Top

Sports Medicine

Published in:

01-06-2018 | Systematic Review

Physical Activity Throughout the Adult Life Span and Domain-Specific Cognitive Function in Old Age: A Systematic Review of Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Data

Authors: Tobias Engeroff, Tobias Ingmann, Winfried Banzer

Published in: Sports Medicine | Issue 6/2018

Abstract

Background

A growing body of literature suggests that physical activity might alleviate the age-related neurodegeneration and decline of cognitive function. However, most of this evidence is based on data investigating the association of exercise interventions or current physical activity behavior with cognitive function in elderly subjects.

Objective

We performed a systematic review and hypothesize that physical activity during the adult life span is connected with maintained domain-specific cognitive functions during late adulthood defined as age 60+ years.

Methods

We performed a systematic literature search up to November 2017 in PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar without language limitations for studies analyzing the association of leisure physical activity during the adult life span (age 18+ years) and domain-specific cognitive functions in older adults (age 60+ years).

Results

The literature review yielded 14,294 articles and after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, nine cross-sectional and 14 longitudinal studies were included. Moderate- and vigorous-intensity leisure physical activity was associated with global cognitive function and specific cognitive domains including executive functions and memory but not attention or working memory. Most studies assessed mid- to late-adulthood physical activity, thus information concerning the influence of young adult life-span physical activity is currently lacking.

Conclusions

Observational evidence that moderate- and vigorous-intensity leisure physical activity is beneficially associated with maintained cognitive functions during old age is accumulating. Further studies are necessary to confirm a causal link by assessing objective physical activity data and the decline of cognitive functions at multiple time points during old age.

Bherer L, Erickson KI, Liu-Ambrose T. A review of the effects of physical activity and exercise on cognitive and brain functions in older adults. J Aging Res. 2013;2013:657508. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/657508.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Smith PJ, Blumenthal JA, Hoffman BM, Cooper H, Strauman TA, Welsh-Bohmer K, et al. Aerobic exercise and neurocognitive performance: a meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials. Psychosom Med. 2010;72:239–52. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181d14633.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Santos-Lozano A, Pareja-Galeano H, Sanchis-Gomar F, Quindós-Rubial M, Fiuza-Luces C, Cristi-Montero C, et al. Physical activity and Alzheimer disease: a protective association. Mayo Clin Proc. 2016;91:999–1020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.04.024.PubMedCrossRef

Guure CB, Ibrahim NA, Adam MB, Said SM. Impact of physical activity on cognitive decline, dementia, and its subtypes: meta-analysis of prospective studies. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:9016924. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9016924.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Dregan A, Gulliford MC. Leisure-time physical activity over the life course and cognitive functioning in late mid-adult years: a cohort-based investigation. Psychol Med. 2013;43:2447–58. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291713000305.PubMedCrossRef

Gow AJ, Pattie A, Deary IJ. Lifecourse activity participation from early, mid, and later adulthood as determinants of cognitive aging: the Lothian Birth Cohort 1921. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2017;72:25–37. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbw124.PubMedCrossRef

Tierney MC, Moineddin R, Morra A, Manson J, Blake J. Intensity of recreational physical activity throughout life and later life cognitive functioning in women. J Alzheimers Dis. 2010;22:1331–8. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2010-101188.PubMedCrossRef

Rouillard M, Audiffren M, Albinet C, Ali Bahri M, Garraux G, Collette F. Contribution of four lifelong factors of cognitive reserve on late cognition in normal aging and Parkinson’s disease. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2017;39:142–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2016.1207755.PubMedCrossRef

Brewster PWH, Melrose RJ, Marquine MJ, Johnson JK, Napoles A, MacKay-Brandt A, et al. Life experience and demographic influences on cognitive function in older adults. Neuropsychology. 2014;28:846–58. https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000098.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

10.

Landi F, Russo A, Barillaro C, Cesari M, Pahor M, Danese P, et al. Physical activity and risk of cognitive impairment among older persons living in the community. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2007;19:410–6.PubMedCrossRef

11.

Gill SJ, Friedenreich CM, Sajobi TT, Longman RS, Drogos LL, Davenport MH, et al. Association between lifetime physical activity and cognitive functioning in middle-aged and older community dwelling adults: results from the Brain in Motion Study. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2015;21:816–30. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617715000880.PubMedCrossRef

12.

