Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Maternal and Child Health Journal 6/2014

01-08-2014

Predictors of Maternal Encouragement to Diet: A Moderated Mediation Analysis

Authors: Bridget Armstrong, Julia K. Carmody, David M. Janicke

Published in: Maternal and Child Health Journal | Issue 6/2014

Login to get access

Abstract

Maternal encouragement to diet has been linked to child disordered eating, overweight and obesity, and negative psychosocial outcomes. A limited amount of research has examined variables that may contribute to maternal encouragement to diet. The current study examined the relationship between child BMI, parent BMI, maternal concern about child weight status, and maternal encouragement to diet. 80 youths, aged 8–17, and their mothers were administered questionnaires to assess maternal weight concern and child perception of maternal encouragement to diet. Data were analyzed using a bootstrapped moderated mediation model. Higher child BMI predicted increased maternal weight concern, which in turn was related to increased encouragement to diet. Mothers of overweight and obese youth were more likely to be concerned about their child’s weight if mothers themselves were overweight or obese. Overweight or obese girls (but not boys) with an overweight or obese mother were more likely to be encouraged to diet. The model accounted for 48 % of the variance in maternal encouragement to diet. Results indicate a potential mechanism by which encouragement to diet occurs and highlight the relevance of maternal weight and child gender in the prediction of encouragement to diet.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Ogden, C. L., Carroll, M. D., Kit, B. K., & Flegal, K. M. (2012). Prevalence of obesity and trends in body mass index among US children and adolescents, 1999–2010. Journal of the American Medical Association, 307(5), 483–490.PubMedCrossRef Ogden, C. L., Carroll, M. D., Kit, B. K., & Flegal, K. M. (2012). Prevalence of obesity and trends in body mass index among US children and adolescents, 1999–2010. Journal of the American Medical Association, 307(5), 483–490.PubMedCrossRef
2.
go back to reference Freedman DS, Mei Z, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS, Dietz WH. (2007). Cardiovascular risk factors and excess adiposity among overweight children and adolescents: the Bogalusa Heart Study. The Journal of pediatrics. 150(1):12–17 e2. Freedman DS, Mei Z, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS, Dietz WH. (2007). Cardiovascular risk factors and excess adiposity among overweight children and adolescents: the Bogalusa Heart Study. The Journal of pediatrics. 150(1):12–17 e2.
3.
go back to reference Steinberger, J., & Daniels, S. R. (2003). Obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk in children: an American Heart Association scientific statement from the Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, and obesity in the young committee (council on cardiovascular disease in the young) and the diabetes committee (council on nutrition, physical activity, and metabolism). Circulation, 107(10), 1448–1453.PubMedCrossRef Steinberger, J., & Daniels, S. R. (2003). Obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk in children: an American Heart Association scientific statement from the Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, and obesity in the young committee (council on cardiovascular disease in the young) and the diabetes committee (council on nutrition, physical activity, and metabolism). Circulation, 107(10), 1448–1453.PubMedCrossRef
4.
go back to reference Strauss, R. S., & Pollack, H. A. (2003). Social marginalization of overweight children. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 157(8), 746–752.PubMedCrossRef Strauss, R. S., & Pollack, H. A. (2003). Social marginalization of overweight children. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 157(8), 746–752.PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference Bauer, K. W., Larson, N. I., Nelson, M. C., Story, M., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2009). Socio-environmental, personal and behavioural predictors of fast-food intake among adolescents. Public Health Nutrition, 12(10), 1767–1774.PubMedCrossRef Bauer, K. W., Larson, N. I., Nelson, M. C., Story, M., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2009). Socio-environmental, personal and behavioural predictors of fast-food intake among adolescents. Public Health Nutrition, 12(10), 1767–1774.PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Neumark-Sztainer, D., Wall, M., Perry, C., & Story, M. (2003). Correlates of fruit and vegetable intake among adolescents. Findings from Project EAT. Preventive Medicine, 37(3), 198–208.PubMedCrossRef Neumark-Sztainer, D., Wall, M., Perry, C., & Story, M. (2003). Correlates of fruit and vegetable intake among adolescents. Findings from Project EAT. Preventive Medicine, 37(3), 198–208.PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Savage, J. S., Dinallo, J. M., & Downs, D. S. (2009). Adolescent body satisfaction: the role of perceived parental encouragement for physical activity. The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 6, 90.