Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research 1/2011

Open Access 01-12-2011 | Review

Platinum resistance in breast and ovarian cancer cell lines

Author: Niels Eckstein

Published in: Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research | Issue 1/2011

Login to get access

Abstract

Breast and ovarian cancers are among the 10 leading cancer types in females with mortalities of 15% and 6%, respectively. Despite tremendous efforts to conquer malignant diseases, the war on cancer declared by Richard Nixon four decades ago seems to be lost. Approximately 21,800 women in the US will be diagnosed with ovarian cancer in 2011. Therefore, its incidence is relatively low compared to breast cancer with 207.090 prognosed cases in 2011. However, overall survival unmasks ovarian cancer as the most deadly gynecological neoplasia. Platinum-based chemotherapy is emerging as an upcoming treatment modality especially in triple negative breast cancer. However, in ovarian cancer Platinum-complexes for a long time are established as first line treatment. Emergence of a resistant phenotype is a major hurdle in curative cancer therapy approaches and many scientists around the world are focussing on this issue. This review covers new findings in this field during the past decade.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
go back to reference Metzger-Filho O, Moulin C, D'Hondt V: First-line systemic treatment of ovarian cancer: a critical review of available evidence and expectations for future directions. Curr Opin Oncol. 2010, 22: 513-20. 10.1097/CCO.0b013e32833ae99c.CrossRefPubMed Metzger-Filho O, Moulin C, D'Hondt V: First-line systemic treatment of ovarian cancer: a critical review of available evidence and expectations for future directions. Curr Opin Oncol. 2010, 22: 513-20. 10.1097/CCO.0b013e32833ae99c.CrossRefPubMed
2.
go back to reference Lehmann BD, Bauer JA, Chen X, Sanders ME, Chakravarthy AB, Shyr Y, Pietenpol JA: Identification of human triple-negative breast cancer subtypes and preclinical models for selection of targeted therapies. J Clin Invest. 2011, 121: 2750-67. 10.1172/JCI45014.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Lehmann BD, Bauer JA, Chen X, Sanders ME, Chakravarthy AB, Shyr Y, Pietenpol JA: Identification of human triple-negative breast cancer subtypes and preclinical models for selection of targeted therapies. J Clin Invest. 2011, 121: 2750-67. 10.1172/JCI45014.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
3.
go back to reference Neve RM, Chin K, Fridlyand J, Yeh J, Baehner FL, Fevr T, Clark L, Bayani N, Coppe JP, Tong F, Speed T, Spellman PT, DeVries S, Lapuk A, Wang NJ, Kuo WL, Stilwell JL, Pinkel D, Albertson DG, Waldman FM, McCormick F, Dickson RB, Johnson MD, Lippman M, Ethier S, Gazdar A, Gray JW: A collection of breast cancer cell lines for the study of functionally distinct cancer subtypes. Cancer Cell. 2006, 10: 515-27. 10.1016/j.ccr.2006.10.008.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Neve RM, Chin K, Fridlyand J, Yeh J, Baehner FL, Fevr T, Clark L, Bayani N, Coppe JP, Tong F, Speed T, Spellman PT, DeVries S, Lapuk A, Wang NJ, Kuo WL, Stilwell JL, Pinkel D, Albertson DG, Waldman FM, McCormick F, Dickson RB, Johnson MD, Lippman M, Ethier S, Gazdar A, Gray JW: A collection of breast cancer cell lines for the study of functionally distinct cancer subtypes. Cancer Cell. 2006, 10: 515-27. 10.1016/j.ccr.2006.10.008.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
4.
go back to reference Wang D, Lippard SJ: Cellular processing of platinum anticancer drugs. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 2005, 4: 307-20. 10.1038/nrd1691.CrossRefPubMed Wang D, Lippard SJ: Cellular processing of platinum anticancer drugs. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 2005, 4: 307-20. 10.1038/nrd1691.CrossRefPubMed
5.
go back to reference Stewart DJ: Mechanisms of resistance to cisplatin and carboplatin. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2007, 63: 12-31. 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2007.02.001.CrossRefPubMed Stewart DJ: Mechanisms of resistance to cisplatin and carboplatin. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2007, 63: 12-31. 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2007.02.001.CrossRefPubMed
6.
go back to reference Broker LE, Kruyt FA, Giaccone G: Cell death independent of caspases: a review. Clin Cancer Res. 2005, 11: 3155-62. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-2223.CrossRefPubMed Broker LE, Kruyt FA, Giaccone G: Cell death independent of caspases: a review. Clin Cancer Res. 2005, 11: 3155-62. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-2223.CrossRefPubMed
7.
8.
go back to reference Fulda S, Debatin KM: Extrinsic versus intrinsic apoptosis pathways in anticancer chemotherapy. Oncogene. 2006, 25: 4798-811. 10.1038/sj.onc.1209608.CrossRefPubMed Fulda S, Debatin KM: Extrinsic versus intrinsic apoptosis pathways in anticancer chemotherapy. Oncogene. 2006, 25: 4798-811. 10.1038/sj.onc.1209608.CrossRefPubMed
9.
go back to reference Vousden KH, Lu X: Live or let die: the cell's response to p53. Nat Rev Cancer. 2002, 2: 594-604. 10.1038/nrc864.CrossRefPubMed Vousden KH, Lu X: Live or let die: the cell's response to p53. Nat Rev Cancer. 2002, 2: 594-604. 10.1038/nrc864.CrossRefPubMed
10.
go back to reference Siegel R, Ward E, Brawley O, Jemal A: Cancer statistics, 2011: The impact of eliminating socioeconomic and racial disparities on premature cancer deaths. CA Cancer J Clin. 2011, 61: 212-36. 10.3322/caac.20121.CrossRefPubMed Siegel R, Ward E, Brawley O, Jemal A: Cancer statistics, 2011: The impact of eliminating socioeconomic and racial disparities on premature cancer deaths. CA Cancer J Clin. 2011, 61: 212-36. 10.3322/caac.20121.CrossRefPubMed
11.
