Top

Published in:

01-06-2018 | Review

Oxidative stress as a possible mechanism of statin-induced myopathy

Authors: Yasin Ahmadi, Amir Ghorbanihaghjo, Mohsen Naghi-Zadeh, Neda Lotfi Yagin

Published in: Inflammopharmacology | Issue 3/2018

Abstract

Statins, inhibitors of hydroxy methyl glutaryl coenzyme-A (HMG-CoA) reductase, are the most widely used drugs for treating hypercholesterolemia. However, statins can cause disabling myopathy as their main adverse effect. Several molecular mechanisms underlie the statin-induced myopathy including the decrease in the levels of essential mevalonate and cholesterol derivatives. This review discusses a further mechanism involving the loss of other anti-oxidant defenses besides ubiquinone (Co-Q) in skeletal muscles which produce a significant amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Therefore, to maintain their function, skeletal muscles need a high level of anti-oxidants.

Ahmadi Y, Ghorbanihaghjo A, Argani H (2017) The balance between induction and inhibition of mevalonate pathway regulates cancer suppression by statins: a review of molecular mechanisms. Chemico Biol Interact 273:273–285CrossRef

Ames BN (1989) Endogenous oxidative DNA damage, aging, and cancer. Free Radic Res Commun 7:121–128PubMedCrossRef

Anto RJ, Kuttan G, Babu K, Rajasekharan K, Kuttan R (1998) Anti-inflammatory activity of natural and synthetic curcuminoids. Pharm Pharmacol Commun 4:103–106

Barja G (1999) Mitochondrial oxygen radical generation and leak: sites of production in states 4 and 3, organ specificity, and relation to aging and longevity. J Bioenergy Biomembr 31:347–366CrossRef

Basraon SK, Menon R, Makhlouf M, Longo M, Hankins GD, Saade GR, Costantine MM (2012) Can statins reduce the inflammatory response associated with preterm birth in an animal model? Am J Obstet Gynecol 207:224.e221–224.e227CrossRef

Bełtowski J (2008) Liver X receptors (LXR) as therapeutic targets in dyslipidemia. Cardiovasc Ther 26:297–316PubMedCrossRef

Bloor W (1936) The cholesterol content of muscle. J Biol Chem 114:639–648

Bonetti P, Lerman LO, Napoli C, Lerman A (2003) Statin effects beyond lipid lowering—are they clinically relevant? Eur Heart J 24:225–248PubMedCrossRef

Brand MD (2010) The sites and topology of mitochondrial superoxide production. Exp Gerontol 45:466–472PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Brown AJ (2007) Cholesterol, statins and cancer. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 34:135–141PubMedCrossRef

Cabreiro F, Picot CR, Friguet B, Petropoulos I (2006) Methionine sulfoxide reductases. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1067:37–44PubMedCrossRef

Cadenas E, Davies KJ (2000) Mitochondrial free radical generation, oxidative stress, and aging. Free Radic Biol Med 29:222–230PubMedCrossRef

Cafforio P, Dammacco F, Gernone A, Silvestris F (2005) Statins activate the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis in human lymphoblasts and myeloma cells. Carcinogenesis 26:883–891PubMedCrossRef

Caso G, Kelly P, McNurlan MA, Lawson WE (2007) Effect of coenzyme q10 on myopathic symptoms in patients treated with statins. Am J Cardiol 99:1409–1412PubMedCrossRef

Cauley JA et al (2006) Statin use and breast cancer: prospective results from the Women’s Health Initiative. J Natl Cancer Inst 98:700–707PubMedCrossRef

Cerda A, Hirata MH, Hirata RDC (2012) Molecular mechanisms underlying statin effects on genes involved in the reverse cholesterol transport. Drug Metab Personal Ther 27:101–111

Cooke MS, Evans MD, Dizdaroglu M, Lunec J (2003) Oxidative DNA damage: mechanisms, mutation, and disease. FASEB J 17:1195–1214PubMedCrossRef

Cuchel M, Rader DJ (2006) Macrophage reverse cholesterol transport key to the regression of atherosclerosis? Circulation 113:2548–2555PubMedCrossRef

Das U (1999) Essential fatty acids, lipid peroxidation and apoptosis. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Essent Fatty Acids (PLEFA) 61:157–163CrossRef

