Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
World Journal of Surgery
Published in: World Journal of Surgery 8/2011

01-08-2011

Personalized Cancer Approach: Using RNA Interference Technology

Authors: John Nemunaitis, Donald D. Rao, Shi-He Liu, F. Charles Brunicardi

Published in: World Journal of Surgery | Issue 8/2011

Login to get access

Abstract

Normal cellular survival is dependent on the cooperative expression of genes’ signaling through a broad array of DNA patterns. Cancer, however, has an Achilles’ heel. Its altered cellular survival is dependent on a limited subset of signals through mutated DNA, possibly as few as three. Identification and control of these signals through the use of RNA interference (RNAi) technology may provide a unique clinical opportunity for the management of cancer that employs genomic-proteomic profiling to provide a molecular characterization of the cancer, leading to targeted therapy customized to an individual cancer signal. Such an approach has been described as “personalized therapy.” The present review identifies unique developing technology that employs RNAi as a method to target, and therefore block, signaling from mutated DNA and describes a clinical pathway toward its development in cancer therapy.
Literature
1.
2.
Albert R, Jeong H, Barabasi AL (2000) Error and attack tolerance of complex networks. Nature 406:378–382PubMedCrossRef
3.
Jeong H, Mason SP, Barabasi AL et al (2001) Lethality and centrality in protein networks. Nature 411:41–42PubMedCrossRef
4.
Bild AH, Yao G, Chang JT et al (2006) Oncogenic pathway signatures in human cancers as a guide to targeted therapies. Nature 439:353–357PubMedCrossRef
5.
Carlson JM, Doyle J (2002) Complexity and robustness. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99(Suppl 1):2538–2545PubMedCrossRef
6.
Hartwell LH, Szankasi P, Roberts CJ et al (1997) Integrating genetic approaches into the discovery of anticancer drugs. Science 278:1064–1068PubMedCrossRef
7.
Weinstein IB (2002) Cancer. addiction to oncogenes—the Achilles’ heel of cancer. Science 297:63–64PubMedCrossRef
8.
Nemunaitis J, Senzer N, Khalil I et al (2007) Proof concept for clinical justification of network mapping for personalized cancer therapeutics. Cancer Gene Ther 14:686–695PubMedCrossRef
9.
Lakka SS, Gondi CS, Yanamandra N et al (2004) Inhibition of cathepsin B and MMP-9 gene expression in glioblastoma cell line via RNA interference reduces tumor cell invasion, tumor growth and angiogenesis. Oncogene 23:4681–4689PubMedCrossRef
10.
Elbashir SM, Harborth J, Lendeckel W et al (2001) Duplexes of 21-nucleotide RNAs mediate RNA interference in cultured mammalian cells. Nature 411:494–498PubMedCrossRef
11.
Ichim TE, Li M, Qian H et al (2004) RNA interference: a potent tool for gene-specific therapeutics. Am J Transplant 4:1227–1236PubMedCrossRef
12.
Press WH, Teukolsky SA, Vetterling WT et al (1992) Numerical recipes in C, 2nd edn. Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, Cambridge
13.
14.
Cimoli G, Bagnasco L, Pescarolo MP et al (2001) Signaling proteins as innovative targets for antineoplastic therapy: our experience with the signaling protein c-myc. Tumori 87:S20–S23PubMed
15.
Corda D, Falasca M (1996) Glycerophosphoinositols as potential markers of ras-induced transformation and novel second messengers. Anticancer Res 16:1341–1350PubMed
16.
17.
Lee RC, Feinbaum RL, Ambros V (1993) The C. elegans heterochronic gene lin-4 encodes small RNAs with antisense complementarity to lin-14. Cell 75:843–854PubMedCrossRef
18.
Fire A, Xu S, Montgomery MK et al (1998) Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature 391:806–811PubMedCrossRef