Kramer AF, Erickson KI. Capitalizing on cortical plasticity: influence of physical activity on cognition and brain function. Trends Cogn Sci. 2007;11:342–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2007.06.009.PubMedCrossRef

13.

Lezak MD, Howieson DB, Bigler ED, Tranel D. Neuropsychological assessment. 5th ed. New York (NY): Oxford University Press; 2012.

14.

Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, Gøtzsche PC, Ioannidis JPA, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration. BMJ. 2009;339:b2700.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

15.

Hurd AR, Anderson DM. The park and recreation professional’s handbook. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics; 2011.

16.

Füzéki E, Engeroff T, Banzer W. Health benefits of light-intensity physical activity: a systematic review of accelerometer data of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Sports Med. 2017;2:1143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0724-0.CrossRef

17.

Stroup DF, Berlin JA, Morton SC, Olkin I, Williamson GD, Rennie D, et al. Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) group. JAMA. 2000;283:2008–12.PubMedCrossRef

18.

Sanderson S, Tatt ID, Higgins JPT. Tools for assessing quality and susceptibility to bias in observational studies in epidemiology: a systematic review and annotated bibliography. Int J Epidemiol. 2007;36:666–76. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dym018.PubMedCrossRef

19.

Shamliyan T, Kane RL, Dickinson S. A systematic review of tools used to assess the quality of observational studies that examine incidence or prevalence and risk factors for diseases. J Clin Epidemiol. 2010;63:1061–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.04.014.PubMedCrossRef

20.

von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gøtzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Lancet. 2007;370:1453–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61602-X.CrossRef

21.

Ariëns GA, van Mechelen W, Bongers PM, Bouter LM, van der Wal G. Physical risk factors for neck pain. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2000;26:7–19.PubMedCrossRef

22.

Cliff DP, Hesketh KD, Vella SA, Hinkley T, Tsiros MD, Ridgers ND, et al. Objectively measured sedentary behaviour and health and development in children and adolescents: systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2016;17:330–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12371.PubMedCrossRef

23.

Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. “Mini-mental state”: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975;12:189–98.PubMedCrossRef

24.

Dik M, Deeg DJH, Visser M, Jonker C. Early life physical activity and cognition at old age. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2003;25:643–53. https://doi.org/10.1076/jcen.25.5.643.14583.PubMedCrossRef

25.

Gajewski PD, Falkenstein M. Lifelong physical activity and executive functions in older age assessed by memory based task switching. Neuropsychologia. 2015;73:195–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.04.031.PubMedCrossRef

26.

Gajewski PD, Falkenstein M. Long-term habitual physical activity is associated with lower distractibility in a Stroop interference task in aging: behavioral and ERP evidence. Brain Cogn. 2015;98:87–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2015.06.004.PubMedCrossRef

27.

Pesce C, Cereatti L, Forte R, Crova C, Casella R. Acute and chronic exercise effects on attentional control in older road cyclists. Gerontology. 2011;57:121–8. https://doi.org/10.1159/000314685.PubMedCrossRef

28.

Middleton LE, Barnes DE, Lui L-Y, Yaffe K. Physical activity over the life course and its association with cognitive performance and impairment in old age. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010;58:1322–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.02903.x.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

29.

Tseng BY, Uh J, Rossetti HC, Cullum CM, Diaz-Arrastia RF, Levine BD, et al. Masters athletes exhibit larger regional brain volume and better cognitive performance than sedentary older adults. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2013;38:1169–76. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.24085.PubMedCrossRef

30.

Wouters H, Aalbers T, Maessen MFH, Verbeek ALM, Rikkert MGMO, Kessels RPC, et al. Physical activity and cognitive function of long-distance walkers: studying four days marches participants. Rejuvenation Res. 2017;20:367–74. https://doi.org/10.1089/rej.2016.1876.PubMedCrossRef

31.

Sattler C, Erickson KI, Toro P, Schröder J. Physical fitness as a protective factor for cognitive impairment in a prospective population-based study in Germany. J Alzheimers Dis. 2011;26:709–18. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2011-110548.PubMedCrossRef

32.