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Savage, J. S., Dinallo, J. M., & Downs, D. S. (2009). Adolescent body satisfaction: the role of perceived parental encouragement for physical activity. The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 6, 90.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Armstrong, B., & Janicke, D. M. (2012). Differentiating the effects of maternal and peer encouragement to diet on child weight control attitudes and behaviors. Appetite, 59(3), 723–729.PubMedCrossRef Armstrong, B., & Janicke, D. M. (2012). Differentiating the effects of maternal and peer encouragement to diet on child weight control attitudes and behaviors. Appetite, 59(3), 723–729.PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Meesters, C., Muris, P., Hoefnagels, C., & van Gemert, M. (2007). Social and family correlates of eating problems and muscle preoccupation in young adolescents. Eating Behaviors, 8(1), 83–90.PubMedCrossRef Meesters, C., Muris, P., Hoefnagels, C., & van Gemert, M. (2007). Social and family correlates of eating problems and muscle preoccupation in young adolescents. Eating Behaviors, 8(1), 83–90.PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Bauer, K. W., Laska, M. N., Fulkerson, J. A., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2011). Longitudinal and secular trends in parental encouragement for healthy eating, physical activity, and dieting throughout the adolescent years. Journal Adolescent Health, 49(3), 306–311.CrossRef Bauer, K. W., Laska, M. N., Fulkerson, J. A., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2011). Longitudinal and secular trends in parental encouragement for healthy eating, physical activity, and dieting throughout the adolescent years. Journal Adolescent Health, 49(3), 306–311.CrossRef
11.
go back to reference Fulkerson, J. A., Strauss, J., Neumark-Sztainer, D., Story, M., & Boutelle, K. (2007). Correlates of psychosocial well-being among overweight adolescents: The role of the family. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75(1), 181–186.PubMedCrossRef Fulkerson, J. A., Strauss, J., Neumark-Sztainer, D., Story, M., & Boutelle, K. (2007). Correlates of psychosocial well-being among overweight adolescents: The role of the family. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75(1), 181–186.PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Fulkerson, J. A., McGuire, M. T., Neumark-Sztainer, D., Story, M., French, S. A., & Perry, C. L. (2002). Weight-related attitudes and behaviors of adolescent boys and girls who are encouraged to diet by their mothers. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 26(12), 1579–1587.PubMedCrossRef Fulkerson, J. A., McGuire, M. T., Neumark-Sztainer, D., Story, M., French, S. A., & Perry, C. L. (2002). Weight-related attitudes and behaviors of adolescent boys and girls who are encouraged to diet by their mothers. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 26(12), 1579–1587.PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Neumark-Sztainer, D., Wall, M., Story, M., & van den Berg, P. (2008). Accurate parental classification of overweight adolescents’ weight status: does it matter? Pediatrics, 121(6), e1495–e1502.PubMedCrossRef Neumark-Sztainer, D., Wall, M., Story, M., & van den Berg, P. (2008). Accurate parental classification of overweight adolescents’ weight status: does it matter? Pediatrics, 121(6), e1495–e1502.PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Moore, L. C., Harris, C. V., & Bradlyn, A. S. (2012). Exploring the relationship between parental concern and the management of childhood obesity. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 16(4), 902–908.PubMedCrossRef Moore, L. C., Harris, C. V., & Bradlyn, A. S. (2012). Exploring the relationship between parental concern and the management of childhood obesity. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 16(4), 902–908.PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Crawford, D., Timperio, A., Telford, A., & Salmon, J. (2006). Parental concerns about childhood obesity and the strategies employed to prevent unhealthy weight gain in children. Public Health Nutrition, 9(7), 889–895.PubMedCrossRef Crawford, D., Timperio, A., Telford, A., & Salmon, J. (2006). Parental concerns about childhood obesity and the strategies employed to prevent unhealthy weight gain in children. Public Health Nutrition, 9(7), 889–895.PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Wake, M., Salmon, L., Waters, E., Wright, M., & Hesketh, K. (2002). Parent-reported health status of overweight and obese Australian primary school children: A cross-sectional population survey. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders: Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 26(5), 717–724.CrossRef Wake, M., Salmon, L., Waters, E., Wright, M., & Hesketh, K. (2002). Parent-reported health status of overweight and obese Australian primary school children: A cross-sectional population survey. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders: Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 26(5), 717–724.CrossRef
17.