go back to reference Pectasides D, Pectasides E, Kassanos D: Germ cell tumors of the ovary. Cancer Treat Rev. 2008, 34: 427-41. 10.1016/j.ctrv.2008.02.002.CrossRefPubMed Pectasides D, Pectasides E, Kassanos D: Germ cell tumors of the ovary. Cancer Treat Rev. 2008, 34: 427-41. 10.1016/j.ctrv.2008.02.002.CrossRefPubMed
13.
go back to reference Scanlon KJ, Kashani-Sabet M, Sowers LC: Overexpression of DNA replication and repair enzymes in cisplatin-resistant human colon carcinoma HCT8 cells and circumvention by azidothymidine. Cancer Commun. 1989, 1: 269-75.PubMed Scanlon KJ, Kashani-Sabet M, Sowers LC: Overexpression of DNA replication and repair enzymes in cisplatin-resistant human colon carcinoma HCT8 cells and circumvention by azidothymidine. Cancer Commun. 1989, 1: 269-75.PubMed
14.
go back to reference Scanlon KJ, Lu Y, Kashani-Sabet M, Ma J, Newman E: Mechanisms for cisplatin-FUra synergism and cisplatin resistance in human ovarian carcinoma cells both in vitro and in vivo. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1988, 244: 127-35.CrossRefPubMed Scanlon KJ, Lu Y, Kashani-Sabet M, Ma J, Newman E: Mechanisms for cisplatin-FUra synergism and cisplatin resistance in human ovarian carcinoma cells both in vitro and in vivo. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1988, 244: 127-35.CrossRefPubMed
15.
go back to reference Konkimalla VB, Kaina B, Efferth T: Role of transporter genes in cisplatin resistance. Vivo. 2008, 22: 279-83. Konkimalla VB, Kaina B, Efferth T: Role of transporter genes in cisplatin resistance. Vivo. 2008, 22: 279-83.
16.
go back to reference Ishida S, Lee J, Thiele DJ, Herskowitz I: Uptake of the anticancer drug cisplatin mediated by the copper transporter Ctr1 in yeast and mammals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2002, 99: 14298-302. 10.1073/pnas.162491399.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Ishida S, Lee J, Thiele DJ, Herskowitz I: Uptake of the anticancer drug cisplatin mediated by the copper transporter Ctr1 in yeast and mammals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2002, 99: 14298-302. 10.1073/pnas.162491399.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
17.
go back to reference Koberle B, Tomicic MT, Usanova S, Kaina B: Cisplatin resistance: preclinical findings and clinical implications. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2010, 1806: 172-82.PubMed Koberle B, Tomicic MT, Usanova S, Kaina B: Cisplatin resistance: preclinical findings and clinical implications. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2010, 1806: 172-82.PubMed
18.
go back to reference Hynes NE, Lane HA: ERBB receptors and cancer: the complexity of targeted inhibitors. Nat Rev Cancer. 2005, 5: 341-54. 10.1038/nrc1609.CrossRefPubMed Hynes NE, Lane HA: ERBB receptors and cancer: the complexity of targeted inhibitors. Nat Rev Cancer. 2005, 5: 341-54. 10.1038/nrc1609.CrossRefPubMed
19.
go back to reference Meister G, Tuschl T: Mechanisms of gene silencing by double-stranded RNA. Nature. 2004, 431: 343-9. 10.1038/nature02873.CrossRefPubMed Meister G, Tuschl T: Mechanisms of gene silencing by double-stranded RNA. Nature. 2004, 431: 343-9. 10.1038/nature02873.CrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference Port M, Glaesener S, Ruf C, Riecke A, Bokemeyer C, Meineke V, Honecker F, Abend M: Micro-RNA expression in cisplatin resistant germ cell tumor cell lines. Mol Cancer. 2011, 10: 52-PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Port M, Glaesener S, Ruf C, Riecke A, Bokemeyer C, Meineke V, Honecker F, Abend M: Micro-RNA expression in cisplatin resistant germ cell tumor cell lines. Mol Cancer. 2011, 10: 52-PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference Gillis AJ, Stoop HJ, Hersmus R, Oosterhuis JW, Sun Y, Chen C, Guenther S, Sherlock J, Veltman I, Baeten J, van der Spek PJ, de AP, Looijenga LH: High-throughput microRNAome analysis in human germ cell tumours. J Pathol. 2007, 213: 319-28. 10.1002/path.2230.CrossRefPubMed Gillis AJ, Stoop HJ, Hersmus R, Oosterhuis JW, Sun Y, Chen C, Guenther S, Sherlock J, Veltman I, Baeten J, van der Spek PJ, de AP, Looijenga LH: High-throughput microRNAome analysis in human germ cell tumours. J Pathol. 2007, 213: 319-28. 10.1002/path.2230.CrossRefPubMed
22.
go back to reference Lukyanova NY: Characteristics of homocysteine-induced multidrug resistance of human MCF-7 breast cancer cells and human A2780 ovarian cancer cells. Exp Oncol. 2010, 32: 10-4.PubMed Lukyanova NY: Characteristics of homocysteine-induced multidrug resistance of human MCF-7 breast cancer cells and human A2780 ovarian cancer cells. Exp Oncol. 2010, 32: 10-4.PubMed
23.
go back to reference Holmgren A: Thioredoxin structure and mechanism: conformational changes on oxidation of the active-site sulfhydryls to a disulfide. Structure. 1995, 3: 239-43. 10.1016/S0969-2126(01)00153-8.CrossRefPubMed Holmgren A: Thioredoxin structure and mechanism: conformational changes on oxidation of the active-site sulfhydryls to a disulfide. Structure. 1995, 3: 239-43. 10.1016/S0969-2126(01)00153-8.CrossRefPubMed
24.
go back to reference Powis G, Montfort WR: Properties and biological activities of thioredoxins. Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct. 2001, 30: 421-55. 10.1146/annurev.biophys.30.1.421.CrossRefPubMed Powis G, Montfort WR: Properties and biological activities of thioredoxins. Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct. 2001, 30: 421-55. 10.1146/annurev.biophys.30.1.421.CrossRefPubMed
25.
