Top

Published in:

01-01-2018 | Original Article

pH influences the biocompatibility of methylene blue solutions

Authors: David Jonathan Rodrigues Gusman, Luciano Tavares Angelo Cintra, Vivian Cristina Noronha Novaes, Henrique Rinaldi Matheus, Nathália Januario de Araujo, Juliano Milanezi de Almeida

Published in: Clinical Oral Investigations | Issue 1/2018

Abstract

Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate the biocompatibility of methylene blue at different pH levels through the method of implantation in subcutaneous tissue.

Materials and methods

Eighty-four sterilized polyethylene tubes were allocated in the subcutaneous tissue of 28 rats, each one receiving four tubes, set into four groups: group tube (G-T)—empty tube, fibrin group (G-F)—tube filled with fibrin sponge, group methylene blue pH 7 (G-MB/pH 7)—tube filled with fibrin sponge soaked by methylene blue (100 μg/ml) at pH 7.0, and group methylene blue pH 1 (G-MB/pH 1)—tube filled with fibrin sponge and soaked by methylene blue (100 μg/ml) at pH 1.0. After 7, 15, and 30 days, seven animals from each group were euthanized, and the tubes involved by the surrounding tissue were removed and fixed with 4% buffered formaldehyde solution. The collected pieces were processed and histological sections (4 μm) were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and analyzed by light microscopy. Scores were assigned to analysis of histopathologic parameters. The results were statistically analyzed by the Kruskal–Wallis test (p ≤ 0.05).

Results

At 7 and 30 days, the G-MB/pH 1 group showed no significant difference in the G-T control group, while G-MB/pH 7 had a significant increase on tissue reaction, also when compared to G-T. At 15 days, there was no statistical difference between the groups.

Conclusion

Within the limits of this study, it is concluded that methylene blue at pH 1.0 provides better biocompatibility than at pH 7.0.

Pătroi D, Gociu M, Prejmerean C, Colceriu L, Silaghi Dumitrescu L, Moldovan M, Naicu V (2013) Assessing the biocompatibility of a dental composite product. Romanian J Morphol Embryol 54(2):321–326

de Campos-Pinto MM, de Oliveira DA, Versiani MA, Silva-Sousa YT, de Sousa-Neto MD, da Cruz Perez DE (2008) Assessment of the biocompatibility of epiphany root canal sealer in rat subcutaneous tissues. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 105(5):e77–e81CrossRefPubMed

Grecca FS, Kopper PM, Santos RB, Fossati AC, Carrard VC, Acasigua GA, Figueiredo JA (2011) Biocompatibility of RealSeal, its primer and AH Plus implanted in subcutaneous connective tissue of rats. J Appl Oral Sci 19(1):52–56CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Lipson RL, Baldes EJ, Olsen AM (1961) The use of a derivate of haematoporphyrin in tumor detection. J Natl Cancer Inst 26:1–11PubMed

Dougherty TJ (1987) Photosensitizers: therapy and detention of malignant tumors. Phtochem Photobiol 45:879–889CrossRef

Modica-Napolitano JS, Joyal JL, Ara G, Oseroff AR, Aprille JR (1990) Mitochondrial toxicity of cationic photosensitizers for photochemotherapy. Concer Res 50(24):7786–7781

Tardivo JP, Del Giglio A, Oliveira CS, Gabrielli DS, Junqueira HC et al (2005) Methylene blue in photodynamic therapy: from basic mechanisms to clinical applications. Photodiagn Photodyn Ther 2/3:175–191CrossRef

Tardivo JP, Del Giglio A, Paschoal LH, Baptista MS (2006) A new PDT protocol to treat AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma. Photomed Laser Surg 24(4):528–531CrossRefPubMed

Foote CS (1968) Mechanisms of photosensitized oxidation. There are several different types of photosensitized oxidation which may be important in biological systems. Science 162(857):963–970CrossRefPubMed

10.

Wilkson F, Helman WP, Ross AB (1995) Rate constants for the decay and reactions of the lowest electronically excited singlet state of molecular oxygen in solution. An expanded and revised compilation. J Phys Chem Ref Data 24:663–1021CrossRef

11.

Santin GC, Oliveira DSB, Galo R, Borsatto MC, Corona SAM (2014) Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and dental plaque: a systematic review of the literature. ScientificWorldJournal 2014(24538):1–9CrossRef

12.

Almeida JM, Theodoro LH, Bosco AF, Nagata MJH, Bonfante S, Garcia VG (2008) Treatment of experimental periodontal disease by photodynamic therapy in rats with diabetes. J Periodontol 79(11):2156–2165CrossRefPubMed

13.