Kåreholt I, Lennartsson C, Gatz M, Parker MG. Baseline leisure time activity and cognition more than two decades later. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2011;26:65–74. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.2490.PubMedCrossRef

33.

Steves CJ, Mehta MM, Jackson SHD, Spector TD. Kicking back cognitive ageing: leg power predicts cognitive ageing after ten years in older female twins. Gerontology. 2016;62:138–49. https://doi.org/10.1159/000441029.PubMedCrossRef

34.

Weuve J, Kang JH, Manson JE, Breteler Monique MB, Ware JH, Grodstein F. Physical activity, including walking, and cognitive function in older women. JAMA. 2004;292:1454–61. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.292.12.1454.PubMedCrossRef

35.

Cadar D, Pikhart H, Mishra G, Stephen A, Kuh D, Richards M. The role of lifestyle behaviors on 20-year cognitive decline. J Aging Res. 2012;2012:304014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/304014.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

36.

Szoeke C, Lehert P, Henderson VW, Dennerstein L, Desmond P, Campbell S. Predictive factors for verbal memory performance over decades of aging: data from the Women’s Healthy Ageing Project. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2016;24:857–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2016.05.008.PubMedCrossRef

37.

Sabia S, Nabi H, Kivimaki M, Shipley MJ, Marmot MG, Singh-Manoux A. Health behaviors from early to late midlife as predictors of cognitive function: the Whitehall II study. Am J Epidemiol. 2009;170:428–37. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwp161.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

38.

Yu F, Ryan LH, Schaie KW, Willis SL, Kolanowski A. Factors associated with cognition in adults: the Seattle Longitudinal Study. Res Nurs Health. 2009;32:540–50. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.20340.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

39.

Kesse-Guyot E, Andreeva VA, Lassale C, Hercberg S, Galan P. Clustering of midlife lifestyle behaviors and subsequent cognitive function: a longitudinal study. Am J Public Health. 2014;104:e170–7. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302121.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

40.

Ku PW, Stevinson C, Chen LJ. Prospective associations between leisure-time physical activity and cognitive performance among older adults across an 11-year period. J Epidemiol. 2012;22:230–7. https://doi.org/10.2188/jea.JE20110084.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

41.

van Gelder van BM, Tijhuis MAR, Kalmijn S, Giampaoli S, Nissinen A, Kromhout D. Physical activity in relation to cognitive decline in elderly men: the FINE Study. Neurology. 2004;63:2316–21.CrossRef

42.

Paffenbarger RS, Wing AL, Hyde RT. Physical activity as an index of heart attack risk in college alumni. Am J Epidemiol. 1978;108:161–75.PubMedCrossRef

43.

Friedenreich CM, Courneya KS, Bryant HE. The lifetime total physical activity questionnaire: development and reliability. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998;30:266–74.PubMedCrossRef

44.

Kriska AM, Sandler RB, Cauley JA, LaPorte RE, Hom DL, Pambianco G. The assessment of historical physical activity and its relation to adult bone parameters. Am J Epidemiol. 1988;127:1053–63.PubMedCrossRef

45.

Taylor HL, Jacobs DR, Schucker B, Knudsen J, Leon AS, Debacker G. A questionnaire for the assessment of leisure time physical activities. J Chronic Dis. 1978;31:741–55.PubMedCrossRef

46.

Vuillemin A, Oppert JM, Guillemin F, Essermeant L, Fontvieille AM, Galan P, et al. Self-administered questionnaire compared with interview to assess past-year physical activity. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32:1119–24.PubMedCrossRef

47.

Ainsworth BE, Haskell WL, Herrmann SD, Meckes N, Bassett DR, Tudor-Locke C, et al. 2011 compendium of physical activities: a second update of codes and MET values. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43:1575–81. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31821ece12.PubMedCrossRef

48.

Miller DI, Taler V, Davidson PSR, Messier C. Measuring the impact of exercise on cognitive aging: methodological issues. Neurobiol Aging. 2012;33:622.e29–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.02.020.CrossRef

49.

Van der Elst W. The Stroop color-word test: influence of age, sex, and education; and normative data for a large sample across the adult age range. Assessment. 2006;13:62–79. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191105283427.PubMedCrossRef

50.