go back to reference Holmgren A: Reduction of disulfides by thioredoxin. Exceptional reactivity of insulin and suggested functions of thioredoxin in mechanism of hormone action. J Biol Chem. 1979, 254: 9113-9.PubMed Holmgren A: Reduction of disulfides by thioredoxin. Exceptional reactivity of insulin and suggested functions of thioredoxin in mechanism of hormone action. J Biol Chem. 1979, 254: 9113-9.PubMed
26.
go back to reference Holmgren A: Thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems. J Biol Chem. 1989, 264: 13963-6.PubMed Holmgren A: Thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems. J Biol Chem. 1989, 264: 13963-6.PubMed
27.
go back to reference Laurent TC, Moore EC, Reichard P: Enzymatic synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides. iv. isolation and characterization of thioredoxin, the hydrogen donor from escherichia coli b. J Biol Chem. 1964, 239: 3436-44.PubMed Laurent TC, Moore EC, Reichard P: Enzymatic synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides. iv. isolation and characterization of thioredoxin, the hydrogen donor from escherichia coli b. J Biol Chem. 1964, 239: 3436-44.PubMed
28.
go back to reference Muller EG: Thioredoxin deficiency in yeast prolongs S phase and shortens the G1 interval of the cell cycle. J Biol Chem. 1991, 266: 9194-202.PubMed Muller EG: Thioredoxin deficiency in yeast prolongs S phase and shortens the G1 interval of the cell cycle. J Biol Chem. 1991, 266: 9194-202.PubMed
29.
go back to reference Salz HK, Flickinger TW, Mittendorf E, Pellicena-Palle A, Petschek JP, Albrecht EB: The Drosophila maternal effect locus deadhead encodes a thioredoxin homolog required for female meiosis and early embryonic development. Genetics. 1994, 136: 1075-86.PubMedCentralPubMed Salz HK, Flickinger TW, Mittendorf E, Pellicena-Palle A, Petschek JP, Albrecht EB: The Drosophila maternal effect locus deadhead encodes a thioredoxin homolog required for female meiosis and early embryonic development. Genetics. 1994, 136: 1075-86.PubMedCentralPubMed
30.
go back to reference Abate C, Patel L, Rauscher FJ, Curran T: Redox regulation of fos and jun DNA-binding activity in vitro. Science. 1990, 249: 1157-61. 10.1126/science.2118682.CrossRefPubMed Abate C, Patel L, Rauscher FJ, Curran T: Redox regulation of fos and jun DNA-binding activity in vitro. Science. 1990, 249: 1157-61. 10.1126/science.2118682.CrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference Toledano MB, Leonard WJ: Modulation of transcription factor NF-kappa B binding activity by oxidation-reduction in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1991, 88: 4328-32. 10.1073/pnas.88.10.4328.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Toledano MB, Leonard WJ: Modulation of transcription factor NF-kappa B binding activity by oxidation-reduction in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1991, 88: 4328-32. 10.1073/pnas.88.10.4328.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
32.
go back to reference Hayashi S, Hajiro-Nakanishi K, Makino Y, Eguchi H, Yodoi J, Tanaka H: Functional modulation of estrogen receptor by redox state with reference to thioredoxin as a mediator. Nucleic Acids Res. 1997, 25: 4035-40. 10.1093/nar/25.20.4035.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Hayashi S, Hajiro-Nakanishi K, Makino Y, Eguchi H, Yodoi J, Tanaka H: Functional modulation of estrogen receptor by redox state with reference to thioredoxin as a mediator. Nucleic Acids Res. 1997, 25: 4035-40. 10.1093/nar/25.20.4035.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
33.
go back to reference Matthews JR, Wakasugi N, Virelizier JL, Yodoi J, Hay RT: Thioredoxin regulates the DNA binding activity of NF-kappa B by reduction of a disulphide bond involving cysteine 62. Nucleic Acids Res. 1992, 20: 3821-30. 10.1093/nar/20.15.3821.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Matthews JR, Wakasugi N, Virelizier JL, Yodoi J, Hay RT: Thioredoxin regulates the DNA binding activity of NF-kappa B by reduction of a disulphide bond involving cysteine 62. Nucleic Acids Res. 1992, 20: 3821-30. 10.1093/nar/20.15.3821.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
34.
go back to reference Xanthoudakis S, Miao G, Wang F, Pan YC, Curran T: Redox activation of Fos-Jun DNA binding activity is mediated by a DNA repair enzyme. EMBO J. 1992, 11: 3323-35.PubMedCentralPubMed Xanthoudakis S, Miao G, Wang F, Pan YC, Curran T: Redox activation of Fos-Jun DNA binding activity is mediated by a DNA repair enzyme. EMBO J. 1992, 11: 3323-35.PubMedCentralPubMed
35.
go back to reference Saitoh M, Nishitoh H, Fujii M, Takeda K, Tobiume K, Sawada Y, Kawabata M, Miyazono K, Ichijo H: Mammalian thioredoxin is a direct inhibitor of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase (ASK) 1. EMBO J. 1998, 17: 2596-606. 10.1093/emboj/17.9.2596.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Saitoh M, Nishitoh H, Fujii M, Takeda K, Tobiume K, Sawada Y, Kawabata M, Miyazono K, Ichijo H: Mammalian thioredoxin is a direct inhibitor of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase (ASK) 1. EMBO J. 1998, 17: 2596-606. 10.1093/emboj/17.9.2596.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
36.
go back to reference Oblong JE, Berggren M, Powis G: Biochemical, structural, and biological properties of human thioredoxin active site peptides. FEBS Lett. 1994, 343: 81-4. 10.1016/0014-5793(94)80611-X.CrossRefPubMed Oblong JE, Berggren M, Powis G: Biochemical, structural, and biological properties of human thioredoxin active site peptides. FEBS Lett. 1994, 343: 81-4. 10.1016/0014-5793(94)80611-X.CrossRefPubMed
37.