19.
Liu J, Carmell MA, Rivas FV et al (2004) Argonaute2 is the catalytic engine of mammalian RNAi. Science 305:1437–1441PubMedCrossRef
20.
21.
Aoki Y, Cioca DP, Oidaira H et al (2003) RNA interference may be more potent than antisense RNA in human cancer cell lines. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 30:96–102PubMedCrossRef
22.
23.
Coma S, Noe V, Lavarino C et al (2004) Use of siRNAs and antisense oligonucleotides against survivin RNA to inhibit steps leading to tumor angiogenesis. Oligonucleotides 14:100–113PubMedCrossRef
24.
25.
Crooke ST (2000) Evaluating the mechanism of action of antiproliferative antisense drugs. Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev 10:123–126 discussion 127PubMedCrossRef
26.
Sands H, Gorey-Feret LJ, Cocuzza AJ et al (1994) Biodistribution and metabolism of internally 3H-labeled oligonucleotides. I. Comparison of a phosphodiester and a phosphorothioate. Mol Pharmacol 45:932–943PubMed
27.
Geary RS, Watanabe TA, Truong L et al (2001) Pharmacokinetic properties of 2’-O-(2-methoxyethyl)-modified oligonucleotide analogs in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 296:890–897PubMed
28.
Geary RS, Yu RZ, Levin AA (2001) Pharmacokinetics of phosphorothioate antisense oligodeoxynucleotides. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2:562–573PubMed
29.
Martinez LA, Naguibneva I, Lehrmann H et al (2002) Synthetic small inhibiting RNAs: efficient tools to inactivate oncogenic mutations and restore p53 pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:14849–14854PubMedCrossRef
30.
Brummelkamp TR, Bernards R, Agami R (2002) Stable suppression of tumorigenicity by virus-mediated RNA interference. Cancer Cell 2:243–247PubMedCrossRef
31.
Kawasaki H, Suyama E, Iyo M et al (2003) siRNAs generated by recombinant human Dicer induce specific and significant but target site-independent gene silencing in human cells. Nucleic Acids Res 31:981–987PubMedCrossRef
32.
Kawasaki H, Taira K (2003) Short hairpin type of dsRNAs that are controlled by tRNA(Val) promoter significantly induce RNAi-mediated gene silencing in the cytoplasm of human cells. Nucleic Acids Res 31:700–707PubMedCrossRef
33.
Scherr M, Battmer K, Winkler T et al (2003) Specific inhibition of bcr-abl gene expression by small interfering RNA. Blood 101:1566–1569PubMedCrossRef
34.
Yoshinouchi M, Yamada T, Kizaki M et al (2003) In vitro and in vivo growth suppression of human papillomavirus 16-positive cervical cancer cells by E6 siRNA. Mol Ther 8:762–768PubMedCrossRef
35.
Choudhury A, Charo J, Parapuram SK et al (2004) Small interfering RNA (siRNA) inhibits the expression of the Her2/neu gene, upregulates HLA class I and induces apoptosis of Her2/neu positive tumor cell lines. Int J Cancer 108:71–77PubMedCrossRef
36.
Yang G, Cai KQ, Thompson-Lanza JA et al (2004) Inhibition of breast and ovarian tumor growth through multiple signaling pathways by using retrovirus-mediated small interfering RNA against Her-2/neu gene expression. J Biol Chem 279:4339–4345PubMedCrossRef
37.
Yague E, Higgins CF, Raguz S (2004) Complete reversal of multidrug resistance by stable expression of small interfering RNAs targeting MDR1. Gene Ther 11:1170–1174PubMedCrossRef
38.
Kosciolek BA, Kalantidis K, Tabler M et al (2003) Inhibition of telomerase activity in human cancer cells by RNA interference. Mol Cancer Ther 2:209–216PubMedCrossRef
39.
Liu S-H, Patel S, Gingras M-C et al (2011) PDX-1: demonstration of oncogenic properties in pancreatic cancer. Cancer 117:723–733PubMedCrossRef
40.
Lonard DM, O’Malley BW (2005) Expanding functional diversity of the coactivators. Trends Biochem Sci 30:126–132PubMedCrossRef