Darby DG, Pietrzak RH, Fredrickson J, Woodward M, Moore L, Fredrickson A, et al. Intraindividual cognitive decline using a brief computerized cognitive screening test. Alzheimers Dement. 2012;8:95–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2010.12.009.PubMedCrossRef

51.

Kramer AF, Colcombe SJ, McAuley E, Scalf PE, Erickson KI. Fitness, aging and neurocognitive function. Neurobiol Aging. 2005;26(Suppl. 1):124–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.09.009.PubMedCrossRef

52.

Colcombe SJ, Erickson KI, Scalf PE, Kim JS, Prakash R, McAuley E, et al. Aerobic exercise training increases brain volume in aging humans. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2006;61:1166–70. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/61.11.1166.PubMedCrossRef

53.

Erickson KI, Leckie RL, Weinstein AM. Physical activity, fitness, and gray matter volume. Neurobiol Aging. 2014;35(Suppl. 2):S20–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.03.034.PubMedCrossRef

54.

Erickson KI, Weinstein AM, Sutton BP, Prakash RS, Voss MW, Chaddock L, et al. Beyond vascularization: aerobic fitness is associated with N-acetylaspartate and working memory. Brain Behav. 2012;2:32–41. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.30.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

55.

Matura S, Fleckenstein J, Deichmann R, Engeroff T, Füzéki E, Hattingen E, et al. Effects of aerobic exercise on brain metabolism and grey matter volume in older adults: results of the randomised controlled SMART trial. Transl Psychiatry. 2017;7:e1172. https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2017.135.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

56.

Hamer M, Chida Y. Physical activity and risk of neurodegenerative disease: a systematic review of prospective evidence. Psychol Med. 2009;39:3–11. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291708003681.PubMedCrossRef

57.

Vital TM, Stein AM, de Melo Coelho FG, Arantes FJ, Teodorov E, Santos-Galduróz RF. Physical exercise and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in elderly: a systematic review. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2014;59:234–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2014.04.011.PubMedCrossRef

58.

Cotman CW, Berchtold NC. Exercise: a behavioral intervention to enhance brain health and plasticity. Trends Neurosci. 2002;25:295–301.PubMedCrossRef

59.

Huang T, Larsen KT, Ried-Larsen M, Møller NC, Andersen LB. The effects of physical activity and exercise on brain-derived neurotrophic factor in healthy humans: a review. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2014;24:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12069.PubMedCrossRef

60.

Rovio S, Kåreholt I, Helkala E-L, Viitanen M, Winblad B, Tuomilehto J, et al. Leisure-time physical activity at midlife and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Lancet Neurol. 2005;4:705–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(05)70198-8.PubMedCrossRef

61.

McCrae RR, Costa PT. A contemplated revision of the NEO Five-Factor Inventory. Pers Individ Dif. 2004;36:587–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00118-1.CrossRef

62.

Bates ME, Lemay EP. The d2 test of attention: construct validity and extensions in scoring techniques. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2004;10:392–400. https://doi.org/10.1017/S135561770410307X.PubMedCrossRef

63.

Cohen J. A factor-analytically based rationale for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. J Consult Psychol. 1957;21:451–7. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0044203.PubMedCrossRef

64.

Stroop JR. Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. J Exp Psychol. 1935;18:643–62. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0054651.CrossRef

65.

Helmstaedter C, Lendt M, Lux S. VLMT Verbaler Lern- und Merkfähigkeitstest. Göttingen: Beltz Test GmbH; 2001.

66.

Aschenbrenner S, Tucha O, Lange KW. Regensburger Wortflüssigkeits-Test: RWT: Hogrefe, Verlag für Psychologie; 2000.

67.

Lehrl S, Triebig G, Fischer B. Multiple choice vocabulary test MWT as a valid and short test to estimate premorbid intelligence. Acta Neurol Scand. 1995;91:335–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.1995.tb07018.x.PubMedCrossRef

68.

Jäger AO, Althoff K. The WILDE intelligence test. Göttingen: Hogrefe; 1994.

69.

Reitan RM. Trail Making Test: manual for administration and scoring. Tucson, AZ: Reitan Neuropsychology Laboratory; 1992.

70.

Tombaugh T. Trail Making Test A and B: normative data stratified by age and education. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2004;19:203–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0887-6177(03)00039-8.PubMedCrossRef

71.

