Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Journal of Genetic Counseling 4/2006

01-08-2006 | Professional Issues

Predictive Testing of Eighteen Year Olds: Counseling Challenges

Authors: Clara L. Gaff, Elly Lynch, Lesley Spencer

Published in: Journal of Genetic Counseling | Issue 4/2006

Login to get access

Abstract

Genetic counseling of teenagers is challenging and complex. The ability to think abstractly, a sense of self and independence from family all develop during adolescence. Predictive genetic testing counseling protocols presuppose that these qualities exist, requiring the at-risk individual to consider the short and long term consequences of testing as well as their motivations. Eighteen year olds are in transition from adolescence to adulthood; eligible for predictive genetic testing, they may not yet be independent of their family or able to articulate their feelings. This paper presents case studies from the authors’ clinical practice to illustrate some of the difficulties faced by genetic counselors when 18 year olds request predictive testing for Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colorectal Cancer. By reflecting upon their experiences with these young adults and their families, the authors’ intention is to generate discussion about genetic counseling strategies, particularly for predictive genetic testing, that are both age-appropriate and family-sensitive.
Footnotes
1
To maintain anonymity, unnecessary detail has been avoided and names have been changed.
 
Literature
go back to reference Aktan-Collan, K., Mecklin, J.-P., Jarvinen, H., Nystrom-Lahti, M., Peltomaki, P., Soderling, I., et al. (2000). Predictive genetic testing for hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer: uptake and long-term satisfaction. Int J Cancer, 89(1), 44–50.CrossRef Aktan-Collan, K., Mecklin, J.-P., Jarvinen, H., Nystrom-Lahti, M., Peltomaki, P., Soderling, I., et al. (2000). Predictive genetic testing for hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer: uptake and long-term satisfaction. Int J Cancer, 89(1), 44–50.CrossRef
go back to reference Berger, K. S. (2000). The developing person: through childhood and adolescence (5th ed.). New York: Worth Publishers. Berger, K. S. (2000). The developing person: through childhood and adolescence (5th ed.). New York: Worth Publishers.
go back to reference Borry, P., Fryns, J. P., Schotsmans, P., & Dierickx, K. (2005). Carrier testing in minors: a systematic review of guidelines and position papers. Eur J Hum Genet, 14(2), 133–138. Borry, P., Fryns, J. P., Schotsmans, P., & Dierickx, K. (2005). Carrier testing in minors: a systematic review of guidelines and position papers. Eur J Hum Genet, 14(2), 133–138.
go back to reference Brain, K., Soldan, J., Sampson, J., & Gray, J. (2003). Genetic counselling protocols for hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer: a survey of UK regional genetics centres. Clin Genet, 63(3), 198–204.PubMedCrossRef Brain, K., Soldan, J., Sampson, J., & Gray, J. (2003). Genetic counselling protocols for hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer: a survey of UK regional genetics centres. Clin Genet, 63(3), 198–204.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Broadstock, M., Michie, S., & Marteau, T. (2000). Psychological consequences of predictive genetic testing: a systematic review. Eur J Hum Genet, 8(10), 731–738.PubMedCrossRef Broadstock, M., Michie, S., & Marteau, T. (2000). Psychological consequences of predictive genetic testing: a systematic review. Eur J Hum Genet, 8(10), 731–738.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Burke, W., Petersen, G., Lynch, P., Botkin, J., Daly, M., Garber, J., et al. (1997). Recommendations for follow-up care of individuals with an inherited predisposition to cancer. I. Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer. Cancer Genetics Studies Consortium. Jama, 277(11), 915–919.PubMedCrossRef Burke, W., Petersen, G., Lynch, P., Botkin, J., Daly, M., Garber, J., et al. (1997). Recommendations for follow-up care of individuals with an inherited predisposition to cancer. I. Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer. Cancer Genetics Studies Consortium. Jama, 277(11), 915–919.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Clarke, A. (2003). Commentary on Hallowell et al. (2003). J Med Ethics, 29(2), 80–82. Clarke, A. (2003). Commentary on Hallowell et al. (2003). J Med Ethics, 29(2), 80–82.
go back to reference Clarke, A. (Ed.). (1998). Genetic Testing of Children. Oxford: BIOS Scientific Publishers Ltd. Clarke, A. (Ed.). (1998). Genetic Testing of Children. Oxford: BIOS Scientific Publishers Ltd.