go back to reference Husbeck B, Powis G: The redox protein thioredoxin-1 regulates the constitutive and inducible expression of the estrogen metabolizing cytochromes P450 1B1 and 1A1 in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Carcinogenesis. 2002, 23: 1625-30. 10.1093/carcin/23.10.1625.CrossRefPubMed Husbeck B, Powis G: The redox protein thioredoxin-1 regulates the constitutive and inducible expression of the estrogen metabolizing cytochromes P450 1B1 and 1A1 in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Carcinogenesis. 2002, 23: 1625-30. 10.1093/carcin/23.10.1625.CrossRefPubMed
38.
go back to reference Sasada T, Nakamura H, Ueda S, Sato N, Kitaoka Y, Gon Y, Takabayashi A, Spyrou G, Holmgren A, Yodoi J: Possible involvement of thioredoxin reductase as well as thioredoxin in cellular sensitivity to cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II). Free Radic Biol Med. 1999, 27: 504-14. 10.1016/S0891-5849(99)00101-X.CrossRefPubMed Sasada T, Nakamura H, Ueda S, Sato N, Kitaoka Y, Gon Y, Takabayashi A, Spyrou G, Holmgren A, Yodoi J: Possible involvement of thioredoxin reductase as well as thioredoxin in cellular sensitivity to cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II). Free Radic Biol Med. 1999, 27: 504-14. 10.1016/S0891-5849(99)00101-X.CrossRefPubMed
39.
go back to reference Kawahara N, Tanaka T, Yokomizo A, Nanri H, Ono M, Wada M, Kohno K, Takenaka K, Sugimachi K, Kuwano M: Enhanced coexpression of thioredoxin and high mobility group protein 1 genes in human hepatocellular carcinoma and the possible association with decreased sensitivity to cisplatin. Cancer Res. 1996, 56: 5330-3.PubMed Kawahara N, Tanaka T, Yokomizo A, Nanri H, Ono M, Wada M, Kohno K, Takenaka K, Sugimachi K, Kuwano M: Enhanced coexpression of thioredoxin and high mobility group protein 1 genes in human hepatocellular carcinoma and the possible association with decreased sensitivity to cisplatin. Cancer Res. 1996, 56: 5330-3.PubMed
40.
go back to reference Yokomizo A, Ono M, Nanri H, Makino Y, Ohga T, Wada M, Okamoto T, Yodoi J, Kuwano M, Kohno K: Cellular levels of thioredoxin associated with drug sensitivity to cisplatin, mitomycin C, doxorubicin, and etoposide. Cancer Res. 1995, 55: 4293-6.PubMed Yokomizo A, Ono M, Nanri H, Makino Y, Ohga T, Wada M, Okamoto T, Yodoi J, Kuwano M, Kohno K: Cellular levels of thioredoxin associated with drug sensitivity to cisplatin, mitomycin C, doxorubicin, and etoposide. Cancer Res. 1995, 55: 4293-6.PubMed
41.
go back to reference Yamada M, Tomida A, Yoshikawa H, Taketani Y, Tsuruo T: Overexpression of thioredoxin does not confer resistance to cisplatin in transfected human ovarian and colon cancer cell lines. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1997, 40: 31-7. 10.1007/s002800050621.CrossRefPubMed Yamada M, Tomida A, Yoshikawa H, Taketani Y, Tsuruo T: Overexpression of thioredoxin does not confer resistance to cisplatin in transfected human ovarian and colon cancer cell lines. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1997, 40: 31-7. 10.1007/s002800050621.CrossRefPubMed
42.
go back to reference Ravdin PM, Cronin KA, Howlader N, Berg CD, Chlebowski RT, Feuer EJ, Edwards BK, Berry DA: The decrease in breast-cancer incidence in 2003 in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2007, 356: 1670-4. 10.1056/NEJMsr070105.CrossRefPubMed Ravdin PM, Cronin KA, Howlader N, Berg CD, Chlebowski RT, Feuer EJ, Edwards BK, Berry DA: The decrease in breast-cancer incidence in 2003 in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2007, 356: 1670-4. 10.1056/NEJMsr070105.CrossRefPubMed
43.
go back to reference Fischer OM, Streit S, Hart S, Ullrich A: Beyond Herceptin and Gleevec. Curr Opin Chem Biol. 2003, 7: 490-5. 10.1016/S1367-5931(03)00082-6.CrossRefPubMed Fischer OM, Streit S, Hart S, Ullrich A: Beyond Herceptin and Gleevec. Curr Opin Chem Biol. 2003, 7: 490-5. 10.1016/S1367-5931(03)00082-6.CrossRefPubMed
44.
go back to reference Garrett TP, McKern NM, Lou M, Elleman TC, Adams TE, Lovrecz GO, Kofler M, Jorissen RN, Nice EC, Burgess AW, Ward CW: The crystal structure of a truncated ErbB2 ectodomain reveals an active conformation, poised to interact with other ErbB receptors. Mol Cell. 2003, 11: 495-505. 10.1016/S1097-2765(03)00048-0.CrossRefPubMed Garrett TP, McKern NM, Lou M, Elleman TC, Adams TE, Lovrecz GO, Kofler M, Jorissen RN, Nice EC, Burgess AW, Ward CW: The crystal structure of a truncated ErbB2 ectodomain reveals an active conformation, poised to interact with other ErbB receptors. Mol Cell. 2003, 11: 495-505. 10.1016/S1097-2765(03)00048-0.CrossRefPubMed
45.
go back to reference Haffty BG, Yang Q, Reiss M, Kearney T, Higgins SA, Weidhaas J, Harris L, Hait W, Toppmeyer D: Locoregional relapse and distant metastasis in conservatively managed triple negative early-stage breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2006, 24: 5652-7. 10.1200/JCO.2006.06.5664.CrossRefPubMed Haffty BG, Yang Q, Reiss M, Kearney T, Higgins SA, Weidhaas J, Harris L, Hait W, Toppmeyer D: Locoregional relapse and distant metastasis in conservatively managed triple negative early-stage breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2006, 24: 5652-7. 10.1200/JCO.2006.06.5664.CrossRefPubMed
46.