Tolppanen AM, Solomon A, Kulmala J, Kåreholt I, Ngandu T, Rusanen M, et al. Leisure-time physical activity from mid- to late life, body mass index, and risk of dementia. Alzheimers Dement. 2015;11(434–43):e6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2014.01.008.CrossRef

72.

Stuss DT, Stethem LL, Poirier CA. Comparison of three tests of attention and rapid information processing across six age groups. Clin Neuropsychol. 1987;1:139–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854048708520046.CrossRef

73.

Delis DC, Kramer JH, Kaplan E, Holdnack J. Reliability and validity of the Delis–Kaplan executive function system: an update. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2004;10:301–3. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617704102191.PubMedCrossRef

74.

Buschke H, Fuld PA. Evaluating storage, retention, and retrieval in disordered memory and learning. Neurology. 1974;24:1019. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.24.11.1019.PubMedCrossRef

75.

Meador KJ, Moore EE, Nichols ME, Abney OL, Taylor HS, Zamrini EY, Loring DW. The role of cholinergic systems in visuospatial processing and memory. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1993;15:832–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/01688639308402599.PubMedCrossRef

76.

Blair JR, Spreen O. Predicting premorbid IQ: a revision of the national adult reading test. Clin Neuropsychol. 1989;3:129–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854048908403285.CrossRef

77.

Patel KV, Coppin AK, Manini TM, Lauretani F, Bandinelli S, Ferrucci L, Guralnik JM. Midlife physical activity and mobility in older age: the InCHIANTI study. Am J Prev Med. 2006;31:217–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2006.05.005.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

78.

Elosua R, Bartali B, Ordovas JM, Corsi AM, Lauretani F, Ferrucci L. Association between physical activity, physical performance, and inflammatory biomarkers in an elderly population: the InCHIANTI study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2005;60:760–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/60.6.760.PubMedCrossRef

79.

Morris JN, Fries BE, Mehr DR, Hawes C, Phillips C, Mor V, Lipsitz LA. MDS Cognitive Performance Scale. J Gerontol. 1994;49:M174–82.PubMedCrossRef

80.

Yaffe K, Cauley J, Sands L, Browner W. Apolipoprotein E phenotype and cognitive decline in a prospective study of elderly community women. Arch Neurol. 1997;54:1110–4. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.1997.00550210044011.PubMedCrossRef

81.

Sheikh JI, Yesavage JA, Brooks JO, Friedman L, Gratzinger P, Hill RD, et al. Proposed factor structure of the Geriatric Depression Scale. Int Psychogeriatr. 1999;3:23–8. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610291000480.CrossRef

82.

Gardner R, Fisher L, Muñoz SO, Empting L. Mattis dementia rating scale: internal reliability study using a diffusely impaired population. J Clin Neuropsychol. 2008;3:271–5. https://doi.org/10.1080/01688638108403130.CrossRef

83.

Benton AL. Contributions to neuropsychological assessment: a clinical manual. 2nd ed. New York (NY): Oxford University Press; 1994.

84.

Nucci M, Mapelli D, Mondini S. Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire (CRIq): a new instrument for measuring cognitive reserve. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2012;24:218–26. https://doi.org/10.3275/7800.PubMedCrossRef

85.

Salthouse TA, Babcock RL. Decomposing adult age differences in working memory. Dev Psychol. 1991;27:763–76. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.27.5.763.CrossRef

86.

Sheridan LK, Fitzgerald HE, Adams KM, Nigg JT, Martel MM, Puttler LI, et al. Normative Symbol Digit Modalities Test performance in a community-based sample. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2006;21:23–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acn.2005.07.003.PubMedCrossRef

87.

Morris N, Jones DM. Memory updating in working memory: the role of the central executive. Br J Psychol. 1990;81:111–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1990.tb02349.x.CrossRef

88.

Golden CJ. A group version of the Stroop Color and Word Test. J Pers Assess. 1975;39:386–8. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa3904_10.PubMedCrossRef

89.

Tombaugh T. Normative data stratified by age and education for two measures of verbal fluency FAS and animal naming. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 1999;14:167–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0887-6177(97)00095-4.PubMedCrossRef

90.