Bhatti M, Mac Robert A, Meghji S, Henderson B, Wilson M (1998) A study of the uptake of toluidine blue O by Porphyromonas gingivalis and the mechanism of lethal photosensitization. Photochem Photobiol 68:370–376CrossRefPubMed

14.

Maisch T, Szeimies RM, Jori G, Abels C (2004) Antibacterial photodynamic therapy in dermatology. Photochem Photobiol Sci 3:907–917CrossRefPubMed

15.

Meisel P, Kocher T (2005) Photodynamic therapy for periodontal diseases: state of the art. J Photochem Photobiol B 79:159–170CrossRefPubMed

16.

Jori G (2006) Photodynamic therapy of microbial infections: state of the art and perspectives. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 25:505–520CrossRefPubMed

17.

Betsy J, Prasanth CS, Baiju KV, Prasanthila J, Subhash N (2014) Efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in the management of chronic periodontitis: a randomized controlled clinical trial. J Clin Periodontol 41(6):573–581CrossRefPubMed

18.

Vohra F, Akram Z, Safii SH, Vaithilingam RD, Ghanem A, Sergis K, Javed F (2016) Role of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in the treatment of aggressive periodontitis: a systematic review. Photodiagn Photodyn Ther 13:139–147CrossRef

19.

Al Amri MD, Kellesarian SV, Ahmed A, Al-Kheraif AA, Romanos GE, Javed F (2016) Efficacy of periimplant mechanical debridement with and without adjunct antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Photodiagn Photodyn Ther 14:166–169CrossRef

20.

Silva LA, Novaes AB Jr, de Oliveira RR, Nelson-Filho P, Santamaria M Jr, Silva RA (2012) Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy for the treatment of teeth with apical periodontitis: a histopathological evaluation. J Endod. 38(3):360–366CrossRefPubMed

21.

Batinjan G, Zore Z, Čelebić A, Papić M, Gabrić Pandurić D, Filipović Zore I (2014) Thermographic monitoring of wound healing and oral health-related quality of life in patients treated with laser (aPDT) after impacted mandibular third molar removal. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 43(12):1503–1508CrossRefPubMed

22.

Tennert C, Feldmann K, Haamann E, Al-Ahmad A, Follo M, Wrbas KT, Hellwig E, Altenburger MJ (2014) Effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) on Enterococcus faecalis biofilm in experimental primary and secondary endodontic infections. BMC Oral Health 14:132CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

23.

Jurič IB, Plečko V, Pandurić DG, Anić I (2014) The antimicrobial effectiveness of photodynamic therapy used as an addition to the conventional endodontic re-treatment: a clinical study. Photodiagn Photodyn Ther 11(4):549–555CrossRef

24.

Garcez AS, Arantes-Neto JG, Sellera DP, Fregnani ER (2015) Effects of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and surgical endodontic treatment on the bacterial load reduction and periapical lesion healing. Three years follow up. Photodiagn Photodyn Ther 12(4):575–580CrossRef

25.

Diniz IM, Horta ID, Azevedo CS, Elmadjian TR, Matos AB, Simionato MR, Marques MM (2015) Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: a promise candidate for caries lesions treatment. Photodiagn Photodyn Ther 12(3):511–518CrossRef

26.

Nagarakanti S, Gunupati S, Chava VK, Reddy BV (2015) Effectiveness of subgingival irrigation as an adjunct to scaling and root planing in the treatment of chronic periodontitis: a systematic review. J Clin Diagn Res 9(7):ZE06–ZE09PubMedPubMedCentral

27.

Annaji S, Sarkar I, Rajan P, Pai J, Malagi S, Bharmappa R, Kamath V (2016) Efficacy of photodynamic therapy and lasers as an adjunct to scaling and root planing in the treatment of aggressive periodontitis—a clinical and microbiologic short term study. J Clin Diagn Res 10(2):ZC08–ZC12PubMedPubMedCentral

28.

Sgolastra F, Petrucci A, Severino M, Graziani F, Gatto R, Monaco A (2013) Adjunctive photodynamic therapy to non-surgical treatment of chronic periodontitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Periodontol 40(5):514–526CrossRefPubMed

29.

Kikuchi T, Mogi M, Okabe I, Okada K, Goto H, Sasaki Y, Fujimura T, Fukuda M, Mitani A (2015) Adjunctive application of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in nonsurgical periodontal treatment: a review of literature. Int J Mol Sci 16(10):24111–24126CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

30.