go back to reference Codori, A. M., Zawacki, K. L., Petersen, G. M., Miglioretti, D. L., Bacon, J. A., Trimbath, J. D., et al. (2003). Genetic testing for hereditary colorectal cancer in children: long-term psychological effects. Am J Med Genet, 116A(2), 117–128.CrossRef Codori, A. M., Zawacki, K. L., Petersen, G. M., Miglioretti, D. L., Bacon, J. A., Trimbath, J. D., et al. (2003). Genetic testing for hereditary colorectal cancer in children: long-term psychological effects. Am J Med Genet, 116A(2), 117–128.CrossRef
go back to reference Decruyenaere, M., Evers-Kiebooms, G., Cloostermans, T., Boogaerts, A., Demyttenaere, K., Dom, R., et al. (2003). Psychological distress in the 5-year period after predictive testing for Huntington's disease. Eur J Hum Genet, 11(1), 30–38.PubMedCrossRef Decruyenaere, M., Evers-Kiebooms, G., Cloostermans, T., Boogaerts, A., Demyttenaere, K., Dom, R., et al. (2003). Psychological distress in the 5-year period after predictive testing for Huntington's disease. Eur J Hum Genet, 11(1), 30–38.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Duncan, R. E., Savulescu, J., Gillam, L., Williamson, R., & Delatycki, M. B. (2005). Holding Your Breath: Predictive Genetic Testing in Young People. World Congress on Huntington's Disease, Manchester, UK. Duncan, R. E., Savulescu, J., Gillam, L., Williamson, R., & Delatycki, M. B. (2005). Holding Your Breath: Predictive Genetic Testing in Young People. World Congress on Huntington's Disease, Manchester, UK.
go back to reference Esplen, M., Madlensky, L., Butler, K., McKinnon, W., Bapat, B., Wong, J., et al. (2001). Motivations and psychosocial impact of genetic testing for HNPCC. Am J Med Genet, 103(1), 9–15.CrossRef Esplen, M., Madlensky, L., Butler, K., McKinnon, W., Bapat, B., Wong, J., et al. (2001). Motivations and psychosocial impact of genetic testing for HNPCC. Am J Med Genet, 103(1), 9–15.CrossRef
go back to reference Fanos, J. H. (1997). Developmental tasks of childhood and adolescence: implications for genetic testing. Am J Med Genet, 71(1), 22–28.PubMedCrossRef Fanos, J. H. (1997). Developmental tasks of childhood and adolescence: implications for genetic testing. Am J Med Genet, 71(1), 22–28.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Gaff, C. L., Collins, V., Symes, T., & Halliday, J. (2005). Facilitating family communication about predictive genetic testing: probands’ perceptions. J Genet Couns, 14(2), 133–140.PubMedCrossRef Gaff, C. L., Collins, V., Symes, T., & Halliday, J. (2005). Facilitating family communication about predictive genetic testing: probands’ perceptions. J Genet Couns, 14(2), 133–140.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Geldard, K., & Geldard, D. (2004). Counselling adolescents (2nd ed.). London: Sage publications. Geldard, K., & Geldard, D. (2004). Counselling adolescents (2nd ed.). London: Sage publications.
go back to reference Hadley, D. W., Jenkins, J., Dimond, E., Nakahara, K., Grogan, L., Liewehr, D. J., et al. (2003). Genetic counseling and testing in families with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Arch Int Med, 163(5), 573–582.PubMedCrossRef Hadley, D. W., Jenkins, J., Dimond, E., Nakahara, K., Grogan, L., Liewehr, D. J., et al. (2003). Genetic counseling and testing in families with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Arch Int Med, 163(5), 573–582.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Hallowell, N., Foster, C., Eeles, R., Ardern-Jones, A., Murday, V., & Watson, M. (2003). Balancing autonomy and responsibility: the ethics of generating and disclosing genetic information. J Med Ethics, 29(2), 74–79.PubMedCrossRef Hallowell, N., Foster, C., Eeles, R., Ardern-Jones, A., Murday, V., & Watson, M. (2003). Balancing autonomy and responsibility: the ethics of generating and disclosing genetic information. J Med Ethics, 29(2), 74–79.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Jarvinen, H., Aarnio, M., Mustonen, H., Aktan-Collan, K., Aaltonen, L., Peltomaki, P., et al. (2000). Controlled 15-year trial on screening for colorectal cancer in families with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology, 118(5), 829–834.CrossRef Jarvinen, H., Aarnio, M., Mustonen, H., Aktan-Collan, K., Aaltonen, L., Peltomaki, P., et al. (2000). Controlled 15-year trial on screening for colorectal cancer in families with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology, 118(5), 829–834.CrossRef