Nelson HE. A modified card sorting test sensitive to frontal lobe defects. Cortex. 1976;12:313–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-9452(76)80035-4.PubMedCrossRef

91.

Maessen MFH, Verbeek ALM, Bakker EA, Thompson PD, Hopman MTE, Eijsvogels TMH. Lifelong exercise patterns and cardiovascular health. Mayo Clin Proc. 2016;91:745–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.02.028.PubMedCrossRef

92.

Aalbers T, Baars MAE, Olde Rikkert MGM, Kessels RPC. Puzzling with online games (BAM-COG): reliability, validity, and feasibility of an online self-monitor for cognitive performance in aging adults. J Med Internet Res. 2013;15:e270. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2860.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

93.

Mungas D, Reed BR, Crane PK, Haan MN, González H. Spanish and English Neuropsychological Assessment Scales (SENAS): further development and psychometric characteristics. Psychol Assess. 2004;16:347–59. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.16.4.347.PubMedCrossRef

94.

Piccinin AM, Rabbitt PM. Contribution of cognitive abilities to performance and improvement on a substitution coding task. Psychol Aging. 1999;14:539–51.PubMedCrossRef

95.

Twisk JW. Different statistical models to analyze epidemiological observational longitudinal data: an example from the Amsterdam Growth and Health Study. Int J Sports Med. 1997;18(Suppl. 3):S216–24. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-972718.PubMedCrossRef

96.

Hirvensalo M, Lintunen T, Rantanen T. The continuity of physical activity: a retrospective and prospective study among older people. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2000;10:37–41. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0838.2000.010001037.x.PubMedCrossRef

97.

Elwood RW. The Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised: psychometric characteristics and clinical application. Neuropsychol Rev. 1991;2:179–201. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01109053.PubMedCrossRef

98.

Raven J. The Raven’s progressive matrices: change and stability over culture and time. Cogn Psychol. 2000;41:1–48. https://doi.org/10.1006/cogp.1999.0735.PubMedCrossRef

99.

McArdle JJ. Latent variable growth within behavior genetic models. Behav Genet. 1986;16:163–200. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01065485.PubMedCrossRef

100.

Brandt J, Spencer M, Folstein M. The telephone interview for cognitive status. Cogn Behav Neurol. 1988;1:111–7.

101.

Scherr PA, Albert MS, Funkenstein HH, Cook NR, Hennekens CH, Branch LG, et al. Correlates of cognitive function in an elderly community population. Am J Epidemiol. 1988;128:1084–101.PubMedCrossRef

102.

Goodglass H. The assessment of aphasia and related disorders. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1976.

103.

Kuh D, Pierce M, Adams J, Deanfield J, Ekelund U, Friberg P, et al. Cohort profile: updating the cohort profile for the MRC National Survey of Health and Development: a new clinic-based data collection for ageing research. Int J Epidemiol. 2011;40:e1–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyq231.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

104.

Pfeiffer E. A short portable mental status questionnaire for the assessment of organic brain deficit in elderly patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1975;23:433–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1975.tb00927.x.PubMedCrossRef

105.

Morris JC, Heyman A, Mohs RC, Hughes JP, van Belle G, Fillenbaum G, et al. The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease (CERAD). Part I. Clinical and neuropsychological assessment of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology. 1989;39:1159–65.PubMedCrossRef

106.

Collie A, Shafiq-Antonacci R, Maruff P, Tyler P, Currie J. Norms and the effects of demographic variables on a neuropsychological battery for use in healthy ageing Australian populations. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 1999;33:568–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.1999.00570.x.PubMedCrossRef

107.

Delis D, Kramer J, Kaplan E, Ober B. California verbal learning test. 2nd ed. San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation; 2000.

108.

Heim AW. AH4: Group Test of General Intelligence. Windsor: NFER-Nelson Publishing Company; 1970.

109.

Borkowski JG, Benton AL, Spreen O. Word fluency and brain damage. Neuropsychologia. 1967;5:135–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/0028-3932(67)90015-2.CrossRef

110.

Gribbin K, Schaie KW, Parham IA. Complexity of life style and maintenance of intellectual abilities. J Soc Issues. 1980;36:47–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1980.tb02021.x.CrossRef

111.