De Pinieux G et al (1996) Lipid-lowering drugs and mitochondrial function: effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on serum ubiquinone and blood lactate/pyruvate ratio. Br J Clin Pharmacol 42:333–337PubMedCrossRef

Dietschy JM, Gamel WG (1971) Cholesterol synthesis in the intestine of man: regional differences and control mechanisms. J Clin Investig 50:872PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Dietschy JM, Siperstein MD (1967) Effect of cholesterol feeding and fasting on sterol synthesis in seventeen tissues of the rat. J Lipid Res 8:97–104PubMed

Dietschy JM, Wilson JD (1968) Cholesterol synthesis in the squirrel monkey: relative rates of synthesis in various tissues and mechanisms of control. J Clin Investig 47:166PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Dirks AJ, Jones KM (2006) Statin-induced apoptosis and skeletal myopathy. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 291:C1208–C1212PubMedCrossRef

Dulak J et al (2005) Atorvastatin affects several angiogenic mediators in human endothelial cells. Endothelium 12:233–241PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Duncan RE, El-Sohemy A, Archer MC (2005) Statins and cancer development. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 14:1897–1898CrossRef

Erdös B, Snipes JA, Tulbert CD, Katakam P, Miller AW, Busija DW (2006) Rosuvastatin improves cerebrovascular function in Zucker obese rats by inhibiting NAD (P) H oxidase-dependent superoxide production. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 290:H1264–H1270PubMedCrossRef

Etienne-Manneville S, Hall A (2002) Rho GTPases in cell biology. Nature 420:629–635PubMedCrossRef

Farmer JA (2013) The effect of statins on skeletal muscle function: the STOMP trial. Curr Atheroscler Rep 15:1–3CrossRef

Farwell WR, Scranton RE, Lawler EV, Lew RA, Brophy MT, Fiore LD, Gaziano JM (2008) The association between statins and cancer incidence in a veterans population. J Natl Cancer Inst 100:134–139PubMedCrossRef

Fernandez G, Spatz ES, Jablecki C, Phillips PS (2011) Statin myopathy: a common dilemma not reflected in clinical trials. Clevel Clin J Med 78:393CrossRef

Finkel T, Holbrook NJ (2000) Oxidants, oxidative stress and the biology of ageing. Nature 408:239–247PubMedCrossRef

Germershausen JI, Hunt VM, Bostedor RG, Bailey PJ, Karkas JD, Alberts AW (1989) Tissue selectivity of the cholesterol-lowering agents lovastatin, simvastatin and pravastatin in rats in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 158:667–675PubMedCrossRef

Guijarro C et al (1998) 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase and isoprenylation inhibitors induce apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells in culture. Circ Res 83:490–500PubMedCrossRef

Guijarro C, Blanco-Colio LM, Massy ZA, O’Donnell MP, Kasiske BL, Keane WF, Egido J (1999) Lipophilic statins induce apoptosis of human vascular smooth muscle cells. Kidney Int 56:S88–S91CrossRef

Hot A, Lavocat F, Lenief V, Miossec P (2012) Simvastatin inhibits the pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic effects of IL-17 and TNF-α on endothelial cells. Ann Rheumatic Dis. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-201887 CrossRef

Hu J, Zhang Z, Shen W-J, Azhar S (2010) Cellular cholesterol delivery, intracellular processing and utilization for biosynthesis of steroid hormones. Nutr Metab 7:47CrossRef

Igel M, Sudhop T, Bergmann K (2002) Pharmacology of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins), including rosuvastatin and pitavastatin. J Clin Pharmacol 42:835–845PubMedCrossRef

Inoue I et al (2000) Lipophilic HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor has an anti-inflammatory effect: reduction of mRNA levels for interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and p22phox by regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) in primary endothelial cells. Life Sci 67:863–876PubMedCrossRef

Jadhav S, Nimbalkar S, Kulkarni A, Madhavi D (1995) Lipid oxidation in biological and food systems. Food science and technology. Marcel Dekker, New York. pp 5–64

Jaffe AB, Hall A (2005) Rho GTPases: biochemistry and biology. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 21:247–269PubMedCrossRef

Jain MK, