Skip to main content
Top
Published in: BMC Neurology 1/2019

Open Access 01-12-2019 | Parkinson's Disease | Study protocol

ParkProTrain: an individualized, tablet-based physiotherapy training programme aimed at improving quality of life and participation restrictions in PD patients – a study protocol for a quasi-randomized, longitudinal and sequential multi-method study

Authors: Carolin Siegert, Björn Hauptmann, Nicole Jochems, Andreas Schrader, Ruth Deck

Published in: BMC Neurology | Issue 1/2019

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. Patients suffer from a variety of motor and non-motor symptoms that severely affect their daily lives and quality of life. In many cases, a three-week inpatient Parkinson’s complex treatment (MKP) can improve the overall condition and quality of life of patients in a short time. In the outpatient sector, however, there is often a lack of human resources and structures necessary for the interdisciplinary treatment of the disease. To support PD patients in continuing the physical exercises they learned from the MKP on a regular basis, a tablet-based training programme will be developed in which exercises can be adjusted to the patient’s abilities. This programme is expected to increase quality of life and social participation, as well as delay the progression of the impairment.

Methods

a) Quasi-randomized, prospective longitudinal study (sequential study design). The intervention group receives a tablet-based training programme during and for 9 months after the MKP, and the control group receives treatment as usual. The evaluation is carried out by means of a written survey at three points in time (the beginning and end of the MKP and after 9 months). b) Qualitative analysis of interviews and focus groups in terms of feasibility and acceptance. c) Formative evaluation of the app and the administration panel. d) Evaluation of the implementation of the training programme by analysing the planned and performed physical activities, as well as evaluation of the phone calls between physiotherapists and patients.

Discussion

The tablet-based training programme can ensure continuous and long-term support for PD patients. They learn different self-management strategies during and after their MKP and are empowered to assume responsibility for carrying out regular physical activity on their own. Because common app stores have no scientifically evaluated apps for PD patients in the German language, the app can fill this gap and help PD patients receive high-quality care in the implementation of physically activating exercises regardless of their place of residence. In addition, the user-centred development of the app ensures that the app meets the specific needs of PD patients.