41.
Li M, Bharadwaj U, Zhang R et al (2008) Mesothelin is a malignant factor and therapeutic vaccine target for pancreatic cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 7:286–296PubMedCrossRef
42.
Li M, Zhang Y, Bharadwaj U et al (2009) Down-regulation of ZIP4 by RNA interference inhibits pancreatic cancer growth and increases the survival of nude mice with pancreatic cancer xenografts. Clin Cancer Res 15:5993–6001PubMedCrossRef
43.
Cioca DP, Aoki Y, Kiyosawa K (2003) RNA interference is a functional pathway with therapeutic potential in human myeloid leukemia cell lines. Cancer Gene Ther 10:125–133PubMedCrossRef
44.
Aharinejad S, Paulus P, Sioud M et al (2004) Colony-stimulating factor-1 blockade by antisense oligonucleotides and small interfering RNAs suppresses growth of human mammary tumor xenografts in mice. Cancer Res 64:5378–5384PubMedCrossRef
45.
Li K, Lin SY, Brunicardi FC et al (2003) Use of RNA interference to target cyclin E-overexpressing hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Res 63:3593–3597PubMed
46.
Uchida H, Tanaka T, Sasaki K et al (2004) Adenovirus-mediated transfer of siRNA against survivin induced apoptosis and attenuated tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Mol Ther 10:162–171PubMedCrossRef
47.
Verma UN, Surabhi RM, Schmaltieg A et al (2003) Small interfering RNAs directed against beta-catenin inhibit the in vitro and in vivo growth of colon cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res 9:1291–1300PubMed
48.
Duxbury MS, Ito H, Zinner MJ et al (2004) CEACAM6 gene silencing impairs anoikis resistance and in vivo metastatic ability of pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells. Oncogene 23:465–473PubMedCrossRef
49.
Duxbury MS, Ito H, Zinner MJ et al (2004) RNA interference targeting the M2 subunit of ribonucleotide reductase enhances pancreatic adenocarcinoma chemosensitivity to gemcitabine. Oncogene 23:1539–1548PubMedCrossRef
50.
Salisbury AJ, Macaulay VM (2003) Development of molecular agents for IGF receptor targeting. Horm Metab Res 35:843–849PubMedCrossRef
51.
Filleur S, Courtin A, Ait-Si-Ali S et al (2003) SiRNA-mediated inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor severely limits tumor resistance to antiangiogenic thrombospondin-1 and slows tumor vascularization and growth. Cancer Res 63:3919–3922PubMed
52.
Takei Y, Kadomatsu K, Yuzawa Y et al (2004) A small interfering RNA targeting vascular endothelial growth factor as cancer therapeutics. Cancer Res 64:3365–3370PubMedCrossRef
53.
Chen J, Wall NR, Kocher K et al (2004) Stable expression of small interfering RNA sensitizes TEL-PDGFbetaR to inhibition with imatinib or rapamycin. J Clin Invest 113:1784–1791PubMed
54.
Elbashir SM, Lendeckel W, Tuschl T (2001) RNA interference is mediated by 21- and 22-nucleotide RNAs. Genes Dev 15:188–200PubMedCrossRef
55.
Corey DR (2007) Chemical modification: the key to clinical application of RNA interference? J Clin Invest 117:3615–3622PubMedCrossRef
56.
Mook OR, Baas F, de Wissel MB et al (2007) Evaluation of locked nucleic acid-modified small interfering RNA in vitro and in vivo. Mol Cancer Ther 6:833–843PubMedCrossRef
57.
Jackson AL, Burchard J, Leake D et al (2006) Position-specific chemical modification of siRNAs reduces “off-target” transcript silencing. RNA 12:1197–1205PubMedCrossRef
58.
Czauderna F, Fechtner M, Dames S (2003) Structural variations and stabilising modifications of synthetic siRNAs in mammalian cells. Nucleic Acids Res 31:2705–2716PubMedCrossRef
59.
