Top

Published in:

Open Access 01-12-2023 | Panic Disorder | Study protocol

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy or supportive counseling prior to exposure therapy in patients with panic disorder: study protocol for a multicenter randomized controlled trial (IMPROVE)

Authors: Bart Endhoven, Klara De Cort, Suzy J. M. A. Matthijssen, Ad de Jongh, Agnes van Minnen, Puck Duits, Koen R. J. Schruers, Eva A. M. van Dis, Angelos M. Krypotos, Lotte Gerritsen, Iris M. Engelhard

Published in: BMC Psychiatry | Issue 1/2023

Abstract

Background

Exposure-based therapy is the treatment of choice for anxiety disorders, but many patients do not benefit sufficiently from it. Distressing images of threat related to the future or past may maintain the anxiety symptomatology or impede exposure therapy. An intervention that targets threat-related imagery is eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy. The main goal of this multicenter randomized controlled trial is to investigate whether EMDR therapy plus exposure therapy, relative to supportive counseling plus exposure therapy, improves treatment efficacy, tolerability, and adherence in patients with panic disorder. In addition, we will examine potential predictors of optimal treatment allocation, mechanisms of change as well as the long term effects of treatment. Finally, we will assess cost-effectiveness.

Methods

A multicenter randomized controlled trial mixed design will be conducted. Participants will be 50 patients, aged ≥ 18, diagnosed with a panic disorder. They will be randomly assigned to one of two conditions: EMDR therapy (i.e., flashforward strategy) or supportive counseling (each consisting of four weekly sessions of 90 min each) prior to exposure therapy (consisting of eight weekly sessions of 90 min each). Assessments will be made pre-treatment (T1), between-treatments (T2), post-treatment (T3), one month post-treatment (FU1) and six months post-treatment (FU2) by an assessor blind to treatment condition. The primary outcome measure is severity of panic-related symptoms. Secondary outcome measures are: tolerability of exposure therapy (initial avoidance, willingness to start exposure therapy, considered drop-out; no-show and drop-out), related symptomatology (generalized anxiety, depression), and functional impairment.

Discussion

The primary goals of this research are to compare the efficacy, tolerability, and adherence of EMDR therapy plus exposure therapy and supportive counseling plus exposure therapy and to identify predictors, moderators, and mediators for treatment success. This multi-center research aims to make a significant contribution to our understanding as to how treatment for patients with anxiety disorders can be optimized, and elucidate who can benefit most from this novel approach.

Trial registration

ISRCTN—ISRCTN29668369: Improving anxiety treatment by modifying emotional memories before real-life exposure. Registered 27 June 2022—retrospectively registered. ISRCTN—ISRCTN29668369.

Baxter AJ, Scott KM, Vos T, Whiteford HA. Global prevalence of anxiety disorders: a systematic review and meta-regression. Psychol Med. 2013;43(5):897–910. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329171200147X.CrossRefPubMed

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. text revision. American Psychiatric Association Publishing; 2022. Section 2, Anxiety disorders [Cited 2022 Nov 1]. Avalable from: https://doi-org.proxy.library.uu.nl/10.1176/appi.b.

Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Michaud C, Ezzati M, et al. Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380(9859):2163–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61729-2.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Gustavsson A, Svensson M, Jacobi F, Allgulander C, Alonso J, Beghi E, et al. Cost of disorders of the brain in Europe 2010. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2011;21(10):718–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.08.008.CrossRefPubMed

Greenberg PE, Sisitsky T, Kessler RC, Finkelstein SN, Berndt ER, Davidson JR, et al. The economic burden of anxiety disorders in the 1990s. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999;60(7):427–35. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.v60n0702.CrossRefPubMed

Andrews G, Bell C, Boyce P, Gale C, Lampe L, Marwat O, et al. Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2018;52(12):1109–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867418799453.CrossRef

National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Common mental health problems: identification and pathways to care. 2011 [cited 2022 Oct 9]. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg123.

Craske M, Treanor M, Zbozinek T, Vervliet B. Optimizing exposure therapy with an inhibitory retrieval approach and the OptEx Nexus. Behav Res Ther. 2022;152:104069.CrossRefPubMed

Carpenter JK, Andrews LA, Witcraft SM, Powers MB, Smits JAJ, Hofmann SG. Cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety and related disorders: A meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Depress Anxiety. 2018;35(6):502–14. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22728.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

10.

Parker Z, Waller G, Dugne PGZ, Dawon J. The role of exposure treatment in anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis. Int J Psychol Psychol. 2018;18(1):111–41.