go back to reference Lodder, L. N., Frets, P. G., Trijsburg, R. W., Meijers-Heijboer, E. J., Klijn, J. G., Duivenvoorden, H. J., et al. (1999). Presymptomatic testing for BRCA1 and BRCA2: how distressing are the pre-test weeks? Rotterdam/Leiden Genetics Working Group. J Med Genet, 36(12), 906–913.PubMed Lodder, L. N., Frets, P. G., Trijsburg, R. W., Meijers-Heijboer, E. J., Klijn, J. G., Duivenvoorden, H. J., et al. (1999). Presymptomatic testing for BRCA1 and BRCA2: how distressing are the pre-test weeks? Rotterdam/Leiden Genetics Working Group. J Med Genet, 36(12), 906–913.PubMed
go back to reference MacDonald, D. J., & Lessick, M. (2000). Hereditary cancers in children and ethical and psychosocial implications. J Pediatr Nurs, 15(4), 217–225.PubMedCrossRef MacDonald, D. J., & Lessick, M. (2000). Hereditary cancers in children and ethical and psychosocial implications. J Pediatr Nurs, 15(4), 217–225.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference McAllister, M. (2002). Predictive genetic testing and beyond: a theory of engagement. J Health Psychol, 7(5), 491–508.CrossRef McAllister, M. (2002). Predictive genetic testing and beyond: a theory of engagement. J Health Psychol, 7(5), 491–508.CrossRef
go back to reference McConkie-Rosell, A., & Spiridigliozzi, G. A. (2004). “Family matters”: a conceptual framework for genetic testing in children. J Genet Couns, 13(1), 9–29.PubMedCrossRef McConkie-Rosell, A., & Spiridigliozzi, G. A. (2004). “Family matters”: a conceptual framework for genetic testing in children. J Genet Couns, 13(1), 9–29.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Michie, S., Bobrow, M., & Marteau, T. M. (2001). Predictive genetic testing in children and adults: a study of emotional impact. J Med Genet, 38(8), 519–526.PubMedCrossRef Michie, S., Bobrow, M., & Marteau, T. M. (2001). Predictive genetic testing in children and adults: a study of emotional impact. J Med Genet, 38(8), 519–526.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Michie, S., McDonald, V., Bobrow, M., McKeown, C., & Marteau, T. (1996). Parents’ responses to predictive genetic testing in their children: report of a single case study. J Med Genet, 33(4), 313–318.PubMedCrossRef Michie, S., McDonald, V., Bobrow, M., McKeown, C., & Marteau, T. (1996). Parents’ responses to predictive genetic testing in their children: report of a single case study. J Med Genet, 33(4), 313–318.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Parker, M., & Lucassen, A. (2003). Concern for families and individuals in clinical genetics. J. Med Ethics, 29(2), 70–83.CrossRef Parker, M., & Lucassen, A. (2003). Concern for families and individuals in clinical genetics. J. Med Ethics, 29(2), 70–83.CrossRef
go back to reference Peters-Brown, T., & Fry-Mehltretter, L. (1996). Genetic counseling for pregnant adolescents. J Genet Couns, 5(4), 155–168.CrossRef Peters-Brown, T., & Fry-Mehltretter, L. (1996). Genetic counseling for pregnant adolescents. J Genet Couns, 5(4), 155–168.CrossRef
go back to reference Soldan, J., Street, E., Gray, J., Binedell, J., & Harper, P. (2000). Psychological model of presymptomatic test interviews: lessons learned from Huntington Disease. J. Genet Couns., 9(1), 15–31.CrossRef Soldan, J., Street, E., Gray, J., Binedell, J., & Harper, P. (2000). Psychological model of presymptomatic test interviews: lessons learned from Huntington Disease. J. Genet Couns., 9(1), 15–31.CrossRef
go back to reference Stewart, I., & Joine, V. (1987). TA Today: a new introduction to transactional analysis. Notting Hill: Lifespace. Stewart, I., & Joine, V. (1987). TA Today: a new introduction to transactional analysis. Notting Hill: Lifespace.
go back to reference Trepanier, A., Ahrens, M., McKinnon, W., Peters, J., Stopfer, J., Campbell Grumet, S., et al. (2004). Genetic Cancer Risk Assessment and Counseling: Recommendations of the National Society of Genetic Counselors. J Genet Couns, 13(2), 83–114.CrossRef Trepanier, A., Ahrens, M., McKinnon, W., Peters, J., Stopfer, J., Campbell Grumet, S., et al. (2004). Genetic Cancer Risk Assessment and Counseling: Recommendations of the National Society of Genetic Counselors. J Genet Couns, 13(2), 83–114.CrossRef
go back to reference Weil, J. (2000). Psychosocial genetic counseling. New York: Oxford University Press. Weil, J. (2000). Psychosocial genetic counseling. New York: Oxford University Press.
Metadata
Title
Predictive Testing of Eighteen Year Olds: Counseling Challenges
Authors
Clara L. Gaff
Elly Lynch
Lesley Spencer
Publication date
01-08-2006
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Journal of Genetic Counseling / Issue 4/2006
Print ISSN: 1059-7700
Electronic ISSN: 1573-3599
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10897-006-9028-5

Other articles of this Issue 4/2006

Journal of Genetic Counseling 4/2006 Go to the issue