Abed AM, Farhad SZ, Farhad A, Barekatain M, Mafi M, Abooie MS (2013) Debris and smear layer removal efficacy and changes in morphology of dentinal tubules after using citric acid, tetracycline-hydrochloride and mixture of tetracycline and acid and detergent. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 10(2):232–237CrossRef

31.

Sağlam M, Arslan U, Buket Bozkurt Ş, Hakki SS (2013) Boric acid irrigation as an adjunct to mechanical periodontal therapy in patients with chronic periodontitis: a randomized clinical trial. J Periodontol 84(9):1297–1308CrossRefPubMed

32.

Nanda T, Jain S, Kaur H, Kapoor D, Nanda S, Jain R (2014) Root conditioning in periodontology—revisited. J Nat Sci Biol Med 5(2):356–358CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

33.

Cintra LT, Watanabe S, Samuel RO, da Silva Facundo AC, de Azevedo Queiroz IO, Dezan-Júnior E, Gomes-Filho JE (2014) The use of NaOCl in combination with CHX produces cytotoxic product. Clin Oral Investig 18(3):935–940CrossRefPubMed

34.

Gomes-Filho JE, Silva FO, Watanabe S, Cintra LT, Tendoro KV, Dalto LG, Pacanaro SV, Lodi CS, de Melo FF (2010) Tissue reaction to silver nanoparticles dispersion as an alternative irrigating solution. J Endod. 36:1698–1702CrossRefPubMed

35.

Federation Dentaire International recommended standard practices for biological evaluation of dental materials (1980) Federation Dentaire International Commission on Dental Materials, Equipment, and Therapeutics: part 4.11—subcutaneous implantation test. Int Dental J 30:173–174

36.

Andolfatto C, da Silva GF, Cornélio AL, Guerreiro-Tanomaru JM, Tanomaru-Filho M, Faria G, Bonetti-Filho I, Cerri OS (2012) Biocompatibility of intracanal medications based on calcium hydroxide. ISRN Dent 2012:904963PubMedPubMedCentral

37.

Garcia VG, Longo M, Gualberto Júnior EC, Bosco AF, Nagata MJ, Ervolino E, Theodoro LH (2014) Effect of the concentration of phenothiazine photosensitizers in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy on bone loss and the immune inflammatory response of induced periodontitis in rats. J Periodontal Res 49(5):584–594

38.

Fowler C, Garrett S, Crigger M, Egelberg J (1982) Histologic probe position in treated and untreated human periodontal tissues. J Clin Periodontol 9(5):373–385CrossRefPubMed

39.

Andrade PF, Garlet GP, Silva JS, Fernandes PG, Milanezi C, Novaes AB Jr, Palioto DB, Grisi MF, Taba M Jr, Souza SL (2013) Adjunct effect of the antimicrobial photodynamic therapy to an association of non-surgical and surgical periodontal treatment in modulation of gene expression: a human study. J Photochem Photobiol B 126:119–125CrossRefPubMed

40.

Karam PS, Sant’Ana AC, de Rezende ML, Greghi SL, Damante CA, Zangrando MS (2016) Root surface modifiers and subepithelial connective tissue graft for treatment of gingival recessions: a systematic review. J Periodontal Res 51(2):175–185CrossRefPubMed

41.

Mariotti A (2003) Efficacy of chemical root surface modifiers in the treatment of periodontal disease. A systematic review. Ann Periodontol 8(1):205–226CrossRefPubMed

42.

Bonito AJ, Lux L, Lohr KN (2005) Impact of local adjuncts to scaling and root planing in periodontal disease therapy: a systematic review. J Periodontol 76(8):1227–1236CrossRefPubMed

43.

Lan WC, Lan WH, Chan CP, Hsieh CC, Chang MC, Jeng JH (1999) The effects of extracellular citric acid acidosis on the viability, cellular adhesion capacity and protein synthesis of cultured human gingival fibroblasts. Aust Dent J 44(2):123–130

44.

Sahu K, Sharma M, Dube A, Gupta PK (2015) Topical antimicrobial photodynamic therapy improves angiogenesis in wounds of diabetic mice. Lasers Med Sci 30(7):1923–1929CrossRefPubMed

45.

Sahu K, Sharma M, Gupta PK (2015) Modulation of inflammatory response of wounds by antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. Laser Ther 224(3):201–208CrossRef

46.

Alghamdi KM, Kumar A, Moussa NA (2011) Low-level laser therapy: a useful technique for enhancing the proliferation of various cultured cells. Lasers Med Sci 27(1):237–249CrossRefPubMed

47.