11.

Garcia-Palacios A, Botella C, Hoffman H, Fabregat S. Comparing acceptance and refusal rates of virtual reality exposure vs. in vivo exposure by patients with specific phobias. Cyberpsychol Behav. 2007;10(5):722–4. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.9962.CrossRefPubMed

12.

Issakidis C, Andrews G. Pretreatment attrition and dropout in an outpatient clinic for anxiety disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2004;109(6):426–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0047.2004.00264.x.CrossRefPubMed

13.

White K, Allen L, Barlow D, Gorman J, Shear M, Woods SW. Attrition in a multicenter clinical trial for panic disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2010;198(9):665–71.

14.

Bentley KH, Cohen ZD, Kim T, Bullis JR, Nauphal M, Cassiello-Robbins C, et al. The nature, timing, and symptom trajectories of dropout from transdiagnostic and single-diagnosis cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders. Behav Ther. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2021.03.007.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

15.

Loerinc AG, Meuret AE, Twohig MP, Rosenfield D, Bluett EJ, Craske MG. Response rates for CBT for anxiety disorders: Need for standardized criteria. Clin Psychol Rev. 2015;42:72–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2015.08.004.CrossRefPubMed

16.

van Dis EAM, van Veen SC, Hagenaars MA, Batelaan NM, Bockting CLH, van den Heuvel RM, et al. Long-term outcomes of cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety-related disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020;77(3):265–73. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.3986.CrossRefPubMed

17.

Levy HC, O’Bryan EM, Tolin DF. A meta-analysis of relapse rates in cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders. J Anxiety Disord. 2021;81:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102407.CrossRef

18.

Lorimer B, Kellett S, Nye A, Delgadillo J. Predictors of relapse and recurrence following cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety-related disorders: a systematic review. Cogn Behav Ther. 2021;50(1):1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2020.1812709.CrossRefPubMed

19.

Vervliet B, Craske MG, Hermans D. Fear extinction and relapse: state of the art. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2013;9:215–48. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185542.CrossRefPubMed

20.

Davey GCL. A conditioning model of phobias. In: Davey GCL, editor. Phobias—A handbook of theory, research and treatment: Wiley; 1997. p. 301–22.

21.

Hackmann A, Holmes EA. Reflecting on imagery: a clinical perspective and overview of the special issue of memory on mental imagery and memory in psychopathology. Memory. 2004;12(4):389–402. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658210444000133.CrossRefPubMed

22.

Holmes EA, Mathews A. Mental imagery in emotion and emotional disorders. Clin Psychol Rev. 2010;30(3):349–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.01.001.CrossRefPubMed

23.

Çili S, Stopa L. Intrusive mental imagery in psychological disorders: Is the self the key to understanding maintenance? Front Psychiatry. 2015;6:103. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00103.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

24.

Saulsman LM, Ji JL, McEvoy PM. The essential role of mental imagery in cognitive behaviour therapy: what is old is new again. Aust Psychol. 2019 [cited 2023 Jan 4];54(4):237–44. Available from: https://onlinelibrary-wiley-com.proxy.library.uu.nl/doi/full/10.1111/ap.12406.

25.

Deeprose C, Holmes EA. An exploration of prospective imagery: the impact of future events scale. Behav Cogn Psychother. 2010;38(2):201–9. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465809990671.CrossRefPubMed

26.

Engelhard IM, van den Hout MA, Janssen WC, van der Beek J. Eye movements reduce vividness and emotionality of “ flashforwards.” Behav Res Ther. 2010;48(5):442–7.

27.

Holmes EA, Mathews A. Mental imagery and emotion: a special relationship? Emotion. 2005;5(4):489–97.

28.

Krypotos A-M, Mertens G, Leer A, Engelhard IM. Induction of conditioned avoidance via mental imagery. Behav Res Ther. 2020;132:103652.CrossRefPubMed

29.

Ji J, Heyes S, MacLeod C, Holmes E. Emotional mental imagery as simulation of reality: fear and beyond—a tribute to Peter Lang. Behav Ther. 2016;47(5):702–19.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

30.

Mertens G, Krypotos AM, Engelhard IM. A review on mental imagery in fear conditioning research 100 years since the ‘Little Albert’ study. Behav Res Ther. 2020 [cited 2022 Oct 17];126. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32014694/.

31.