Kim DH, Behlke MA, Rose SD et al (2005) Synthetic dsRNA Dicer substrates enhance RNAi potency and efficacy. Nat Biotechnol 23:222–226PubMedCrossRef
60.
Grunweller A, Gillen C, Erdmann VA et al (2003) Cellular uptake and localization of a Cy3-labeled siRNA specific for the serine/threonine kinase Pim-1. Oligonucleotides 13:345–352PubMedCrossRef
61.
Ohrt T, Merkle D, Birkenfeld K et al (2006) In situ fluorescence analysis demonstrates active siRNA exclusion from the nucleus by Exportin 5. Nucleic Acids Res 34:1369–1380PubMedCrossRef
62.
Berezhna SY, Supekova L, Supek F et al (2006) siRNA in human cells selectively localizes to target RNA sites. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:7682–7687PubMedCrossRef
63.
Hammond SM, Caudy AA, Hannon GJ (2001) Post-transcriptional gene silencing by double-stranded RNA. Nat Rev Genet 2:110–119PubMedCrossRef
64.
Murchison EP, Partridge JF, Tam OH et al (2005) Characterization of Dicer-deficient murine embryonic stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:12135–12140PubMedCrossRef
65.
Bernstein E, Caudy AA, Hammond SM et al (2001) Role for a bidentate ribonuclease in the initiation step of RNA interference. Nature 409:363–366PubMedCrossRef
66.
Provost P, Dishart D, Doucet J et al (2002) Ribonuclease activity and RNA binding of recombinant human Dicer. EMBO J 21:5864–5874PubMedCrossRef
67.
Carmell MA, Hannon GJ (2004) RNase III enzymes and the initiation of gene silencing. Nat Struct Mol Biol 11:214–218PubMedCrossRef
68.
Macrae IJ, Zhou K, Li F et al (2006) Structural basis for double-stranded RNA processing by Dicer. Science 311:195–198PubMedCrossRef
69.
Kok KH, Ng MH, Ching YP et al (2007) Human TRBP and PACT directly interact with each other and associate with Dicer to facilitate the production of small interfering RNA. J Biol Chem 282:17649–17657PubMedCrossRef
70.
Robb GB, Rana TM (2007) RNA helicase A interacts with RISC in human cells and functions in RISC loading. Mol Cell 26:523–537PubMedCrossRef
71.
Matranga C, Tomari Y, Shin C et al (2005) Passenger-strand cleavage facilitates assembly of siRNA into Ago2-containing RNAi enzyme complexes. Cell 123:607–620PubMedCrossRef
72.
Rand TA, Petersen S, Du F et al (2005) Argonaute2 cleaves the anti-guide strand of siRNA during RISC activation. Cell 123:621–629PubMedCrossRef
73.
Leuschner PJ, Ameres SL, Kueng S et al (2006) Cleavage of the siRNA passenger strand during RISC assembly in human cells. EMBO Rep 7:314–320PubMedCrossRef
74.
75.
Haley B, Zamore PD (2004) Kinetic analysis of the RNAi enzyme complex. Nat Struct Mol Biol 11:599–606PubMedCrossRef
76.
Gregory RI, Chendrimada TP, Cooch N et al (2005) Human RISC couples microRNA biogenesis and posttranscriptional gene silencing. Cell 123:631–640PubMedCrossRef
77.
Maniataki E, Mourelatos Z (2005) A human, ATP-independent, RISC assembly machine fueled by pre-miRNA. Genes Dev 19:2979–2990PubMedCrossRef
78.
Collins RE, Cheng X (2006) Structural and biochemical advances in mammalian RNAi. J Cell Biochem 99:1251–1266PubMedCrossRef
79.
Boudreau RL, Monteys AM, Davidson BL (2008) Minimizing variables among hairpin-based RNAi vectors reveals the potency of shRNAs. RNA 14:1834–1844PubMedCrossRef
80.
81.
Zeng Y, Yi R, Cullen BR (2005) Recognition and cleavage of primary microRNA precursors by the nuclear processing enzyme Drosha. EMBO J 24:138–148PubMedCrossRef
82.
Silva JM, Li MZ, Chang K et al (2005) Second-generation shRNA libraries covering the mouse and human genomes. Nat Genet 37:1281–1288PubMed
83.
Lee Y, Ahn C, Han J et al (2003) The nuclear RNase III Drosha initiates microRNA processing. Nature 425:415–419PubMedCrossRef
84.
Zhang H, Kolb FA, Brondani V et al (2002) Human Dicer preferentially cleaves dsRNAs at their termini without a requirement for ATP. EMBO J 21:5875–5885PubMedCrossRef
85.
Lee Y, Jeon K, Lee JT et al (2002) MicroRNA maturation: stepwise processing and subcellular localization. EMBO J 21:4663–4670PubMedCrossRef
86.
87.
Yi R, Qin Y, Macara IG et al (2003) Exportin-5 mediates the nuclear export of pre-microRNAs and short hairpin RNAs. Genes Dev 17:3011–3016PubMedCrossRef
88.
Lund E, Guttinger S, Calado A et al (2004) Nuclear export of microRNA precursors. Science 303:95–98PubMedCrossRef
89.
Lee YS, Nakahara K, Pham JW et al (2004) Distinct roles for Drosophila Dicer-1 and Dicer-2 in the siRNA/miRNA silencing pathways. Cell 117:69–81PubMedCrossRef
90.
Landthaler M, Gaidatzis D, Rothballer A et al (2008) Molecular characterization of human Argonaute–containing ribonucleoprotein complexes and their bound target mRNAs. RNA 14:2580–2596PubMedCrossRef
91.
Hammond SM, Boettcher S, Caudy AA et al (2001) Argonaute2, a link between genetic and biochemical analyses of RNAi. Science 293:1146–1150PubMedCrossRef
92.
Sontheimer EJ, Carthew RW (2004) Molecular biology. Argonaute journeys into the heart of RISC. Science 305:1409–1410PubMedCrossRef
93.
Hutvagner G, Zamore PD (2002) A microRNA in a multiple-turnover RNAi enzyme complex. Science 297:2056–2060PubMedCrossRef
94.
95.
Humphreys DT, Westman BJ, Martin DI et al (2005) MicroRNAs control translation initiation by inhibiting eukaryotic initiation factor 4E/cap and poly(A) tail function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:16961–16966PubMedCrossRef
96.
Pillai RS, Bhattacharyya SN, Artus CG et al (2005) Inhibition of translational initiation by Let-7 MicroRNA in human cells. Science 309:1573–1576PubMedCrossRef
97.
Thermann R, Hentze MW (2007) Drosophila miR2 induces pseudo-polysomes and inhibits translation initiation. Nature 447:875–878PubMedCrossRef
98.
Valencia-Sanchez MA, Liu J, Hannon GJ et al (2006) Control of translation and mRNA degradation by miRNAs and siRNAs. Genes Dev 20:515–524PubMedCrossRef
99.
Parker R, Sheth U (2007) P bodies and the control of mRNA translation and degradation. Mol Cell 25:635–646PubMedCrossRef
100.
Rao DD, Maples PB, Senzer N et al (2010) Enhanced target gene knockdown by a bifunctional shRNA: a novel approach of RNA interference. Cancer Gene Ther 17:780–791PubMedCrossRef
101.
Steiner FA, Hoogstrate SW, Okihara KL et al (2007) Structural features of small RNA precursors determine Argonaute loading in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nat Struct Mol Biol 14:927–933PubMedCrossRef
102.
Okamura K, Ishizuka A, Siomi H et al (2004) Distinct roles for Argonaute proteins in small RNA-directed RNA cleavage pathways. Genes Dev 18:1655–1666PubMedCrossRef
103.
Miyoshi K, Tsukumo H, Nagami T et al (2005) Slicer function of Drosophila Argonautes and its involvement in RISC formation. Genes Dev 19:2837–2848PubMedCrossRef
104.
105.
Forstemann K, Horwich MD, Wee L et al (2007) Drosophila microRNAs are sorted into functionally distinct argonaute complexes after production by Dicer-1. Cell 130:287–297PubMedCrossRef
106.
Azuma-Mukai A, Oguri H, Mituyama T et al (2008) Characterization of endogenous human Argonautes and their miRNA partners in RNA silencing. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:7964–7969PubMedCrossRef
107.
Rana S, Maples PB, Senzer N et al (2008) A novel therapeutic target for anticancer activity. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 8:1461–1470PubMedCrossRef
108.
Iancu C, Mistry SJ, Arkin S et al (2001) Effects of stathmin inhibition on the mitotic spindle. J Cell Sci 114:909–916PubMed
109.