Trial registration

German Register of Clinical Trials, drks.​de. Identifier: DRKS00014952. Registered on June 20th 2018. Date and version identifier April 25th 2019; version 1.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Ascherio A, Schwarzschild MA. The epidemiology of Parkinson's disease: risk factors and prevention. The Lancet Neurology. 2016;15(2):1257–72.CrossRef Ascherio A, Schwarzschild MA. The epidemiology of Parkinson's disease: risk factors and prevention. The Lancet Neurology. 2016;15(2):1257–72.CrossRef
2.
go back to reference Tysnes OB, Storstein A. Epidemiology of Parkinson’s disease. J Neural Transm. 2017;124(8):901–5.CrossRef Tysnes OB, Storstein A. Epidemiology of Parkinson’s disease. J Neural Transm. 2017;124(8):901–5.CrossRef
3.
go back to reference Dorsey ER, Constantinescu R, Thompson JP, Biglan KM, Holloway RG, Kieburtz K, et al. Projected number of people with Parkinson disease in the most populous nations, 2005 through 2030. Neurology. 2007;68:384–6.CrossRef Dorsey ER, Constantinescu R, Thompson JP, Biglan KM, Holloway RG, Kieburtz K, et al. Projected number of people with Parkinson disease in the most populous nations, 2005 through 2030. Neurology. 2007;68:384–6.CrossRef
4.
go back to reference Reese JP, Winter Y, Balzer-Geldsetzer M, Botzel K, Eggert K, Oertel WH, et al. Morbus Parkinson: Krankheitskosten einer ambulanten Patientenkohorte. Gesundheitswesen. 2011;73:22–9.CrossRef Reese JP, Winter Y, Balzer-Geldsetzer M, Botzel K, Eggert K, Oertel WH, et al. Morbus Parkinson: Krankheitskosten einer ambulanten Patientenkohorte. Gesundheitswesen. 2011;73:22–9.CrossRef
5.
go back to reference Gustavsson A, Svensson M, Jacobi F, Allgulander C, Alonso J, Beghi E, et al. Cost of disorders of the brain in Europe 2010. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2011;21:718–79.CrossRef Gustavsson A, Svensson M, Jacobi F, Allgulander C, Alonso J, Beghi E, et al. Cost of disorders of the brain in Europe 2010. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2011;21:718–79.CrossRef
6.
go back to reference Statistisches Bundesamt. 2017. Fallpauschalenbezogene Krankenhausstatistik (DRG-Statistik), Diagnosen und Prozeduren der vollstationären Patientinnen und Patienten in Krankenhäusern. Available from: www.gbe-bund.de. [Accessed: 4th June 2019]. Statistisches Bundesamt. 2017. Fallpauschalenbezogene Krankenhausstatistik (DRG-Statistik), Diagnosen und Prozeduren der vollstationären Patientinnen und Patienten in Krankenhäusern. Available from: www.​gbe-bund.​de. [Accessed: 4th June 2019].
9.
go back to reference Cugusi L, Solla P, Serpe R, Carzedda T, Piras L, Oggianu M, et al. Effects of a Nordic Walking program on motor and non-motor symptoms, functional performance and body composition in patients with Parkinson's disease. NeuroRehabilitation. 2015;37:245–54.CrossRef Cugusi L, Solla P, Serpe R, Carzedda T, Piras L, Oggianu M, et al. Effects of a Nordic Walking program on motor and non-motor symptoms, functional performance and body composition in patients with Parkinson's disease. NeuroRehabilitation. 2015;37:245–54.CrossRef
10.
go back to reference Nadeau A, Pourcher E, Corbeil P. Effects of 24 weeks of treadmill training on gait performance in Parkinson's disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2014;46:645–55.CrossRef Nadeau A, Pourcher E, Corbeil P. Effects of 24 weeks of treadmill training on gait performance in Parkinson's disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2014;46:645–55.CrossRef
11.
go back to reference Lima LO, Scianni A, Rodrigues-de-Paula F. Progressive resistance exercise improves strength and physical performance in people with mild to moderate Parkinson's disease: a systematic review. J Physiother. 2013;59:7–13.CrossRef Lima LO, Scianni A, Rodrigues-de-Paula F. Progressive resistance exercise improves strength and physical performance in people with mild to moderate Parkinson's disease: a systematic review. J Physiother. 2013;59:7–13.CrossRef
12.