Leer A, Engelhard IM, Altink A, van den Hout MA. Eye movements during recall of aversive memory decreases conditioned fear. Behav Res Ther. 2013;51(10):633–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2013.07.004.CrossRefPubMed

32.

Dibbets P, Poort H, Arntz A. Adding imagery rescripting during extinction leads to less ABA renewal. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2012;43(1):614–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.08.006.CrossRefPubMed

33.

Landkroon E, van Dis EAM, Meyerbröker K, Salemink E, Hagenaars MA, Engelhard IM. Future-oriented positive mental imagery reduces anxiety for exposure to public speaking. Behav Ther. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2021.06.005.CrossRefPubMed

34.

Nilsson J-E, Knutsson J, Jalamo B-S, Lundh L-G. Imagery rescripting of early memories in health anxiety disorder: a feasibility and non-randomized pilot study. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2019;65:101491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2019.101491.CrossRefPubMed

35.

Strachan LP, Hyett MP, McEvoy PM. Imagery rescripting for anxiety disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder: recent advances and future directions. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2020;22(4):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-020-1139-4.CrossRef

36.

Wild J, Clark DM. Imagery rescripting of early traumatic memories in social phobia. Cogn Behav Pract. 2011;18(4):433–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2011.03.002.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

37.

Morina N, Lancee J, Arntz A. Imagery rescripting as a clinical intervention for aversive memories: a meta-analysis. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2017;55:6–15.CrossRefPubMed

38.

Cuijpers P, van Veen SC, Sijbrandij M, Yoder W, Cristea IA. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for mental health problems: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cogn Behav Ther. 2020;49(3):165–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2019.1703801.CrossRefPubMed

39.

Horst F, Den Oudsten B, Zijlstra W, de Jongh A, Lobbestael J, De Vries J. Cognitive behavioral therapy vs. eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for treating panic disorder a randomized controlled trial. Front Psychol. 2017;8:1409. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01409.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

40.

Yunitri N, Kao C-C, Chu H, Voss J, Chiu H-L, Liu D, et al. The effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing toward anxiety disorder: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Psychiatr Res. 2020;123:102–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.01.005.CrossRefPubMed

41.

Shapiro F. Efficacy of the eye movement desensitization procedure in the treatment of traumatic memories. J Trauma Stress. 1989;2(2):199–223. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.2490020207.CrossRef

42.

Engelhard IM, McNally RJ, van Schie K. Retrieving and modifying traumatic memories: recent research relevant to three controversies. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2019;28(1):91–6. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721418807728.CrossRef

43.

Landin-Romero R, Moreno-Alcazar A, Pagani M, Amann BL. How does eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy work? A systematic review on suggested mechanisms of action. Front Psychol. 2018;9(1395):1–23. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01395.CrossRef

44.

Mertens G, Lund M, Engelhard IM. The effectiveness of dual-task interventions for modulating emotional memories in the laboratory: a meta-analysis. Acta Psychologica. 2021;220:103424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2021.103424.CrossRefPubMed

45.

Addis DR, Wong AT, Schacter DL. Remembering the past and imagining the future: common and distinct neural substrates during event construction and elaboration. Neuropsychologia. 2007;45(7):1363–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.10.016.CrossRefPubMed

46.

Engelhard IM, Sijbrandij M, van den Hout MA, Rutherford NM, Rahim HF, Kocak F. Choking under pressure: Degrading flashforwards related to performance anxiety. J Exp Psychopathol. 2012;3(2):158–67. https://doi.org/10.5127/jep.024111.CrossRef

47.

Engelhard IM, van den Hout MA, Dek ECP, Giele CL, van der Wielen J-W, Reijnen MJ, et al. Reducing vividness and emotional intensity of recurrent “flashforwards” by taxing working memory: an analogue study. J Anxiety Disord. 2011;25(4):599–603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.01.009.CrossRefPubMed

48.

Logie RDJ, Jongh AD. The “flashforward procedure”: Confronting the catastrophe. J EMDR Pract Res. 2014;8(1):25–32. https://doi.org/10.1891/1933-3196.8.1.25.CrossRef

49.

Blackwell SE. Mental imagery in the science and practice of cognitive behaviour therapy: past, present, and future perspectives. Int J Cogn Ther. 2021 [cited 2023 Jan 4];14(1):160–81. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41811-021-00102-0.

50.

Bryant RA, Harvey AG, Dang ST, Sackville T, Basten C. Treatment of acute stress disorder: a comparison of cognitive- behavioral therapy and supportive counseling. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1998 [cited 2022 Oct 10];66(5):862–6.