go back to reference May, A. L., Donohue, M., Scanlon, K. S., Sherry, B., Dalenius, K., Faulkner, P., et al. (2007). Child-feeding strategies are associated with maternal concern about children becoming overweight, but not children’s weight status. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 107(7), 1167–1175.PubMedCrossRef May, A. L., Donohue, M., Scanlon, K. S., Sherry, B., Dalenius, K., Faulkner, P., et al. (2007). Child-feeding strategies are associated with maternal concern about children becoming overweight, but not children’s weight status. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 107(7), 1167–1175.PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Birch, L. L., & Fisher, J. O. (2000). Mothers’ child-feeding practices influence daughters’ eating and weight. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 71(5), 1054–1061.PubMedCentralPubMed Birch, L. L., & Fisher, J. O. (2000). Mothers’ child-feeding practices influence daughters’ eating and weight. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 71(5), 1054–1061.PubMedCentralPubMed
19.
go back to reference Payne, L. O., Galloway, A. T., & Webb, R. M. (2011). Parental use of differential restrictive feeding practices with siblings. International Journal of Pediatric Obesity (IJPO): An Official Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 6(2–2), e540–e546.CrossRef Payne, L. O., Galloway, A. T., & Webb, R. M. (2011). Parental use of differential restrictive feeding practices with siblings. International Journal of Pediatric Obesity (IJPO): An Official Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 6(2–2), e540–e546.CrossRef
20.
go back to reference Francis, L. A., & Birch, L. L. (2005). Maternal influences on daughters’ restrained eating behavior. Health Psychology: Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association., 24(6), 548–554.CrossRef Francis, L. A., & Birch, L. L. (2005). Maternal influences on daughters’ restrained eating behavior. Health Psychology: Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association., 24(6), 548–554.CrossRef
21.
go back to reference Safer, D. L., Agras, W. S., Bryson, S., & Hammer, L. D. (2001). Early body mass index and other anthropometric relationships between parents and children. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 25(10), 1532–1536.PubMedCrossRef Safer, D. L., Agras, W. S., Bryson, S., & Hammer, L. D. (2001). Early body mass index and other anthropometric relationships between parents and children. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 25(10), 1532–1536.PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Whitaker, R. C., Wright, J. A., Pepe, M. S., Seidel, K. D., & Dietz, W. H. (1997). Predicting obesity in young adulthood from childhood and parental obesity. New England Journal of Medicine, 337(13), 869–873.PubMedCrossRef Whitaker, R. C., Wright, J. A., Pepe, M. S., Seidel, K. D., & Dietz, W. H. (1997). Predicting obesity in young adulthood from childhood and parental obesity. New England Journal of Medicine, 337(13), 869–873.PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Parkinson, K. N., Drewett, R. F., Jones, A. R., Dale, A., Pearce, M. S., Wright, C. M., et al. (2011). When do mothers think their child is overweight? International Journal of Obesity, 35(4), 510–516.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Parkinson, K. N., Drewett, R. F., Jones, A. R., Dale, A., Pearce, M. S., Wright, C. M., et al. (2011). When do mothers think their child is overweight? International Journal of Obesity, 35(4), 510–516.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Baker, C. W., Whisman, M. A., & Brownell, K. D. (2000). Studying intergenerational transmission of eating attitudes and behaviors: Methodological and conceptual questions. Health Psychology: Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association., 19(4), 376–381.CrossRef Baker, C. W., Whisman, M. A., & Brownell, K. D. (2000). Studying intergenerational transmission of eating attitudes and behaviors: Methodological and conceptual questions. Health Psychology: Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association., 19(4), 376–381.CrossRef
25.
go back to reference Gross RMN, E.S. (2000). Perceptions of parental messages regarding eating and weight and their impact on disordered eating. Journal of college student psychotherapy. 15: 57–78. Gross RMN, E.S. (2000). Perceptions of parental messages regarding eating and weight and their impact on disordered eating. Journal of college student psychotherapy. 15: 57–78.
26.
go back to reference Wertheim, E. H., Martin, G., Prior, M., Sanson, A., & Smart, D. (2002). Parent influences in the transmission of eating and weight related values and behaviors. Eating Disorders, 10(4), 321–334.PubMedCrossRef Wertheim, E. H., Martin, G., Prior, M., Sanson, A., & Smart, D. (2002). Parent influences in the transmission of eating and weight related values and behaviors. Eating Disorders, 10(4), 321–334.PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Tiggemann, M., & Lowes, J. (2002). Changes in ratings of figure preference in girls ages 5–7 years. Perceptual and motor skills, 94(2), 424.PubMedCrossRef Tiggemann, M., & Lowes, J. (2002). Changes in ratings of figure preference in girls ages 5–7 years. Perceptual and motor skills, 94(2), 424.PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2002). Clinical Growth Charts for the United States: Methods and Development. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2002). Clinical Growth Charts for the United States: Methods and Development.