go back to reference Oguh O, Eisenstein A, Kwasny M, Simuni T. Back to the basics: Regular exercise matters in Parkinson's disease: Results from the National Parkinson Foundation QII Registry study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2014;20:1221–5.CrossRef Oguh O, Eisenstein A, Kwasny M, Simuni T. Back to the basics: Regular exercise matters in Parkinson's disease: Results from the National Parkinson Foundation QII Registry study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2014;20:1221–5.CrossRef
14.
go back to reference Buhmann C, Bass H, Hahne M, Jost W, Redecker C, Schwarz M, et al. Das idiopathische Parkinson-Syndrom an der Grenze von ambulanter zu stationärer Versorgung. Fortschnr Neurol Psychiatr. 2016;84:36–40.CrossRef Buhmann C, Bass H, Hahne M, Jost W, Redecker C, Schwarz M, et al. Das idiopathische Parkinson-Syndrom an der Grenze von ambulanter zu stationärer Versorgung. Fortschnr Neurol Psychiatr. 2016;84:36–40.CrossRef
15.
go back to reference Schwarzer R. Psychologie des Gesundheitsverhaltens. Einführung in die Gesundheitspsychologie. Göttingen: Hogrefe Verlag; 2004. Schwarzer R. Psychologie des Gesundheitsverhaltens. Einführung in die Gesundheitspsychologie. Göttingen: Hogrefe Verlag; 2004.
16.
go back to reference Glasgow RE, Davis CL, Funnell MM, Beck A. Implementing practical interventions to support chronic illness self-management. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2003;29:563–74.PubMed Glasgow RE, Davis CL, Funnell MM, Beck A. Implementing practical interventions to support chronic illness self-management. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2003;29:563–74.PubMed
17.
go back to reference Vallis M, Piccinini–Vallis H, Sharma AM, Freedhoff Y. Modified 5 As: Minimal intervention for obesity counseling in primary care. Can Fam Physician. 2013;59:27–31.PubMedPubMedCentral Vallis M, Piccinini–Vallis H, Sharma AM, Freedhoff Y. Modified 5 As: Minimal intervention for obesity counseling in primary care. Can Fam Physician. 2013;59:27–31.PubMedPubMedCentral
18.
go back to reference Lee KS, Lee WH, Hwang S. Modified constraint-induced movement therapy improves fine and gross motor performance of the upper limb in Parkinson disease. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2011;90:380–6.CrossRef Lee KS, Lee WH, Hwang S. Modified constraint-induced movement therapy improves fine and gross motor performance of the upper limb in Parkinson disease. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2011;90:380–6.CrossRef
20.
go back to reference International Organization for Standardization. DIN EN ISO 9241-210. Ergonomie der Mensch-System-Interaktion - Teil 210: Prozess zur Gestaltung gebrauchstauglicher interaktiver Systeme. Geneva, Switzerland; 2011. International Organization for Standardization. DIN EN ISO 9241-210. Ergonomie der Mensch-System-Interaktion - Teil 210: Prozess zur Gestaltung gebrauchstauglicher interaktiver Systeme. Geneva, Switzerland; 2011.
21.
go back to reference Mertens A, Jochems N, Schlick C, Dünnebacke D, Dornberg J. Design Patterns TRABING: Touchscreen-based Input Technique for People Affected by Intention Tremor, Proceedings of the 2nd ACM SIGCHI Symposium on Engineering Interactive Computing Systems (EICS´10) ACM; 2010. p. 267–72. Mertens A, Jochems N, Schlick C, Dünnebacke D, Dornberg J. Design Patterns TRABING: Touchscreen-based Input Technique for People Affected by Intention Tremor, Proceedings of the 2nd ACM SIGCHI Symposium on Engineering Interactive Computing Systems (EICS´10) ACM; 2010. p. 267–72.
22.
go back to reference Mertens A, Kausch B, Jochems N, Schlick C. Selection Technique for Small Objects on Touch Screens for People with Muscle Tremor. In: Ziegler J, Schmidt A, editors. Konferenzband Mensch & Computer; 2010. p. 241–50. Mertens A, Kausch B, Jochems N, Schlick C. Selection Technique for Small Objects on Touch Screens for People with Muscle Tremor. In: Ziegler J, Schmidt A, editors. Konferenzband Mensch & Computer; 2010. p. 241–50.
23.
go back to reference Kuckartz U. Mixed Methods: Methodologie, Forschungsdesigns und Analyseverfahren. Wiesbaden: Springer; 2014. Kuckartz U. Mixed Methods: Methodologie, Forschungsdesigns und Analyseverfahren. Wiesbaden: Springer; 2014.