go back to reference Leong CO, Vidnovic N, DeYoung MP, Sgroi D, Ellisen LW: The p63/p73 network mediates chemosensitivity to cisplatin in a biologically defined subset of primary breast cancers. J Clin Invest. 2007, 117: 1370-80. 10.1172/JCI30866.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Leong CO, Vidnovic N, DeYoung MP, Sgroi D, Ellisen LW: The p63/p73 network mediates chemosensitivity to cisplatin in a biologically defined subset of primary breast cancers. J Clin Invest. 2007, 117: 1370-80. 10.1172/JCI30866.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
47.
go back to reference Rakha EA, El-Sayed ME, Menon S, Green AR, Lee AH, Ellis IO: Histologic grading is an independent prognostic factor in invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2008, 111: 121-7. 10.1007/s10549-007-9768-4.CrossRefPubMed Rakha EA, El-Sayed ME, Menon S, Green AR, Lee AH, Ellis IO: Histologic grading is an independent prognostic factor in invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2008, 111: 121-7. 10.1007/s10549-007-9768-4.CrossRefPubMed
48.
go back to reference Kriege M, Seynaeve C, Meijers-Heijboer H, Collee JM, Menke-Pluymers MB, Bartels CC, Tilanus-Linthorst MM, Blom J, Huijskens E, Jager A, van den OA, van GB, Hooning MJ, Brekelmans CT, Klijn JG: Sensitivity to First-Line Chemotherapy for Metastatic Breast Cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutation Carriers. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Kriege M, Seynaeve C, Meijers-Heijboer H, Collee JM, Menke-Pluymers MB, Bartels CC, Tilanus-Linthorst MM, Blom J, Huijskens E, Jager A, van den OA, van GB, Hooning MJ, Brekelmans CT, Klijn JG: Sensitivity to First-Line Chemotherapy for Metastatic Breast Cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutation Carriers. J Clin Oncol. 2009
49.
50.
go back to reference Farmer H, McCabe N, Lord CJ, Tutt AN, Johnson DA, Richardson TB, Santarosa M, Dillon KJ, Hickson I, Knights C, Martin NM, Jackson SP, Smith GC, Ashworth A: Targeting the DNA repair defect in BRCA mutant cells as a therapeutic strategy. Nature. 2005, 434: 917-21. 10.1038/nature03445.CrossRefPubMed Farmer H, McCabe N, Lord CJ, Tutt AN, Johnson DA, Richardson TB, Santarosa M, Dillon KJ, Hickson I, Knights C, Martin NM, Jackson SP, Smith GC, Ashworth A: Targeting the DNA repair defect in BRCA mutant cells as a therapeutic strategy. Nature. 2005, 434: 917-21. 10.1038/nature03445.CrossRefPubMed
51.
go back to reference Lord CJ, Garrett MD, Ashworth A: Targeting the double-strand DNA break repair pathway as a therapeutic strategy. Clin Cancer Res. 2006, 12: 4463-8. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-1269.CrossRefPubMed Lord CJ, Garrett MD, Ashworth A: Targeting the double-strand DNA break repair pathway as a therapeutic strategy. Clin Cancer Res. 2006, 12: 4463-8. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-1269.CrossRefPubMed
52.
go back to reference Fong PC, Boss DS, Yap TA, Tutt A, Wu P, Mergui-Roelvink M, Mortimer P, Swaisland H, Lau A, O'Connor MJ, Ashworth A, Carmichael J, Kaye SB, Schellens JH, de Bono JS: Inhibition of Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase in Tumors from BRCA Mutation Carriers. N Engl J Med. 2009 Fong PC, Boss DS, Yap TA, Tutt A, Wu P, Mergui-Roelvink M, Mortimer P, Swaisland H, Lau A, O'Connor MJ, Ashworth A, Carmichael J, Kaye SB, Schellens JH, de Bono JS: Inhibition of Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase in Tumors from BRCA Mutation Carriers. N Engl J Med. 2009
53.
go back to reference Calabrese CR, Almassy R, Barton S, Batey MA, Calvert AH, Canan-Koch S, Durkacz BW, Hostomsky Z, Kumpf RA, Kyle S, Li J, Maegley K, Newell DR, Notarianni E, Stratford IJ, Skalitzky D, Thomas HD, Wang LZ, Webber SE, Williams KJ, Curtin NJ: Anticancer chemosensitization and radiosensitization by the novel poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 inhibitor AG14361. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004, 96: 56-67. 10.1093/jnci/djh005.CrossRefPubMed Calabrese CR, Almassy R, Barton S, Batey MA, Calvert AH, Canan-Koch S, Durkacz BW, Hostomsky Z, Kumpf RA, Kyle S, Li J, Maegley K, Newell DR, Notarianni E, Stratford IJ, Skalitzky D, Thomas HD, Wang LZ, Webber SE, Williams KJ, Curtin NJ: Anticancer chemosensitization and radiosensitization by the novel poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 inhibitor AG14361. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004, 96: 56-67. 10.1093/jnci/djh005.CrossRefPubMed
54.
go back to reference Plummer R, Jones C, Middleton M, Wilson R, Evans J, Olsen A, Curtin N, Boddy A, McHugh P, Newell D, Harris A, Johnson P, Steinfeldt H, Dewji R, Wang D, Robson L, Calvert H: Phase I study of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor, AG014699, in combination with temozolomide in patients with advanced solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res. 2008, 14: 7917-23. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-1223.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Plummer R, Jones C, Middleton M, Wilson R, Evans J, Olsen A, Curtin N, Boddy A, McHugh P, Newell D, Harris A, Johnson P, Steinfeldt H, Dewji R, Wang D, Robson L, Calvert H: Phase I study of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor, AG014699, in combination with temozolomide in patients with advanced solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res. 2008, 14: 7917-23. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-1223.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
55.