Pansani TN, Basso FG, Turirioni AP, Kurachi C, Hebling J, de Souza Costa CA (2014) Effects of low-level laser therapy on the proliferation and apoptosis of gingival fibroblasts treated with zoledronic acid. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 43(8):1030–1034CrossRefPubMed

48.

Franco EJ, Pogue RE, Sakamoto LH, Cavalcante LL, Carvalho DR, de Andrade RV (2014) Increased expression of genes after periodontal treatment with photodynamic therapy. Photodiagn Photodyn Ther 11(1):41–47CrossRef

49.

Saghiri MA, Tanideh N, Garcia-Godoy F, Lotfi M, Karamifar K, Amanat D (2013) Subcutaneous connective tissue reactions to various endodontic biomaterials: an animal study. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 7(1):15–21PubMedPubMedCentral

50.

Saghiri MA, Shokouhinejad N, Lotfi M, Aminsobhani M, Saghiri AM (2010) Push-out bond strength of mineral trioxide aggregate in the presence of alkaline pH. J Endod 36:1856–1859CrossRefPubMed

51.

Vosoughhosseini S, Lotfi M, Shahi S, Baloo H, Mesgariabbasi M, Saghiri MA, Zand V, Rahimi S, Ranjkesh B (2008) Influence of white versus gray mineral trioxide aggregate on inflammatory cells. J Endod 34:715–717CrossRefPubMed

52.

Geurtsen W, Lehmann F, Spahl W, Leyhausen G (1998) Cytotoxicity of 35 dental resin composite monomers/additives in permanent 3T3 and three human primary fibroblast cultures. J Biomed Mater Res 41:474–480CrossRefPubMed

53.

Al-Hiyasat A, Darmani H, Milhem M (2005) Cytotoxicity evaluation of dental resin composites and their flowable derivatives. Clin Oral Invest 9:21–25

54.

Kleinsasser NH, Schmid K, Sassen AW, Harréus UA, Staudenmaier R, Folwaczny M et al (2006) Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of resin monomers in human salivary gland tissue and lymphocytes as assessed by the single cell microgel electrophoresis (Comet) assay. Biomaterials 27:1762–1770CrossRefPubMed

55.

Register A, Burdick F (1975) Accelerated reattachment with cementogenesis to dentin, the mineralized in situ. I Optimum range J Periodontol 46:646–655CrossRefPubMed

56.

Prasad SS, Radharani C, Varma S, Kumar SV, Sinha S, Bijle MN (2012) Effects of citric acid and EDTA on periodontally involved root surfaces: a SEM study. J Contemp Dent Pract 13(4):446–451CrossRefPubMed

57.

Zhang X, Zhao Y, Xu S, Yang Y, Liu J, Wei Y, Yang Q (2014) Polystyrene sulphonic acid resins with enhanced acid strength via macromolecular self-assembly within confined nanospace. Nat Commun 5:3170PubMed

58.

Arean CO, Delgado MR, Nachtigall P, Thang HV, Rubeš M, Bulánek R, Chlubná-Eliášová P (2014) Measuring the Brønsted acid strength of zeolites—does it correlate with the O-H frequency shift probed by a weak base? Phys Chem Chem Phys 16(21):10129–10141CrossRefPubMed

Title: pH influences the biocompatibility of methylene blue solutions
Authors: David Jonathan Rodrigues Gusman
Luciano Tavares Angelo Cintra
Vivian Cristina Noronha Novaes
Henrique Rinaldi Matheus
Nathália Januario de Araujo
Juliano Milanezi de Almeida
Publication date: 01-01-2018
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in: Clinical Oral Investigations / Issue 1/2018
Print ISSN: 1432-6981
Electronic ISSN: 1436-3771
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-017-2120-4

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

Springer Medicine

pH influences the biocompatibility of methylene blue solutions

Abstract

Objective

Materials and methods

Results

Conclusion

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Objective

Materials and methods

Results

Conclusion

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 1/2018

Does smoking habit increase the micronuclei frequency in the oral mucosa of adults compared to non-smokers? A systematic review and meta-analysis

A retrospective cephalometric investigation of two fixed functional orthodontic appliances in class II treatment: Functional Mandibular Advancer vs. Herbst appliance

Traditional or regenerative periodontal surgery?—a comparison of the publications between two periodontal journals over time

Role of HIF-1α and CASPASE-3 in cystogenesis of odontogenic cysts and tumors

Assessment of periodontal bone level revisited: a controlled study on the diagnostic accuracy of clinical evaluation methods and intra-oral radiography

Evaluation of oral manifestations of patients with mucopolysaccharidosis IV and VI: clinical and imaging study