Zhang HZ, Wang Y, Gao P et al (2006) Silencing stathmin gene expression by survivin promoter-driven siRNA vector to reverse malignant phenotype of tumor cells. Cancer Biol Ther 5:1457–1461PubMedCrossRef
110.
Alli E, Yang JM, Hait WN (2007) Silencing of stathmin induces tumor-suppressor function in breast cancer cell lines harboring mutant p53. Oncogene 26:1003–1012PubMedCrossRef
111.
Rossi JJ (2008) Expression strategies for short hairpin RNA interference triggers. Hum Gene Ther 19:313–317PubMedCrossRef
112.
113.
Nguyen T, Menocal EM, Harborth J et al (2008) RNAi therapeutics: an update on delivery. Curr Opin Mol Ther 10:158–167PubMed
114.
Luten J, van Nostrum CF, De Smedt SC et al (2008) Biodegradable polymers as non-viral carriers for plasmid DNA delivery. J Control Release 126:97–110PubMedCrossRef
115.
Zhang S, Zhao B, Jiang H et al (2007) Cationic lipids and polymers mediated vectors for delivery of siRNA. J Control Release 123:1–10PubMedCrossRef
116.
Aigner A (2007) Nonviral in vivo delivery of therapeutic small interfering RNAs. Curr Opin Mol Ther 9:345–352PubMed
117.
Vorhies JS, Nemunaitis J (2007) Nonviral delivery vehicles for use in short hairpin RNA-based cancer therapies. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 7:373–382PubMedCrossRef
118.
119.
Godbey WT, Barry MA, Saggau P et al (2000) Poly(ethylenimine)-mediated transfection: a new paradigm for gene delivery. J Biomed Mater Res 51:321–328PubMedCrossRef
120.
Thomas M, Klibanov AM (2002) Enhancing polyethylenimine’s delivery of plasmid DNA into mammalian cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:14640–14645PubMedCrossRef
121.
Kim Y, Tewari M, Pajerowski JD et al (2009) Polymersome delivery of siRNA and antisense oligonucleotides. J Control Release 134:132–140PubMedCrossRef
122.
Heidel JD (2006) Linear cyclodextrin-containing polymers and their use as delivery agents. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 3:641–646PubMedCrossRef
123.
Heidel JD, Liu JY, Yen Y et al (2007) Potent siRNA inhibitors of ribonucleotide reductase subunit RRM2 reduce cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Clin Cancer Res 13:2207–2215PubMedCrossRef
124.
Davis ME, Zuckerman JE, Choi CH et al (2010) Evidence of RNAi in humans from systemically administered siRNA via targeted nanoparticles. Nature 464:1067–1070
125.
Moreira JN, Santos A, Moura V et al (2008) Non-viral lipid-based nanoparticles for targeted cancer systemic gene silencing. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 8:2187–2204PubMedCrossRef
126.
127.
Zimmermann TS, Lee AC, Akinc A et al (2006) RNAi-mediated gene silencing in non-human primates. Nature 441:111–114PubMedCrossRef
128.
Santel A, Aleku M, Keil O et al (2006) RNA interference in the mouse vascular endothelium by systemic administration of siRNA-lipoplexes for cancer therapy. Gene Ther 13:1360–1370PubMedCrossRef
129.
Santel A, Aleku M, Keil O et al (2006) A novel siRNA-lipoplex technology for RNA interference in the mouse vascular endothelium. Gene Ther 13:1222–1234PubMedCrossRef
130.
Aleku M, Fisch G, Mopert K et al (2008) Intracellular localization of lipoplexed siRNA in vascular endothelial cells of different mouse tissues. Microvasc Res 76:31–41PubMedCrossRef
131.
Aleku M, Schulz P, Keil O et al (2008) Atu027, a liposomal small interfering RNA formulation targeting protein kinase N3, inhibits cancer progression. Cancer Res 68:9788–9798PubMedCrossRef
132.
Templeton NS, Lasic DD, Frederik PM et al (1997) Improved DNA: liposome complexes for increased systemic delivery and gene expression. Nat Biotechnol 15:647–652PubMedCrossRef
133.
Templeton NS, Alspaugh E, Antelman D et al (1999) Non-viral vectors for the treatment of disease. In Keystone Symposia on Molecular and Cellular Biology of Gene Therapy, Salt Lake City, Utah
134.
Ramesh R, Saeki T, Templeton NS et al (2001) Successful treatment of primary and disseminated human lung cancers by systemic delivery of tumor suppressor genes using an improved liposome vector. Mol Ther 3:337–350PubMedCrossRef
135.
Lu C, Sepulveda CA, Ji L et al (2007) Systemic therapy with tumor suppressor FUS1-nanoparticles for stage IV lung cancer. In: Annual American associaiton for cancer research (AACR) meeting, Los Angeles, CA
136.
Nemunaitis G, Maples PB, Jay C et al (2010) Hereditary inclusion body myopathy: single patient response to GNE gene Lipoplex therapy. J Gene Med 12:403–412PubMedCrossRef
137.
Vorhies JS, Nemunaitis JJ (2009) Synthetic vs. natural/biodegradable polymers for delivery of shRNA-based cancer therapies. Methods Mol Biol 480:11–29PubMedCrossRef
138.
Kumar P, Ban HS, Kim SS et al (2008) T cell-specific siRNA delivery suppresses HIV-1 infection in humanized mice. Cell 134:577–586PubMedCrossRef
139.
Akinc A, Zumbuehl A, Goldberg M et al (2008) A combinatorial library of lipid-like materials for delivery of RNAi therapeutics. Nat Biotechnol 26:561–569PubMedCrossRef
140.
141.
Ghatak S, Hascall VC, Berger FG et al (2008) Tissue-specific shRNA delivery: a novel approach for gene therapy in cancer. Connect Tissue Res 49:265–269PubMedCrossRef
142.
Kumar P, Wu H, McBride JL et al (2007) Transvascular delivery of small interfering RNA to the central nervous system. Nature 448:39–43PubMedCrossRef
143.
Jackson AL, Bartz SR, Schelter J et al (2003) Expression profiling reveals off-target gene regulation by RNAi. Nat Biotechnol 21:635–637PubMedCrossRef
144.
Lin X, Ruan X, Anderson MG et al (2005) siRNA-mediated off-target gene silencing triggered by a 7 nt complementation. Nucleic Acids Res 33:4527–4535PubMedCrossRef
145.
Jackson AL, Burchard J, Schelter J et al (2006) Widespread siRNA “off-target” transcript silencing mediated by seed region sequence complementarity. RNA 12:1179–1187PubMedCrossRef
146.
Birmingham A, Anderson EM, Reynolds A et al (2006) 3′ UTR seed matches, but not overall identity, are associated with RNAi off-targets. Nat Methods 3:199–204PubMedCrossRef
147.
Anderson E, Boese Q, Khvorova A et al (2008) Identifying siRNA-induced off-targets by microarray analysis. Methods Mol Biol 442:45–63PubMedCrossRef
148.
Klinghoffer RA, Magnus J, Schelter J et al (2010) Reduced seed region-based off-target activity with lentivirus-mediated RNAi. RNA 16:879–884PubMedCrossRef
149.
Rao DD, Senzer N, Cleary MA et al (2009) Comparative assessment of siRNA and shRNA off target effects: what is slowing clinical development? Cancer Gene Ther 16:807–809PubMedCrossRef
150.
Bumcrot D, Manoharan M, Koteliansky V et al (2006) RNAi therapeutics: a potential new class of pharmaceutical drugs. Nat Chem Biol 2:711–719PubMedCrossRef
151.
Bridge AJ, Pebernard S, Ducraux A et al (2003) Induction of an interferon response by RNAi vectors in mammalian cells. Nat Genet 34:263–264PubMedCrossRef
152.
Sledz CA, Holko M, de Veer MJ et al (2003) Activation of the interferon system by short-interfering RNAs. Nat Cell Biol 5:834–839PubMedCrossRef
153.
Kariko K, Bhuyan P, Capodici J et al (2004) Small interfering RNAs mediate sequence-independent gene suppression and induce immune activation by signaling through toll-like receptor 3. J Immunol 172:6545–6549PubMed
154.
Hornung V, Guenthner-Biller M, Bourquin C et al (2005) Sequence-specific potent induction of IFN-alpha by short interfering RNA in plasmacytoid dendritic cells through TLR7. Nat Med 11:263–270PubMedCrossRef