go back to reference Robert N, Leyland-Jones B, Asmar L, Belt R, Ilegbodu D, Loesch D, Raju R, Valentine E, Sayre R, Cobleigh M, Albain K, McCullough C, Fuchs L, Slamon D: Randomized phase III study of trastuzumab, paclitaxel, and carboplatin compared with trastuzumab and paclitaxel in women with HER-2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2006, 24: 2786-92. 10.1200/JCO.2005.04.1764.CrossRefPubMed Robert N, Leyland-Jones B, Asmar L, Belt R, Ilegbodu D, Loesch D, Raju R, Valentine E, Sayre R, Cobleigh M, Albain K, McCullough C, Fuchs L, Slamon D: Randomized phase III study of trastuzumab, paclitaxel, and carboplatin compared with trastuzumab and paclitaxel in women with HER-2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2006, 24: 2786-92. 10.1200/JCO.2005.04.1764.CrossRefPubMed
56.
go back to reference Gottesman MM, Ling V: The molecular basis of multidrug resistance in cancer: The early years of P-glycoprotein research. Febs Letters. 2006, 580: 998-1009. 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.12.060.CrossRefPubMed Gottesman MM, Ling V: The molecular basis of multidrug resistance in cancer: The early years of P-glycoprotein research. Febs Letters. 2006, 580: 998-1009. 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.12.060.CrossRefPubMed
57.
go back to reference Hortobagyi GN: Treatment of breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 1998, 339: 974-84. 10.1056/NEJM199810013391407.CrossRefPubMed Hortobagyi GN: Treatment of breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 1998, 339: 974-84. 10.1056/NEJM199810013391407.CrossRefPubMed
58.
go back to reference Pommier Y, Sordet O, Antony S, Hayward RL, Kohn KW: Apoptosis defects and chemotherapy resistance: molecular interaction maps and networks. Oncogene. 2004, 23: 2934-49. 10.1038/sj.onc.1207515.CrossRefPubMed Pommier Y, Sordet O, Antony S, Hayward RL, Kohn KW: Apoptosis defects and chemotherapy resistance: molecular interaction maps and networks. Oncogene. 2004, 23: 2934-49. 10.1038/sj.onc.1207515.CrossRefPubMed
59.
go back to reference Johnson GR, Kannan B, Shoyab M, Stromberg K: Amphiregulin induces tyrosine phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor and p185erbB2. Evidence that amphiregulin acts exclusively through the epidermal growth factor receptor at the surface of human epithelial cells. J Biol Chem. 1993, 268: 2924-31.PubMed Johnson GR, Kannan B, Shoyab M, Stromberg K: Amphiregulin induces tyrosine phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor and p185erbB2. Evidence that amphiregulin acts exclusively through the epidermal growth factor receptor at the surface of human epithelial cells. J Biol Chem. 1993, 268: 2924-31.PubMed
60.
go back to reference Shoyab M, McDonald VL, Bradley JG, Todaro GJ, Amphiregulin : a bifunctional growth-modulating glycoprotein produced by the phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-treated human breast adenocarcinoma cell line MCF-7. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1988, 85: 6528-32. 10.1073/pnas.85.17.6528.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Shoyab M, McDonald VL, Bradley JG, Todaro GJ, Amphiregulin : a bifunctional growth-modulating glycoprotein produced by the phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-treated human breast adenocarcinoma cell line MCF-7. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1988, 85: 6528-32. 10.1073/pnas.85.17.6528.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
61.
go back to reference Willmarth NE, Ethier SP: Autocrine and juxtacrine effects of amphiregulin on the proliferative, invasive, and migratory properties of normal and neoplastic human mammary epithelial cells. J Biol Chem. 2006, 281: 37728-37. 10.1074/jbc.M606532200.CrossRefPubMed Willmarth NE, Ethier SP: Autocrine and juxtacrine effects of amphiregulin on the proliferative, invasive, and migratory properties of normal and neoplastic human mammary epithelial cells. J Biol Chem. 2006, 281: 37728-37. 10.1074/jbc.M606532200.CrossRefPubMed
62.
go back to reference Wong L, Deb TB, Thompson SA, Wells A, Johnson GR: A differential requirement for the COOH-terminal region of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor in amphiregulin and EGF mitogenic signaling. J Biol Chem. 1999, 274: 8900-9. 10.1074/jbc.274.13.8900.CrossRefPubMed Wong L, Deb TB, Thompson SA, Wells A, Johnson GR: A differential requirement for the COOH-terminal region of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor in amphiregulin and EGF mitogenic signaling. J Biol Chem. 1999, 274: 8900-9. 10.1074/jbc.274.13.8900.CrossRefPubMed
63.
go back to reference Brown CL, Meise KS, Plowman GD, Coffey RJ, Dempsey PJ: Cell surface ectodomain cleavage of human amphiregulin precursor is sensitive to a metalloprotease inhibitor. Release of a predominant N-glycosylated 43-kDa soluble form. J Biol Chem. 1998, 273: 17258-68. 10.1074/jbc.273.27.17258.CrossRefPubMed Brown CL, Meise KS, Plowman GD, Coffey RJ, Dempsey PJ: Cell surface ectodomain cleavage of human amphiregulin precursor is sensitive to a metalloprotease inhibitor. Release of a predominant N-glycosylated 43-kDa soluble form. J Biol Chem. 1998, 273: 17258-68. 10.1074/jbc.273.27.17258.CrossRefPubMed
64.
go back to reference Eckstein N, Servan K, Girard L, Cai D, von JG, Jaehde U, Kassack MU, Gazdar AF, Minna JD, Royer HD: Epidermal growth factor receptor pathway analysis identifies amphiregulin as a key factor for cisplatin resistance of human breast cancer cells. J Biol Chem. 2008, 283: 739-50.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Eckstein N, Servan K, Girard L, Cai D, von JG, Jaehde U, Kassack MU, Gazdar AF, Minna JD, Royer HD: Epidermal growth factor receptor pathway analysis identifies amphiregulin as a key factor for cisplatin resistance of human breast cancer cells. J Biol Chem. 2008, 283: 739-50.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
65.