51.

Somers JM, Goldner EM, Waraich P, Hsu L. Prevalence and incidence studies of anxiety disorders: a systematic review of the literature. Can J Psychiatry. 2006;51(2):100–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370605100206.CrossRefPubMed

52.

Foster E, Deardorff A. Open Science Framework (OSF). J Med Library Association. 2017;105:203.CrossRef

53.

Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, Payne J, Gonzalez N, Conde JG. Research electronic data capture (REDCap)–a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inform. 2009;42(2):377–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2008.08.010.CrossRefPubMed

54.

Harris PA, Taylor R, Minor BL, Elliott V, Fernandez M, O’Neal L, et al. The REDCap consortium: building an international community of software platform partners. J Biomed Inform. 2019;95:103208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2019.103208.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

55.

Suresh KP. An overview of randomization techniques: An unbiased assessment of outcome in clinical research. J Hum Reprod Sci. 2011;4(1):8–11. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-1208.82352.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

56.

Faul F, Erdfelder E, Buchner A, Lang A-G. Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behav Res Methods. 2009;41(4):1149–60. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149.CrossRefPubMed

57.

Fu Q, Hoijtink H, Moerbeek M. Sample-size determination for the Bayesian t test and Welch’s test using the approximate adjusted fractional Bayes factor. Behav Res Methods. 2020;53(1):139–52.CrossRefPubMedCentral

58.

Vanbrabant L, Van De Schoot R, Rosseel Y. Constrained statistical inference: sample-size tables for ANOVA and regression. Front Psychol. 2015;5:63. https://doi-org.proxy.library.uu.nl/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01565.

59.

Shapiro, F. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing: Basic Principles, Protocols and Procedures, 3rd ed.; Guilford Press: New York, NY, USA, 2018.Vereniging EMDR Nederland. EMDR standaardprotocol 2021. 2021. https://www.emdr.nl/. Accessed September 2021

60.

Matthijssen SJ, Brouwers T, van Roozendaal C, Vuister T, de Jongh A. The effect of EMDR versus EMDR 2.0 on emotionality and vividness of aversive memories in a non-clinical sample. Euro J Psych Traumatol. 2021;12:1956793.

61.

Moovd. Moovd. Nijverdal; Moovd B.v.; 2022 [updated date 2022, cited 2022 June 9]. Available from: https://moovd.nl/methodes/digital-emdr/.

62.

Boelen PA, de Keijser J, van den Hout MA, van den Bout J. Treatment of complicated grief: a comparison between cognitive-behavioral therapy and supportive counseling. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2007;75(2):277–84. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.75.2.277.CrossRefPubMed

63.

Herbert JD, Gaudiano BA, Rheingold AA, Moitra E, Myers VH, Dalrymple KL, et al. Cognitive behavior therapy for generalized social anxiety disorder in adolescents: a randomized controlled trial. J Anxiety Disord. 2009;23(2):167–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.06.004.CrossRefPubMed

64.

Cuijpers P, Reijnders M, Huibers MJH. The role of common factors in psychotherapy outcomes. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2019;15:207–31. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095424.CrossRefPubMed

65.

Kampman M, Keijsers GPJ, Hendriks GJ. Protocollaire behandeling van patiënten met een paniekstoornis met of zonder comorbide agorafobie: Interoceptieve exposure, cognitieve gedragstherapie en exposure in vivo. In: Keijsers G, van Minnen A, Verbraak M, editors. Protocollaire behandelingen voor volwassenen met psychische klachten klachten deel 1. Amsterdam: Boom; 2017. p. 177–230.

66.

Clark DM. A cognitive model of panic attacks. In: Rachman S, Maser JD, editors. Panic: Psychological perspectives. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: Inc; 1988. p. 71–89.

67.

Overbeek T, Schruers K. Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview-Simplified voor DSM-5: Nederlandse vertaling versie 2. 2019.

68.

Sheehan DV, Lecrubier Y, Sheehan KH, Amorim P, Janavs J, Weiller E, et al. The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I) the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM IV and ICD-10. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;59(Suppl 20):22–33.PubMed

69.

Hergueta T, Weiller E. Evaluating depressive symptoms in hypomanic and manic episodes using a structured diagnostic tool: validation of a new Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) module for the DSM-5’With Mixed Features’ specifier. Int J Bipolar Disorders. 2013;1(1):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/2194-7511-1-21.CrossRef

70.