155.
Judge AD, Sood V, Shaw JR et al (2005) Sequence-dependent stimulation of the mammalian innate immune response by synthetic siRNA. Nat Biotechnol 23:457–462PubMedCrossRef
156.
Diebold SS, Kaisho T, Hemmi H et al (2004) Innate antiviral responses by means of TLR7-mediated recognition of single-stranded RNA. Science 303:1529–1531PubMedCrossRef
157.
Heil F, Hemmi H, Hochrein H et al (2004) Species-specific recognition of single-stranded RNA via toll-like receptor 7 and 8. Science 303:1526–1529PubMedCrossRef
158.
Karin M, Yamamoto Y, Wang QM (2004) The IKK NF-kappa B system: a treasure trove for drug development. Nat Rev Drug Discov 3:17–26PubMedCrossRef
159.
Marques JT, Devosse T, Wang D et al (2006) A structural basis for discriminating between self and nonself double-stranded RNAs in mammalian cells. Nat Biotechnol 24:559–565PubMedCrossRef
160.
Judge A, MacLachlan I (2008) Overcoming the innate immune response to small interfering RNA. Hum Gene Ther 19:111–124PubMedCrossRef
161.
162.
Bauer S, Kirschning CJ, Hacker H et al (2001) Human TLR9 confers responsiveness to bacterial DNA via species-specific CpG motif recognition. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:9237–9242PubMedCrossRef
163.
Hemmi H, Takeuchi O, Kawai T et al (2000) A Toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial DNA. Nature 408:740–745PubMedCrossRef
164.
de Wolf HK, Johansson N, Thong AT et al (2008) Plasmid CpG depletion improves degree and duration of tumor gene expression after intravenous administration of polyplexes. Pharm Res 25:1654–1662PubMedCrossRef
165.
Grimm D, Streetz KL, Jopling CL et al (2006) Fatality in mice due to oversaturation of cellular microRNA/short hairpin RNA pathways. Nature 441:537–541PubMedCrossRef
166.
Grimm D, Kay MA (2007) Therapeutic application of RNAi: is mRNA targeting finally ready for prime time? J Clin Invest 117:3633–3641PubMedCrossRef
167.
John M, Constien R, Akinc A et al (2007) Effective RNAi-mediated gene silencing without interruption of the endogenous microRNA pathway. Nature 449:745–747PubMedCrossRef
168.
Yi R, Doehle BP, Qin Y et al (2005) Overexpression of exportin 5 enhances RNA interference mediated by short hairpin RNAs and microRNAs. RNA 11:220–226PubMedCrossRef
169.
Giering JC, Grimm D, Storm TA et al (2008) Expression of shRNA from a tissue-specific pol II promoter is an effective and safe RNAi therapeutic. Mol Ther 16:1630–1636PubMedCrossRef
170.
Lopez-Fraga M, Martinez T, Jimenez A (2009) RNA interference technologies and therapeutics: from basic research to products. BioDrugs 23:305–332PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Personalized Cancer Approach: Using RNA Interference Technology
Authors
John Nemunaitis
Donald D. Rao
Shi-He Liu
F. Charles Brunicardi
Publication date
01-08-2011
Publisher
Springer-Verlag
Published in
World Journal of Surgery / Issue 8/2011
Print ISSN: 0364-2313
Electronic ISSN: 1432-2323
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-011-1100-0

Other articles of this Issue 8/2011

World Journal of Surgery 8/2011 Go to the issue

OriginalPaper

Comparison of the Prognostic Value of Tumour- and Patient-Related Factors in Patients Undergoing Potentially Curative Resection of Oesophageal Cancer

OriginalPaper

The Promise of a Personalized Genomic Approach to Pancreatic Cancer and Why Targeted Therapies Have Missed the Mark

OriginalPaper

Laparoscopic Repair of Duodenal Atresia: Revisited

OriginalPaper

Expression and Function of a Large Non-coding RNA Gene XIST in Human Cancer

OriginalPaper

Roles and Mechanisms of MicroRNAs in Pancreatic Cancer

Letter

Genotyping Gastric Cancer: Reply