johnstone EC (2005) Pathogenesis of schizophrenia: a psychopathological perspective. Br J Psychiatry 186:386–393PubMedCrossRef
37.
Penn DL, Hope DA, Spaulding W, Kucera J (1994) Social anxiety in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 11:277–284PubMedCrossRef
38.
Poulton R, Caspi A, Moffitt TE, Cannon M, Murray R, Harrington H (2000) Children’s self-reported psychotic symptoms and adult schizophreniform disorder: a 15-year longitudinal study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57:1053–1058PubMedCrossRef
39.
Tien AY, Eaton WW (1992) Psychopathological precursors and sociodemographic risk factors for the schizophrenia syndrome. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49:37–46PubMedCrossRef
40.
Turnbull G, Bebbington P (2001) Anxiety and the schizophrenic process: clinical and epidemiological evidence. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 36:235–243PubMedCrossRef
41.
van Os J, Hanssen M, Bijl RV, Ravelli A (2000) Strauss (1969) revisited: a psychosis continuum in the general population? Schizophr Res 45:11–20PubMedCrossRef
42.
van Os J, Hanssen M, Bijl RV, Vollebergh W (2001) Prevalence of psychotic disorder and community level of psychotic symptoms: an urban–rural comparison. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58:663–668PubMedCrossRef
43.
44.
van Os J, Linscott RJ, Myin-Germeys I, Delespaul P, Krabbendam L (2009) A systematic review and meta-analysis of the psychosis continuum: evidence for a psychosis proneness-persistence-impairment model of psychotic disorder. Psychol Med 39:179–195PubMedCrossRef
45.
Verdoux H, van OS J, Maurice-Tison S, Gay B, Salamon R, Bourgeois M (1998) Is early adulthood a critical developmental stage for psychosis proneness? A survey of delusional ideation in normal subjects. Schizophr Res 29:247–254PubMedCrossRef
46.
Verdoux H, van Os J, Maurice-Tison S, Gay B, Salamon R, Bourgeois ML (1999) Increased occurrence of depression in psychosis-prone subjects: a follow-up study in primary care settings. Compr Psychiatry 40:462–468PubMedCrossRef
47.
Weiser M, Reichenberg A, Grotto I, Yasvitzky R, Rabinowitz J, Lubin G, Nahon D, Knobler HY, Davidson M (2004) Higher rates of cigarette smoking in male adolescents before the onset of schizophrenia: a historical-prospective cohort study. Am J Psychiatry 161:1219–1223PubMedCrossRef
48.
Wittchen HU (1994) Reliability and validity studies of the WHO-composite international diagnostic interview (CIDI): a critical review. J Psychiatr Res 28:57–84PubMedCrossRef
49.
World Health Organization (1993) A user’s guide to Self-Reporting Questionnaire, Geneva
50.
Yung AR, McGorry PD (1996) The initial prodrome in psychosis: descriptive and qualitative aspects. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 30:587–599PubMedCrossRef
51.
Yung AR, McGorry PD (1996) The prodromal phase of first-episode psychosis: past and current conceptualizations. Schizophr Bull 22:353–370PubMed
52.
Yung AR, Phillips LJ, McGorry PD, McFarlane CA, Francey S, Harrigan S, Patton GC, Jackson HJ (1998) Prediction of psychosis. A step towards indicated prevention of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 172:14–20
53.
Yung AR, Buckby JA, Cosgrave EM, Killackey EJ, Baker K, Cotton SM, McGorry PD (2007) Association between psychotic experiences and depression in a clinical sample over 6 months. Schizophr Res 91:246PubMedCrossRef
54.
Zammit S, Allebeck P, David AS, Dalman C, Hemmingsson T, Lundberg I, Lewis G (2004) A longitudinal study of premorbid IQ score and risk of developing schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, severe depression, and other nonaffective psychoses. Arch Gen Psychiatry 61:354–360PubMedCrossRef
55.
Zammit S, Allebeck P, Dalman C, Lundberg I, Hemmingsson T, Lewis G (2003) Investigating the association between cigarette smoking and schizophrenia in a cohort study. Am J Psychiatry 160:2216–2221PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Prevalence and correlates of psychotic symptoms among Asian males
Authors
Mythily Subramaniam
Swapna Verma
Christopher Cheok
I-Min Lee
John Wong
Siow Ann Chong
Publication date
01-01-2012
Publisher
Springer-Verlag
Published in
Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology / Issue 1/2012
Print ISSN: 0933-7954
Electronic ISSN: 1433-9285
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-010-0318-8

Other articles of this Issue 1/2012

Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 1/2012 Go to the issue

Original Paper

Mental health symptoms associated with morbidity, not mortality, in an elderly community sample

Original Paper

The natural course and outcome of major depressive disorder in primary care: the PREDICT-NL study

Original Paper

Eugenics, genetics, and mental illness stigma in Chinese Americans

Original Paper

Ethnic differences in risk of acute compulsory admission in Amsterdam, 1996–2005

Original Paper

Co-occurring risk behaviors among White, Black, and Hispanic US high school adolescents with suicide attempts requiring medical attention, 1999–2007: Implications for future prevention initiatives

Original Paper

Prevalence of physical, psychological, and sexual abuse among a nationwide sample of Arab high school students: association with family characteristics, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, and quality of life