Shear MK, Rucci P, Williams J, Frank E, Grochocinski V, Vander Bilt J, et al. Reliability and validity of the Panic Disorder Severity Scale: replication and extension. J Psychiatr Res. 2001;35(5):293–6.

71.

Houck P, Spiegel D, Shear M, Rucci P. Reliability of the self-report version of the panic disorder severity scale. Depress Anxiety. 2002;15(4):183–5.CrossRefPubMed

72.

de Beurs E, den Hollander M, van Rood YR, Zitman F. The Dutch version of the Panic Disorder Severity Scale: Reliability and validity. In: Levin JK, Torterolo AD, editors. Panic Disorder: Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention. Hauppauge: Nova Science; 2011;35(5):293–6.

73.

Bandelow B. Assessing the efficacy of treatments for panic disorder and agoraphobia II. The panic and Agoraphobia scale. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1995;10:73–10. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004850-199506000-00003.

74.

Funayama T, Furukawa T, Nakano Y, Noda Y, Ogawa S, Watanabe N, et al. In-situation safety behaviors among patients with panic disorder: descriptive and correlational study. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2013;67(5):332–9.CrossRefPubMed

75.

Aafjes-van Doorn K, Zilcha-Mano S, Graham K, Caldari A, Barber JP, Chambless DL, et al. The role of safety behaviors in panic disorder treatment: Self-regulation or self-defeat? J Contemp Psychother. 2019;49(4):203–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10879-019-09432-9.CrossRef

76.

Van Zuuren FJ. The Fear Questionnaire. Some data on validity, reliability and layout. Br J Psychiatry. 1988 [cited 2023 Feb 6];153(NOV.):659–62. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.153.5.659.

77.

Marks IM, Mathews AM. Brief standard self-rating for phobic patients. Behav Res Ther. 1979;17(3):263–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(79)90041-x.CrossRefPubMed

78.

Chambless DL, Caputo GC, Bright P, Gallagher R. Assessment of fear of fear in agoraphobics: the body sensations questionnaire and the Agoraphobic cognitions questionnaire. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1984;52(6):1090–7. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-006x.52.6.1090.CrossRefPubMed

79.

Boswell J, Farchione T, Sauer-Zavala S, Murray H, Fortune M, Barlow D. Anxiety sensitivity and interoceptive exposure: a transdiagnostic construct and change strategy. Behav Ther. 2013;44(3):417–31.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

80.

Donker T, van Straten A, Marks I, Cuijpers P. Quick and easy self-rating of generalized anxiety disorder: validity of the Dutch web-based GAD-7, GAD-2 and GAD-SI. Psychiatry Res. 2011;188(1):58–64.CrossRefPubMed

81.

National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health. The Improving Access to Psychological Therapies Manual. 5. In: NHS Digital; 2018 [updated 2021 August; cited 2022 Nov 1]. Available from: https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/the-iapt-manual-v5.pdf.

82.

Löwe B, Spitzer RL, Gräfe K, Kroenke K, Quenter A, Zipfel S, Herzog W. Comparative validity of three screening questionnaires for DSM-IV depressive disorders and physicians’ diagnoses. J Affect Disord. 2004;78:131–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-0327(02)00237-9.CrossRefPubMed

83.

Löwe B, Kroenke K, Herzog W, Gräfe K. Measuring depression outcome with a brief self-report instrument: sensitivity to change of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). J Affect Disord. 2004;81:61–6.CrossRefPubMed

84.

Pedersen G, Kvarstein E, Wilberg T. The work and social adjustment scale: psychometric properties and validity among males and females, and outpatients with and without personality disorders. Personal Ment Health. 2017;11(4):215–28.CrossRefPubMed

85.

Zahra D, Qureshi A, Henley W, Taylor R, Quinn C, Pooler J, et al. The work and social adjustment scale: reliability, sensitivity and value. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2014;18(2):131–8.CrossRefPubMed

86.

Attkisson C, Zwick R. The client satisfaction questionnaire : Psychometric properties and correlations with service utilization and psychotherapy outcome. Eval Program Plann. 1982;5(3):233–7.CrossRefPubMed

87.

de Brey H. A cross-national validation of the client satisfaction questionnaire: the Dutch experience. Eval Program Plann. 1983;6(3–4):395–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/0149-7189(83)90018-6.CrossRefPubMed

88.

Nguyen TD, Attkisson CC, Stegner BL. Assessment of patient satisfaction: development and refinement of a Service Evaluation Questionnaire. Eval Program Plann. 1983;6(3–4):299–313.CrossRefPubMed

89.

