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European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases

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01-01-2021 | Polymerase Chain Reaction | Review

Direct detection of Strongyloides infection via molecular and antigen detection methods

Authors: Dinesh Balachandra, Hussain Ahmad, Norsyahida Arifin, Rahmah Noordin

Published in: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases | Issue 1/2021

Abstract

Laboratory diagnosis of Strongyloides infections can be grouped into direct and indirect detection methods, and a combination of the two methods is often needed to reach an accurate and timely diagnosis. This review focuses on non-conventional direct detection via molecular and antigen detection assays. Conventional PCR is the most commonly used molecular diagnostic for Strongyloides. Real-time PCR is accurate and highly sensitive for quantitative and qualitative analysis. Meanwhile, PCR-RFLP can efficiently distinguish human and dog isolates of S. stercoralis, S. fuelleborni (from monkey), and S. ratti (from rodent). Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) amplifies DNA isothermally with high specificity, efficiency, and rapidity, and has potential for point-of-care (POC) translation. As for antigen detection assay, coproantigen detection ELISAs for strongyloidiasis traditionally relied on raising rabbit polyclonal antibodies against the parasite antigens for use as capture or detection reagents. Subsequently, hybridoma technology using animals has enabled the discovery of monoclonal antibodies specific to Strongyloides antigens and was utilised to develop antigen detection assays. In recent times, phage display technology has facilitated the discovery of scFv antibody against Strongyloides protein that can accelerate the development of such assays. Improvements in both direct detection methods are being made. Strongyloides molecular diagnostics is moving from the detection of a single infection to the simultaneous detection of soil-transmitted helminths. Meanwhile, antigen detection assays can also be multiplexed and aptamers can be used as antigen binders. In the near future, these two direct detection methods may be more widely used as diagnostic tools for strongyloidiasis.

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Title: Direct detection of Strongyloides infection via molecular and antigen detection methods
Authors: Dinesh Balachandra
Hussain Ahmad
Norsyahida Arifin
Rahmah Noordin
Publication date: 01-01-2021
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Keyword: Polymerase Chain Reaction
Published in: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases / Issue 1/2021
Print ISSN: 0934-9723
Electronic ISSN: 1435-4373
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-020-03949-x

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