29.
go back to reference Arcan, C., Hannan, P. J., Himes, J. H., Holy Rock, B., Smyth, M., Story, M., et al. (2012). American Indian parents’ assessment of and concern about their kindergarten child’s weight status, South Dakota, 2005–2006. Preventing chronic disease, 9, E56.PubMedCentralPubMed Arcan, C., Hannan, P. J., Himes, J. H., Holy Rock, B., Smyth, M., Story, M., et al. (2012). American Indian parents’ assessment of and concern about their kindergarten child’s weight status, South Dakota, 2005–2006. Preventing chronic disease, 9, E56.PubMedCentralPubMed
30.
go back to reference Birch, L. L., Fisher, J., Grimm-Thomas, K., Markey, C., Sawyer, R., & Johnson, S. (2001). Confirmatory factor analysis of the child feeding questionnaire: A measure of parental attitudes, beliefs and practices about child feeding and obesity proneness. Appetite, 36(3), 201–210.PubMedCrossRef Birch, L. L., Fisher, J., Grimm-Thomas, K., Markey, C., Sawyer, R., & Johnson, S. (2001). Confirmatory factor analysis of the child feeding questionnaire: A measure of parental attitudes, beliefs and practices about child feeding and obesity proneness. Appetite, 36(3), 201–210.PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Benedikt, R., Wertheim, E. H., & Love, A. (1998). Eating attitudes and weight-loss attempts in female adolescents and their mothers. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 27(1), 43–57.CrossRef Benedikt, R., Wertheim, E. H., & Love, A. (1998). Eating attitudes and weight-loss attempts in female adolescents and their mothers. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 27(1), 43–57.CrossRef
32.
go back to reference Preacher, K. J., Rucker, D., & Hayes, A. F. (2007). Addressing moderated mediation hypotheses: Theory, methods, and prescriptions. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 42, 185–227.CrossRef Preacher, K. J., Rucker, D., & Hayes, A. F. (2007). Addressing moderated mediation hypotheses: Theory, methods, and prescriptions. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 42, 185–227.CrossRef
33.
go back to reference Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891.PubMedCrossRef Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891.PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182.PubMedCrossRef Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182.PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Spruijt-Metz, D., Lindquist, C. H., Birch, L. L., Fisher, J. O., & Goran, M. I. (2002). Relation between mothers’ child-feeding practices and children’s adiposity. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 75(3), 581–586.PubMed Spruijt-Metz, D., Lindquist, C. H., Birch, L. L., Fisher, J. O., & Goran, M. I. (2002). Relation between mothers’ child-feeding practices and children’s adiposity. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 75(3), 581–586.PubMed
36.
go back to reference Neumark-Sztainer, D., Bauer, K. W., Friend, S., Hannan, P. J., Story, M., & Berge, J. M. (2010). Family weight talk and dieting: How much do they matter for body dissatisfaction and disordered eating behaviors in adolescent girls? The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 47(3), 270–276.CrossRef Neumark-Sztainer, D., Bauer, K. W., Friend, S., Hannan, P. J., Story, M., & Berge, J. M. (2010). Family weight talk and dieting: How much do they matter for body dissatisfaction and disordered eating behaviors in adolescent girls? The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 47(3), 270–276.CrossRef
37.
go back to reference Francis, L. A., Hofer, S. M., & Birch, L. L. (2001). Predictors of maternal child-feeding style: Maternal and child characteristics. Appetite, 37(3), 231–243.PubMedCrossRef Francis, L. A., Hofer, S. M., & Birch, L. L. (2001). Predictors of maternal child-feeding style: Maternal and child characteristics. Appetite, 37(3), 231–243.PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Wertheim, E. H., Mee, V., & Paxton, S. J. (1999). Relationships among adolescent girls’ eating behaviors and their parents’ weight-related attitudes and behaviors. Sex Roles, 41(314), 169–187.CrossRef Wertheim, E. H., Mee, V., & Paxton, S. J. (1999). Relationships among adolescent girls’ eating behaviors and their parents’ weight-related attitudes and behaviors. Sex Roles, 41(314), 169–187.CrossRef
39.
go back to reference Stice, E. (1994). Review of the evidence for a sociocultural model of bulimia nervosa and an exploration of the mechanisms of action. Clinical Psychology Review, 14, 633–661.CrossRef Stice, E. (1994). Review of the evidence for a sociocultural model of bulimia nervosa and an exploration of the mechanisms of action. Clinical Psychology Review, 14, 633–661.CrossRef
40.