Nivel. Ontwikkelingen in het meten en gebruiken van patiëntervaringen en patiënt gerapporteerde uitkomsten: van de huidige stand van zaken naar lessen voor de toekomst. In Nivel; 2018 [Updated 2018, cited; 2020, May 29]. Available form: https://www.zorginstituutnederland.nl/publicaties/rapport/2018/07/25/ontwikkelingen-in-het-meten-en-gebruiken-van-patientervaringen-en-patientgerapporteerde-uitkomsten.

90.

Palombo DJ, Williams LJ, Abdi H, Levine B. The survey of autobiographical memory (SAM): a novel measure of trait mnemonics in everyday life. Cortex. 2013;49(6):1526–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2012.08.023.CrossRefPubMed

91.

Horowitz M, Wilner N, Alvarez W. Impact of event scale: a measure of subjective stress. Psychosom Med. 1979;41(3):209–18. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-197905000-00004.CrossRefPubMed

92.

van der Ploeg E, Mooren T, Kleber R, van der Velden P, Brom D. Construct validation of the Dutch version of the impact of event scale. Psychol Assess. 2004;16(1):16–26.CrossRefPubMed

93.

Rosmalen JGM, Bos EH, de Jonge P. Validation of the Long-term Difficulties Inventory (LDI) and the List of Threatening Experiences (LTE) as measures of stress in epidemiological population-based cohort studies. Psychol Med. 2012;42(12):2599–608. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291712000608.CrossRefPubMed

94.

Devilly GJ, Borkovec TD. Psychometric properties of the credibility/expectancy questionnaire. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2000;31(2):73–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7916(00)00012-4.CrossRefPubMed

95.

Horvath A, Greenberg L. Development and validation of the working alliance inventory. J Couns Psychol. 1989;36(2):223–33.CrossRef

96.

Stinckens N, Ulburghs A, Claes L. De werkalliantie als sleutelelement in het therapiegebeuren. Meting met behulp van de WAV 12 de Nederlandse vertaling van de working alliance inventory. Tijdschr Klin Psychol. 2009;39:44–60.

97.

Buhr K, Dugas MJ. The intolerance of uncertainty scale: psychometric properties of the English version. Behav Res Ther. 2002;40(8):931–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00092-4.CrossRefPubMed

98.

Boelen PA, Vrinssen I, Van Tulder F. Intolerance of uncertainty in adolescents: correlations with worry, social anxiety, and depression. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2010 [cited 2023 Jan 23];198(3):194–200. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/jonmd/Fulltext/2010/03000/Intolerance_of_Uncertainty_in_Adolescents_.5.aspx.

99.

Reiss S, Peterson R, Gursky D, McNally R. Anxiety sensitivity, anxiety frequency and the prediction of fearfulness. Behav Res Ther. 1986;24(1):1–8.CrossRefPubMed

100.

Vujanovic AA, Arrindell WA, Bernstein A, Norton PJ, Zvolensky MJ. Sixteen-item anxiety sensitivity index: confirmatory factor analytic evidence, internal consistency, and construct validity in a young adult sample from the Netherlands. Assessment. 2007;14(2):129–43. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191106295053.CrossRefPubMed

101.

Meyer T, Miller M, Metzger R, Borkovec T. Development and validation of the penn state worry questionnaire. Behav Res Ther. 1990;28(6):487–95.CrossRefPubMed

102.

van der Heiden C, Muris P, Bos AER, van der Molen H, Oostra M. Normative data for the Dutch version of the Penn State Worry questionnaire. Neth J Psychol. 2009;65(2):69–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03080129.CrossRef

103.

Lonsdorf TB, Merz CJ. More than just noise: Inter-individual differences in fear acquisition, extinction and return of fear in humans - Biological, experiential, temperamental factors, and methodological pitfalls. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2017;80:703–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.07.007.CrossRefPubMed

104.

Wong AHK, Lovibond PF. Excessive generalisation of conditioned fear in trait anxious individuals under ambiguity. Behav Res Ther. 2018;107:53–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2018.05.012.CrossRefPubMed

105.

Zbozinek TD, Craske MG. Pavlovian extinction of fear with the original conditional stimulus, a generalization stimulus, or multiple generalization stimuli. Behav Res Ther. 2018;107:64–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2018.05.009.CrossRefPubMed

106.

van Minnen A, Hendriks L, Olff M. When do trauma experts choose exposure therapy for PTSD patients? A controlled study of therapist and patient factors. Behav Res Ther. 2010;48(4):312–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2009.12.003.CrossRefPubMed

107.