go back to reference Ozols RF, Bookman MA, Connolly DC, Daly MB, Godwin AK, Schilder RJ, Xu X, Hamilton TC: Focus on epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Cell. 2004, 5: 19-24. 10.1016/S1535-6108(04)00002-9.CrossRefPubMed Ozols RF, Bookman MA, Connolly DC, Daly MB, Godwin AK, Schilder RJ, Xu X, Hamilton TC: Focus on epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Cell. 2004, 5: 19-24. 10.1016/S1535-6108(04)00002-9.CrossRefPubMed
66.
go back to reference Gotlieb WH, Bruchim I, Ben-Baruch G, Davidson B, Zeltser A, Andersen A, Olsen H: Doxorubicin levels in the serum and ascites of patients with ovarian cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2007, 33: 213-5. 10.1016/j.ejso.2006.11.006.CrossRefPubMed Gotlieb WH, Bruchim I, Ben-Baruch G, Davidson B, Zeltser A, Andersen A, Olsen H: Doxorubicin levels in the serum and ascites of patients with ovarian cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2007, 33: 213-5. 10.1016/j.ejso.2006.11.006.CrossRefPubMed
67.
68.
go back to reference Goff BA, Matthews B, Andrilla CH, Miller JW, Trivers KF, Berry D, Lishner DM, Baldwin LM: How are symptoms of ovarian cancer managed?: A Study of Primary Care Physicians. Cancer. 2011 Goff BA, Matthews B, Andrilla CH, Miller JW, Trivers KF, Berry D, Lishner DM, Baldwin LM: How are symptoms of ovarian cancer managed?: A Study of Primary Care Physicians. Cancer. 2011
69.
go back to reference Long KC, Kauff ND: Hereditary ovarian cancer: recent molecular insights and their impact on screening strategies. Curr Opin Oncol. 2011 Long KC, Kauff ND: Hereditary ovarian cancer: recent molecular insights and their impact on screening strategies. Curr Opin Oncol. 2011
70.
go back to reference Trope C, Kaern J: Adjuvant chemotherapy for early-stage ovarian cancer: review of the literature. J Clin Oncol. 2007, 25: 2909-20. 10.1200/JCO.2007.11.1013.CrossRefPubMed Trope C, Kaern J: Adjuvant chemotherapy for early-stage ovarian cancer: review of the literature. J Clin Oncol. 2007, 25: 2909-20. 10.1200/JCO.2007.11.1013.CrossRefPubMed
71.
go back to reference Trope C, Kaern J: Primary surgery for ovarian cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2006, 32: 844-52. 10.1016/j.ejso.2006.03.036.CrossRefPubMed Trope C, Kaern J: Primary surgery for ovarian cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2006, 32: 844-52. 10.1016/j.ejso.2006.03.036.CrossRefPubMed
72.
go back to reference Eckstein N, Servan K, Hildebrandt B, Politz A, von JG, Wolf-Kummeth S, Napierski I, Hamacher A, Kassack MU, Budczies J, Beier M, Dietel M, Royer-Pokora B, Denkert C, Royer HD: Hyperactivation of the insulin-like growth factor receptor I signaling pathway is an essential event for cisplatin resistance of ovarian cancer cells. Cancer Res. 2009, 69: 2996-3003. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-3153.CrossRefPubMed Eckstein N, Servan K, Hildebrandt B, Politz A, von JG, Wolf-Kummeth S, Napierski I, Hamacher A, Kassack MU, Budczies J, Beier M, Dietel M, Royer-Pokora B, Denkert C, Royer HD: Hyperactivation of the insulin-like growth factor receptor I signaling pathway is an essential event for cisplatin resistance of ovarian cancer cells. Cancer Res. 2009, 69: 2996-3003. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-3153.CrossRefPubMed
73.
go back to reference Auersperg N, Wong AS, Choi KC, Kang SK, Leung PC: Ovarian surface epithelium: biology, endocrinology, and pathology. Endocr Rev. 2001, 22: 255-88. 10.1210/er.22.2.255.PubMed Auersperg N, Wong AS, Choi KC, Kang SK, Leung PC: Ovarian surface epithelium: biology, endocrinology, and pathology. Endocr Rev. 2001, 22: 255-88. 10.1210/er.22.2.255.PubMed
74.
go back to reference Kuroda H, Mandai M, Konishi I, Yura Y, Tsuruta Y, Hamid AA, Nanbu K, Matsushita K, Mori T: Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) inhibits cisplatin-induced apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells: possible role of up-regulation of insulin-like growth factor-1 by hCG. Int J Cancer. 1998, 76: 571-8. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19980518)76:4<571::AID-IJC21>3.0.CO;2-9.CrossRefPubMed Kuroda H, Mandai M, Konishi I, Yura Y, Tsuruta Y, Hamid AA, Nanbu K, Matsushita K, Mori T: Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) inhibits cisplatin-induced apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells: possible role of up-regulation of insulin-like growth factor-1 by hCG. Int J Cancer. 1998, 76: 571-8. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19980518)76:4<571::AID-IJC21>3.0.CO;2-9.CrossRefPubMed
75.
go back to reference Kalli KR, Conover CA: The insulin-like growth factor/insulin system in epithelial ovarian cancer. Front Biosci. 2003, 8: d714-d722. 10.2741/1034.CrossRefPubMed Kalli KR, Conover CA: The insulin-like growth factor/insulin system in epithelial ovarian cancer. Front Biosci. 2003, 8: d714-d722. 10.2741/1034.CrossRefPubMed
76.
go back to reference Poretsky L, Cataldo NA, Rosenwaks Z, Giudice LC: The insulin-related ovarian regulatory system in health and disease. Endocr Rev. 1999, 20: 535-82. 10.1210/er.20.4.535.CrossRefPubMed Poretsky L, Cataldo NA, Rosenwaks Z, Giudice LC: The insulin-related ovarian regulatory system in health and disease. Endocr Rev. 1999, 20: 535-82. 10.1210/er.20.4.535.CrossRefPubMed
77.