Thurstone LTT. Examiners manual, SRA Primary Mental Abilities Test, intermediate form. Chicago: Science Research Associates; 1949.

112.

Zelinski EM, Gilewski MJ, Schaie KW. Individual differences in cross-sectional and 3-year longitudinal memory performance across the adult life span. Psychol Aging. 1993;8:176–86. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.8.2.176.PubMedCrossRef

113.

Blieszner R, Willis SL, Baltes PB. Training research in aging on the fluid ability of inductive reasoning. J Appl Dev Psychol. 1981;2:247–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/0193-3973(81)90005-8.CrossRef

114.

Schaie KW, Caskie GIL, Revell AJ, Willis SL, Kaszniak AW, Teri L. Extending neuropsychological assessments into the primary mental ability space. Neuropsychol Dev Cogn B Aging Neuropsychol Cogn. 2005;12:245–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/13825580590969343.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

115.

Ekstrom R, French J, Harman G, Derman D. Fit of factor-referenced cognitive tests. Princeton: Educational Testing Service; 1976.

116.

Schröder J, Kratz B, Pantel J, Minnemann E, Lehr U, Sauer H. Prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in an elderly community sample. J Neural Transm Suppl. 1998;54:51–9.PubMedCrossRef

117.

Schönknecht P, Pantel J, Kruse A, Schröder J. Prevalence and natural course of aging-associated cognitive decline in a population-based sample of young-old subjects. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162:2071–7. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.11.2071.PubMedCrossRef

118.

Oswald WFV. Nuernberger-Alters-Inventar. Erlangen: University Erlangen-Nuernberg; 1991.

119.

Horn W. Leistungspruefsystem. Göttingen: Hogrefe; 1983.

120.

Caspersen CJ, Bloemberg BPM, Saris WHM, Merritt RK, Kromhout D. The prevalence of selected physical activities and their relation with coronary heart disease risk factors in elderly men: the Zutphen Study, 1985. Am J Epidemiol. 1991;133:1078–92. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115821.PubMedCrossRef

121.

Steves CJ, Jackson SHD, Spector TD. Cognitive change in older women using a computerised battery: a longitudinal quantitative genetic twin study. Behav Genet. 2013;43:468–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10519-013-9612-z.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

122.

Robbins TW, James M, Owen AM, Sahakian BJ, McInnes L, Rabbitt P. Cambridge neuropsychological test automated battery (CANTAB): a factor analytic study of a large sample of normal elderly volunteers. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2004;5:266–81. https://doi.org/10.1159/000106735.CrossRef

123.

Wechsler D. Wechsler adult intelligence scale-revised. New York: The Psychological Corporation; 1981.

124.

Delis DC, Kaplan E, Kramer JH. Delis–Kaplan executive function system (D-KEFS) examiner’s manual. San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation; 2001.

125.

Ivanoiu A, Adam S, Van Der Linden M, Salmon E, Juillerat A-C, Mulligan R, Seron X. Memory evaluation with a new cued recall test in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurol. 2005;252:47–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-005-0597-2.PubMedCrossRef

Title: Physical Activity Throughout the Adult Life Span and Domain-Specific Cognitive Function in Old Age: A Systematic Review of Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Data
Authors: Tobias Engeroff
Tobias Ingmann
Winfried Banzer
Publication date: 01-06-2018
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Published in: Sports Medicine / Issue 6/2018
Print ISSN: 0112-1642
Electronic ISSN: 1179-2035
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0920-6

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Physical Activity Throughout the Adult Life Span and Domain-Specific Cognitive Function in Old Age: A Systematic Review of Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Data

Abstract

Background

Objective

Methods

Results

Conclusions

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Background

Objective

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 6/2018

Correction to: A Comparison of the Energetic Cost of Running in Marathon Racing Shoes

The Effect of Chronic Exercise Training on Leptin: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Behavioral and Neural Evidence of the Rewarding Value of Exercise Behaviors: A Systematic Review

Relative Age Effects Across and Within Female Sport Contexts: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Correction to: Beta2-Agonist Doping Control and Optical Isomer Challenges

Exercise Professionals with Advanced Clinical Training Should be Afforded Greater Responsibility in Pre-Participation Exercise Screening: A New Collaborative Model between Exercise Professionals and Physicians