Parker ZJ, Waller G. Factors related to psychotherapists’ self-assessment when treating anxiety and other disorders. Behav Res Ther. 2015;66:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2014.12.010.CrossRefPubMed

108.

Waller G, Mountford V, Tatham M, Turner H, Gabriel C, Webber R. Attitudes towards psychotherapy manuals among clinicians treating eating disorders. Behav Res Ther. 2013;51(12):840–4.CrossRefPubMed

109.

Ashcraft RGP, Foster SL, Lowery AE, Henggeler SW, Chapman JE, Rowland MD. Measuring practitioner attitudes toward evidence-based treatments: a validation study. J Child Adolesc Subst Abuse. 2011;20(2):166–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/1067828X.2011.555276.CrossRef

110.

Addis ME, Carpenter KM. Why, why, why?: Reason-giving and rumination as predictors of response to activation-and insight-oriented treatment rationales. J Clin Psychol. 1999;55(7):881–94. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4679(199907)55:7%3c881::aid-jclp9%3e3.0.co;2-e.CrossRefPubMed

111.

Moscovitch DA, Gavric DL, Merrifield C, Bielak T, Moscovitch M. Retrieval properties of negative vs positive mental images and autobiographical memories in social anxiety: outcomes with a new measure. Behav Res Ther. 2011;49(8):505–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2011.05.009.CrossRefPubMed

112.

Boterhoven de Haan KL, Lee CW, Fassbinder E, Voncken MJ, Meewisse M, Van Es SM, et al. Imagery rescripting and eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing for treatment of adults with childhood trauma-related post-traumatic stress disorder: IREM study design. BMC Psychiatry. 2017;17(1):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-017-1330-2.

113.

Johnson MK, Foley MA, Suengas AG, Raye CL. Phenomenal characteristics of memories for perceived and imagined autobiographical events. J Exp Psychol Gen. 1988;117(4):371–6. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.117.4.371.CrossRefPubMed

114.

Versteegh MM, Vermeulen KM, Evers SM, De Wit GA, Prenger R, Stolk EA. Dutch tariff for the five-level version of EQ-5D. Value Health. 2016;19(4):343–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2016.01.003.CrossRef

115.

Bouwmans C, De Jong K, Timman R, Zijlstra-Vlasveld M, Van der Feltz-Cornelis C, Tan Swan S, et al. Feasibility, reliability and validity of a questionnaire on healthcare consumption and productivity loss in patients with a psychiatric disorder (TiC-P). BMC Health Serv Res. 2013;13:217. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-13-217.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

116.

Holmes EA, Ghaderi A, Harmer CJ, Ramchandani PG, Cuijpers P, Morrison AP, et al. The lancet psychiatry commission on psychological treatments research in tomorrow’s science. Lancet Psychiatry. 2018;5(3):237–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30513-8.CrossRefPubMed

117.

Clark DM. Developing new treatments: on the interplay between theories, experimental science and clinical innovation. Behav Res Ther. 2004;42(9):1089–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2004.05.002.CrossRefPubMed

118.

Huibers M, Lorenzo-Luaces L, Cuijpers P, Kazantzis N. On the road to personalized psychotherapy: a research agenda based on cognitive behavior therapy for depression. Fron Psychiatry. 2021;11:607508.CrossRef

119.

Shean G. Limitations of randomized control designs in psychotherapy research. Adv Psychiatry. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/561452.CrossRef

120.

Kennedy-Martin T, Curtis S, Faries D, Robinson S, Johnston J. A literature review on the representativeness of randomized controlled trial samples and implications for the external validity of trial results. Trials. 2015;16(495):1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-015-1023-4.CrossRef

121.

Leykin Y, DeRubeis RJ. Allegiance in psychotherapy outcome research: Separating association from bias. Clin Psychol (New York). 2009;16(1):54. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2850.2009.01143.x.CrossRef

122.

Munder T, Brütsch O, Leonhart R, Gerger H, Barth J. Researcher allegiance in psychotherapy outcome research: an overview of reviews. Clin Psychol Rev. 2013;33(4):501–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.02.002.CrossRefPubMed

123.

Matthijssen SJMA, Lee CW, de Roos C, Barron IG, Jarero I, Shapiro E, et al. The current status of EMDR therapy, specific target areas, and goals for the future. J EMDR Pract Res. 2020;14(4):241–84. https://doi.org/10.1891/EMDR-D-20-00039.CrossRef

124.