go back to reference McCabe, M. P., & Ricciardelli, L. A. (2001). Parent, peer, and media influences on body image and strategies to both increase and decrease body size among adolescent boys and girls. Adolescence, 36, 225–240.PubMed McCabe, M. P., & Ricciardelli, L. A. (2001). Parent, peer, and media influences on body image and strategies to both increase and decrease body size among adolescent boys and girls. Adolescence, 36, 225–240.PubMed
41.
go back to reference Ata, R. N., Ludden, A. B., & Lally, M. M. (2007). The effects of gender and family, friend, and media influences on eating behaviors and body image during adolescence. Journal Youth Adolescence, 36, 1024–1037.CrossRef Ata, R. N., Ludden, A. B., & Lally, M. M. (2007). The effects of gender and family, friend, and media influences on eating behaviors and body image during adolescence. Journal Youth Adolescence, 36, 1024–1037.CrossRef
42.
go back to reference Etelson, D., Brand, D. A., Patrick, P. A., & Shirali, A. (2003). Childhood obesity: Do parents recognize health risk? Obesity Research, 11(11), 1362–1368.PubMedCrossRef Etelson, D., Brand, D. A., Patrick, P. A., & Shirali, A. (2003). Childhood obesity: Do parents recognize health risk? Obesity Research, 11(11), 1362–1368.PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Barlow, S. E., & Expert, C. (2007). Expert committee recommendations regarding the prevention, assessment, and treatment of child and adolescent overweight and obesity: Summary report. Pediatrics, 120(Suppl 4), S164–S192.PubMedCrossRef Barlow, S. E., & Expert, C. (2007). Expert committee recommendations regarding the prevention, assessment, and treatment of child and adolescent overweight and obesity: Summary report. Pediatrics, 120(Suppl 4), S164–S192.PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference McLoone, P., & Morrison D. S., (2012). Risk of child obesity from parental obesity: Analysis of repeat national cross-sectional surveys. European Journal of Public Health [Epub ahead of print]. McLoone, P., & Morrison D. S., (2012). Risk of child obesity from parental obesity: Analysis of repeat national cross-sectional surveys. European Journal of Public Health [Epub ahead of print].
45.
go back to reference Epstein, L. H. (1996). Family-based behavioural intervention for obese children. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders: Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 20(Suppl 1), S14–S21. Epstein, L. H. (1996). Family-based behavioural intervention for obese children. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders: Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 20(Suppl 1), S14–S21.
46.
go back to reference Keery, H., Eisenberg, M. E., Boutelle, K., Neumark-Sztainer, D., & Story, M. (2006). Relationships between maternal and adolescent weight-related behaviors and concerns: the role of perception. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 61(1), 105–111.PubMedCrossRef Keery, H., Eisenberg, M. E., Boutelle, K., Neumark-Sztainer, D., & Story, M. (2006). Relationships between maternal and adolescent weight-related behaviors and concerns: the role of perception. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 61(1), 105–111.PubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Maxwell, S. E., & Cole, D. A. (2007). Bias in cross-sectional analyses of longitudinal mediation. Psychological Methods, 12(1), 23.PubMedCrossRef Maxwell, S. E., & Cole, D. A. (2007). Bias in cross-sectional analyses of longitudinal mediation. Psychological Methods, 12(1), 23.PubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Nyholm, M., Gullberg, B., Merlo, J., Lundqvist-Persson, C., Råstam, L., & Lindblad, U. (2007). The Validity of Obesity Based on Self-reported Weight and Height: Implications for Population Studies. Obesity, 15(1), 197.PubMedCrossRef Nyholm, M., Gullberg, B., Merlo, J., Lundqvist-Persson, C., Råstam, L., & Lindblad, U. (2007). The Validity of Obesity Based on Self-reported Weight and Height: Implications for Population Studies. Obesity, 15(1), 197.PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Stunkard, A. J., & Albaum, J. M. (1981). The accuracy of self-reported weights. The American journal of clinical nutrition., 34(8), 1593–1599.PubMed Stunkard, A. J., & Albaum, J. M. (1981). The accuracy of self-reported weights. The American journal of clinical nutrition., 34(8), 1593–1599.PubMed
50.
go back to reference Bergkvist L, Rossiter JR. (2007). The predictive validity of multiple-item versus single-item measures of the same constructs. Journal of marketing research, 44(2), 175–184. Bergkvist L, Rossiter JR. (2007). The predictive validity of multiple-item versus single-item measures of the same constructs. Journal of marketing research, 44(2), 175–184.
Metadata
Title
Predictors of Maternal Encouragement to Diet: A Moderated Mediation Analysis
Authors
Bridget Armstrong
Julia K. Carmody
David M. Janicke
Publication date
01-08-2014
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Maternal and Child Health Journal / Issue 6/2014
Print ISSN: 1092-7875
Electronic ISSN: 1573-6628
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-013-1388-5

Other articles of this Issue 6/2014

Maternal and Child Health Journal 6/2014 Go to the issue