25.
go back to reference Deutsches Institut für Medizinische Dokumentation und Information, editor. Internationale Klassifikation der Funktionsfähigkeit, Behinderung und Gesundheit. Genf: World Health Organization; 2005. Deutsches Institut für Medizinische Dokumentation und Information, editor. Internationale Klassifikation der Funktionsfähigkeit, Behinderung und Gesundheit. Genf: World Health Organization; 2005.
26.
go back to reference Deck R. Veränderungen von Teilhabestörungen nach Reha. Praxis Klinische Verhaltensmedizin und Rehabilitation. 2007;78:229–36. Deck R. Veränderungen von Teilhabestörungen nach Reha. Praxis Klinische Verhaltensmedizin und Rehabilitation. 2007;78:229–36.
27.
go back to reference Deck R, Muche-Borowski C, Mittag O, Hüppe A, Raspe H. IMET - Index zur Messung von Einschränkungen der Teilhabe. In: Bengel J, Wirtz M, Zwingmann C, editors. Diagnostische Verfahren in der Rehabilitation. Göttingen: Hogrefe; 2008. p. 372–4. Deck R, Muche-Borowski C, Mittag O, Hüppe A, Raspe H. IMET - Index zur Messung von Einschränkungen der Teilhabe. In: Bengel J, Wirtz M, Zwingmann C, editors. Diagnostische Verfahren in der Rehabilitation. Göttingen: Hogrefe; 2008. p. 372–4.
28.
go back to reference Dias N, Kempen GIJM, Todd CJ, Beyer N, Freiberger E, Piot-Ziegler C, et al. Die Deutsche Version der Falls Efficacy Scale-International Version (FES-I). Z Gerontol Geriatr. 2006;39:297–300.CrossRef Dias N, Kempen GIJM, Todd CJ, Beyer N, Freiberger E, Piot-Ziegler C, et al. Die Deutsche Version der Falls Efficacy Scale-International Version (FES-I). Z Gerontol Geriatr. 2006;39:297–300.CrossRef
29.
go back to reference Trenkwalder C, Kohnen R, Hogl B, Metta V, Sixel-Doring F, Frauscher B, et al. Parkinson's disease sleep scale – validation of the revised version PDSS-2. Mov Disord. 2011;26:644–52.CrossRef Trenkwalder C, Kohnen R, Hogl B, Metta V, Sixel-Doring F, Frauscher B, et al. Parkinson's disease sleep scale – validation of the revised version PDSS-2. Mov Disord. 2011;26:644–52.CrossRef
30.
go back to reference Lowe B, Wahl I, Rose M, Spitzer C, Glaesmer H, Wingenfeld K, et al. A 4-item measure of depression and anxiety: validation and standardization of the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) in the general population. J Affect Disord. 2010;122:86–95.CrossRef Lowe B, Wahl I, Rose M, Spitzer C, Glaesmer H, Wingenfeld K, et al. A 4-item measure of depression and anxiety: validation and standardization of the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) in the general population. J Affect Disord. 2010;122:86–95.CrossRef
31.
go back to reference Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Lowe B. An ultra-brief screening scale for anxiety and depression: the PHQ-4. Psychosomatics. 2009;50:613–21. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Lowe B. An ultra-brief screening scale for anxiety and depression: the PHQ-4. Psychosomatics. 2009;50:613–21.
32.
go back to reference Sangha O, Stucki G, Liang MH, Fossel AH, Katz JN. The Self-Administered Comorbidity Questionnaire: a new method to assess comorbidity for clinical and health services research. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;49:156–63.CrossRef Sangha O, Stucki G, Liang MH, Fossel AH, Katz JN. The Self-Administered Comorbidity Questionnaire: a new method to assess comorbidity for clinical and health services research. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;49:156–63.CrossRef
33.
go back to reference Bellach B-M, Ellert U, Radoschweski M. Epidemiologie des Schmerzes – Ergebnisse des Bundes-Gesundheitssurveys 1998. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz. 2000;43:424–43.CrossRef Bellach B-M, Ellert U, Radoschweski M. Epidemiologie des Schmerzes – Ergebnisse des Bundes-Gesundheitssurveys 1998. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz. 2000;43:424–43.CrossRef
34.