go back to reference Sarbassov DD, Guertin DA, Ali SM, Sabatini DM: Phosphorylation and regulation of Akt/PKB by the rictor-mTOR complex. Science. 2005, 307: 1098-101. 10.1126/science.1106148.CrossRefPubMed Sarbassov DD, Guertin DA, Ali SM, Sabatini DM: Phosphorylation and regulation of Akt/PKB by the rictor-mTOR complex. Science. 2005, 307: 1098-101. 10.1126/science.1106148.CrossRefPubMed
78.
go back to reference Engelman JA, Luo J, Cantley LC: The evolution of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases as regulators of growth and metabolism. Nat Rev Genet. 2006, 7: 606-19.CrossRefPubMed Engelman JA, Luo J, Cantley LC: The evolution of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases as regulators of growth and metabolism. Nat Rev Genet. 2006, 7: 606-19.CrossRefPubMed
79.
go back to reference LeRoith D, Werner H, Neuenschwander S, Kalebic T, Helman LJ: The role of the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor in cancer. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1995, 766: 402-8. 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb26689.x.CrossRefPubMed LeRoith D, Werner H, Neuenschwander S, Kalebic T, Helman LJ: The role of the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor in cancer. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1995, 766: 402-8. 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb26689.x.CrossRefPubMed
80.
go back to reference Stommel JM, Kimmelman AC, Ying H, Nabioullin R, Ponugoti AH, Wiedemeyer R, Stegh AH, Bradner JE, Ligon KL, Brennan C, Chin L, DePinho RA: Coactivation of receptor tyrosine kinases affects the response of tumor cells to targeted therapies. Science. 2007, 318: 287-90. 10.1126/science.1142946.CrossRefPubMed Stommel JM, Kimmelman AC, Ying H, Nabioullin R, Ponugoti AH, Wiedemeyer R, Stegh AH, Bradner JE, Ligon KL, Brennan C, Chin L, DePinho RA: Coactivation of receptor tyrosine kinases affects the response of tumor cells to targeted therapies. Science. 2007, 318: 287-90. 10.1126/science.1142946.CrossRefPubMed
82.
go back to reference Heron-Milhavet L, Franckhauser C, Rana V, Berthenet C, Fisher D, Hemmings BA, Fernandez A, Lamb NJ: Only Akt1 is required for proliferation, while Akt2 promotes cell cycle exit through p21 binding. Mol Cell Biol. 2006, 26: 8267-80. 10.1128/MCB.00201-06.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Heron-Milhavet L, Franckhauser C, Rana V, Berthenet C, Fisher D, Hemmings BA, Fernandez A, Lamb NJ: Only Akt1 is required for proliferation, while Akt2 promotes cell cycle exit through p21 binding. Mol Cell Biol. 2006, 26: 8267-80. 10.1128/MCB.00201-06.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
83.
go back to reference Bellacosa A, de FD, Godwin AK, Bell DW, Cheng JQ, Altomare DA, Wan M, Dubeau L, Scambia G, Masciullo V, Ferrandina G, Benedetti PP, Mancuso S, Neri G, Testa JR: Molecular alterations of the AKT2 oncogene in ovarian and breast carcinomas. Int J Cancer. 1995, 64: 280-5. 10.1002/ijc.2910640412.CrossRefPubMed Bellacosa A, de FD, Godwin AK, Bell DW, Cheng JQ, Altomare DA, Wan M, Dubeau L, Scambia G, Masciullo V, Ferrandina G, Benedetti PP, Mancuso S, Neri G, Testa JR: Molecular alterations of the AKT2 oncogene in ovarian and breast carcinomas. Int J Cancer. 1995, 64: 280-5. 10.1002/ijc.2910640412.CrossRefPubMed
84.
go back to reference Yuan ZQ, Feldman RI, Sussman GE, Coppola D, Nicosia SV, Cheng JQ: AKT2 inhibition of cisplatin-induced JNK/p38 and Bax activation by phosphorylation of ASK1: implication of AKT2 in chemoresistance. J Biol Chem. 2003, 278: 23432-40. 10.1074/jbc.M302674200.CrossRefPubMed Yuan ZQ, Feldman RI, Sussman GE, Coppola D, Nicosia SV, Cheng JQ: AKT2 inhibition of cisplatin-induced JNK/p38 and Bax activation by phosphorylation of ASK1: implication of AKT2 in chemoresistance. J Biol Chem. 2003, 278: 23432-40. 10.1074/jbc.M302674200.CrossRefPubMed
85.
go back to reference Dressman HK, Berchuck A, Chan G, Zhai J, Bild A, Sayer R, Cragun J, Clarke J, Whitaker RS, Li L, Gray J, Marks J, Ginsburg GS, Potti A, West M, Nevins JR, Lancaster JM: An integrated genomic-based approach to individualized treatment of patients with advanced-stage ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2007, 25: 517-25. 10.1200/JCO.2006.06.3743.CrossRefPubMed Dressman HK, Berchuck A, Chan G, Zhai J, Bild A, Sayer R, Cragun J, Clarke J, Whitaker RS, Li L, Gray J, Marks J, Ginsburg GS, Potti A, West M, Nevins JR, Lancaster JM: An integrated genomic-based approach to individualized treatment of patients with advanced-stage ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2007, 25: 517-25. 10.1200/JCO.2006.06.3743.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Platinum resistance in breast and ovarian cancer cell lines
Author
Niels Eckstein
Publication date
01-12-2011
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research / Issue 1/2011
Electronic ISSN: 1756-9966
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-9966-30-91

Other articles of this Issue 1/2011

Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research 1/2011 Go to the issue
Webinar | 19-02-2024 | 17:30 (CET)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on antibody–drug conjugates in cancer

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are novel agents that have shown promise across multiple tumor types. Explore the current landscape of ADCs in breast and lung cancer with our experts, and gain insights into the mechanism of action, key clinical trials data, existing challenges, and future directions.

Dr. Véronique Diéras
Prof. Fabrice Barlesi
Developed by: Springer Medicine