Steinert C, Stadter K, Stark R, Leichsenring F. The effects of waiting for treatment: a meta-analysis of waitlist control groups in randomized controlled trials for social anxiety disorder. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2016;24(3):649–60.CrossRefPubMed

125.

Patterson B, Boyle M, Kivlenieks M, Van Ameringen M. The use of waitlists as control conditions in anxiety disorders research. J Psychiatr Res. 2016;83:112–20.CrossRefPubMed

126.

Cuijpers P, Cristea IA. How to prove that your therapy is effective, even when it is not: a guideline. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2015;25(5):428–35. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796015000864.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

127.

Mohr DC, Spring B, Freedland KE, Beckner V, Arean P, Hollon SD, et al. The selection and design of control conditions for randomized controlled trials of psychological interventions. Psychother Psychosom. 2009;78(5):275–84. https://doi.org/10.1159/000228248.CrossRefPubMed

128.

Furukawa TA, Noma H, Caldwell DM, Honyashiki M, Shinohara K, Imai H, et al. Waiting list may be a nocebo condition in psychotherapy trials: a contribution from network meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2014;130(3):181–92. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12275.CrossRefPubMed

129.

Locher C, Koechlin H, Gaab J, Gerger H. The other side of the coin: Nocebo effects and psychotherapy. Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:555. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00555.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

130.

O’Leary KD, Borkovec TD. Conceptual, methodological, and ethical problems of placebo groups in psychotherapy research. Am Psychol. 1978;33(9):821–30. https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066X.33.9.821.CrossRefPubMed

131.

Sterne JAC, Savović J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Blencowe NS, Boutron I, et al. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2019;366:l4898. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l4898.CrossRefPubMed

132.

Lindström D, Sundberg-Petersson I, Adami J, Tönnesen H. Disappointment and drop-out rate after being allocated to control group in a smoking cessation trial. Contemp Clin Trials. 2010;31(1):22–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2009.09.003.CrossRefPubMed

133.

Craske M, Roy-Byrne P, Stein M, Sullivan G, Sherbourne C, Bystritsky A. Treatment for anxiety disorders: efficacy to effectiveness to implementation. Behav Res Ther. 2009;47(11):931–7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

134.

World Medical Association. World Medical Association declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA. 2013 [cited 2022 Dec 30];310(20):2191–4. Available from: https://jamanetwork-com.proxy.library.uu.nl/journals/jama/fullarticle/1760318.

135.

Moher D, Hopewell S, Schulz KF, Montori V, Gøtzsche PC, Devereaux PJ, et al. CONSORT revised - improving the reporting of randomized trials. JAMA. 2013;10(1):28–55.

Title: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy or supportive counseling prior to exposure therapy in patients with panic disorder: study protocol for a multicenter randomized controlled trial (IMPROVE)
Authors: Bart Endhoven
Klara De Cort
Suzy J. M. A. Matthijssen
Ad de Jongh
Agnes van Minnen
Puck Duits
Koen R. J. Schruers
Eva A. M. van Dis
Angelos M. Krypotos
Lotte Gerritsen
Iris M. Engelhard
Publication date: 01-12-2023
Publisher: BioMed Central
Keywords: Panic Disorder
Anxiety or Fear-Related Disorders
Anxiety
Published in: BMC Psychiatry / Issue 1/2023
Electronic ISSN: 1471-244X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-022-04320-4

2024 ASCO Annual Meeting

Springer Medicine

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy or supportive counseling prior to exposure therapy in patients with panic disorder: study protocol for a multicenter randomized controlled trial (IMPROVE)

Abstract

Background

Methods

Discussion

Trial registration

2024 ASCO Annual Meeting

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Background

Methods

Discussion

Trial registration

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 1/2023

Assessing self-stigma levels and associated factors among substance use disorder patients at two selected psychiatric hospitals in Egypt: a cross-sectional study

The relationship between rurality, travel time to care and death by suicide

Internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia disorder in depressed patients treated at an outpatient clinic for mood disorders: protocol of a randomised controlled trial

Schizotypal traits in a large sample of high-school and university students from Tunisia: correlates and measurement invariance of the arabic schizotypal personality questionnaire across age and sex

Causal associations between COVID-19 and childhood mental disorders

Alcohol use disorder among healthcare professional students: a structural equation model describing its effect on depression, anxiety, and risky sexual behavior