go back to reference Deck R, Raspe H. Regionale Qualitätssicherung in der medizinischen Rehabilitation. Qualitätsgemeinschaft medizinische Rehabilitation in Schleswig-Holstein - Hauptstudie und Ergebnisse aus orthopädischen Kliniken. Rehabilitation. 2006;45:272–81.CrossRef Deck R, Raspe H. Regionale Qualitätssicherung in der medizinischen Rehabilitation. Qualitätsgemeinschaft medizinische Rehabilitation in Schleswig-Holstein - Hauptstudie und Ergebnisse aus orthopädischen Kliniken. Rehabilitation. 2006;45:272–81.CrossRef
35.
go back to reference Deck R, Raspe H. Regionale Qualitätssicherung in der medizinischen Rehabilitation. Qualitätsgemeinschaft medizinische Rehabilitation in Schleswig-Holstein - Initiative und Erprobung. Rehabilitation. 2006;45:146–51.CrossRef Deck R, Raspe H. Regionale Qualitätssicherung in der medizinischen Rehabilitation. Qualitätsgemeinschaft medizinische Rehabilitation in Schleswig-Holstein - Initiative und Erprobung. Rehabilitation. 2006;45:146–51.CrossRef
36.
go back to reference Mensink GBM. Körperliche Aktivität. Das Gesundheitswesen 1999;61: 126-131. Mensink GBM. Körperliche Aktivität. Das Gesundheitswesen 1999;61: 126-131.
37.
go back to reference Deck R, Röckelein E. Zur Erhebung soziodemographischer und sozialmedizinischer Indikatoren in den rehabilitationswissenschaftlichen Forschungsverbünden. In: Rentenversicherungsträger VD, editor. Förderschwerpunkt "Rehabilitationswissenschaften" - Empfehlungen der Arbeitsgruppen "Generische Methoden, Routinedaten und Reha-Ökonomie" DRV-Schriften; 1999. p. 81–102. Deck R, Röckelein E. Zur Erhebung soziodemographischer und sozialmedizinischer Indikatoren in den rehabilitationswissenschaftlichen Forschungsverbünden. In: Rentenversicherungsträger VD, editor. Förderschwerpunkt "Rehabilitationswissenschaften" - Empfehlungen der Arbeitsgruppen "Generische Methoden, Routinedaten und Reha-Ökonomie" DRV-Schriften; 1999. p. 81–102.
38.
go back to reference Schreier M. Fallauswahl. In: Mey G, Mruck K, editors. Handbuch qualitative Forschung in der Psychologie. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften; 2010. p. 238–51.CrossRef Schreier M. Fallauswahl. In: Mey G, Mruck K, editors. Handbuch qualitative Forschung in der Psychologie. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften; 2010. p. 238–51.CrossRef
39.
go back to reference Mayring P. Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse: Grundlagen und Techniken. Weinheim: Beltz-Verlag; 2010. Mayring P. Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse: Grundlagen und Techniken. Weinheim: Beltz-Verlag; 2010.
40.
go back to reference Schreier M. Qualitative content analysis in practice. Los Angeles, Cali. [u. a.]: Sage; 2012. Schreier M. Qualitative content analysis in practice. Los Angeles, Cali. [u. a.]: Sage; 2012.
41.
go back to reference Skopeteas S, Fiedler I, Hellmuth S, Schwarz A, Stoel R, Fanselow G, et al. Questionnaire on Information Structure (QUIS): reference manual. Potsdam: Universitätsverlag Potsdam; 2006. Skopeteas S, Fiedler I, Hellmuth S, Schwarz A, Stoel R, Fanselow G, et al. Questionnaire on Information Structure (QUIS): reference manual. Potsdam: Universitätsverlag Potsdam; 2006.
42.
go back to reference Spil TA, Schuring RW. The UTAUT questionnaire items. In: Spil TA, Schuring RW, editors. E-Health Systems Diffusion and Use: The Innovation, the User and the Use IT Model. Hershey, London: Idea Group Pub; 2006. p. 93–8.CrossRef Spil TA, Schuring RW. The UTAUT questionnaire items. In: Spil TA, Schuring RW, editors. E-Health Systems Diffusion and Use: The Innovation, the User and the Use IT Model. Hershey, London: Idea Group Pub; 2006. p. 93–8.CrossRef
43.
go back to reference Hart SG, Staveland LE. Development of NASA-TLX (Task Load Index): Results of empirical and theoretical research. Adv Psychol. 1988;52:139–83.CrossRef Hart SG, Staveland LE. Development of NASA-TLX (Task Load Index): Results of empirical and theoretical research. Adv Psychol. 1988;52:139–83.CrossRef
44.
go back to reference Der PJ. Benutzerfragebogen ISONORM 9241/10: Ergebnisse zur Reliabilität und Validität. In: Rua L, editor. Software-Ergonomie´97. Stuttgart: Vieweg+Teubner Verlag; 1997. p. 253–62. Der PJ. Benutzerfragebogen ISONORM 9241/10: Ergebnisse zur Reliabilität und Validität. In: Rua L, editor. Software-Ergonomie´97. Stuttgart: Vieweg+Teubner Verlag; 1997. p. 253–62.
45.
go back to reference Hassenzahl M, Burmester M, Koller F. AttrakDiff: Ein Fragebogen zur Messung wahrgenommener hedonischer und pragmatischer Qualität. In: Ziegler J, Szwillus G, editors. Mensch & Computer 2003. Stuttgart: Vieweg+Teubner Verlag; 2003. p. 187–96.CrossRef Hassenzahl M, Burmester M, Koller F. AttrakDiff: Ein Fragebogen zur Messung wahrgenommener hedonischer und pragmatischer Qualität. In: Ziegler J, Szwillus G, editors. Mensch & Computer 2003. Stuttgart: Vieweg+Teubner Verlag; 2003. p. 187–96.CrossRef
46.
go back to reference Ebersbach G, Ebersbach A, Edler D, Kaufhold O, Kusch M, Kupsch A, et al. Comparing exercise in Parkinson's disease--the Berlin LSVT(R)BIG study. Mov Disord. 2010;25:1902–8.CrossRef Ebersbach G, Ebersbach A, Edler D, Kaufhold O, Kusch M, Kupsch A, et al. Comparing exercise in Parkinson's disease--the Berlin LSVT(R)BIG study. Mov Disord. 2010;25:1902–8.CrossRef
47.
go back to reference Morris ME, Iansek R, Kirkwood B. A randomized controlled trial of movement strategies compared with exercise for people with Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2009;24:64–71.CrossRef Morris ME, Iansek R, Kirkwood B. A randomized controlled trial of movement strategies compared with exercise for people with Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2009;24:64–71.CrossRef
48.
go back to reference Schreier M. Varianten qualitativer Inhaltsanalyse: Ein Wegweiser im Dickicht der Begrifflichkeiten. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung. 2014;15:Art. 18. Schreier M. Varianten qualitativer Inhaltsanalyse: Ein Wegweiser im Dickicht der Begrifflichkeiten. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung. 2014;15:Art. 18.
49.
go back to reference Kuckartz U. Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse: Methoden, Praxis, Computerunterstützung. Weinheim: Beltz Juventa; 2016. Kuckartz U. Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse: Methoden, Praxis, Computerunterstützung. Weinheim: Beltz Juventa; 2016.
50.
go back to reference Pedersen BK, Saltin B. Evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in chronic disease. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2006;16(Suppl 1):3–63.CrossRef Pedersen BK, Saltin B. Evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in chronic disease. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2006;16(Suppl 1):3–63.CrossRef
51.
go back to reference Marzinzik F, Wahl M, Doletschek CM, Jugel C, Rewitzer C, Klostermann F. Evaluation of a telemedical care programme for patients with Parkinson's disease. J Telemed Telecare. 2012;18:322–7.CrossRef Marzinzik F, Wahl M, Doletschek CM, Jugel C, Rewitzer C, Klostermann F. Evaluation of a telemedical care programme for patients with Parkinson's disease. J Telemed Telecare. 2012;18:322–7.CrossRef
52.
go back to reference Hoffmann W, Latza U, Terschüren C. Leitlinien und Empfehlungen zur Sicherung von Guter Epidemiologischer Praxis (GEP) - überarbeitete Fassung nach Evaluation. Das Gesundheitswesen. 2005;67:217–25.CrossRef Hoffmann W, Latza U, Terschüren C. Leitlinien und Empfehlungen zur Sicherung von Guter Epidemiologischer Praxis (GEP) - überarbeitete Fassung nach Evaluation. Das Gesundheitswesen. 2005;67:217–25.CrossRef
Metadata
Title
ParkProTrain: an individualized, tablet-based physiotherapy training programme aimed at improving quality of life and participation restrictions in PD patients – a study protocol for a quasi-randomized, longitudinal and sequential multi-method study
Authors
Carolin Siegert
Björn Hauptmann
Nicole Jochems
Andreas Schrader
Ruth Deck
Publication date
01-12-2019
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Neurology / Issue 1/2019
Electronic ISSN: 1471-2377
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-019-1355-x

Other articles of this Issue 1/2019

BMC Neurology 1/2019 Go to the issue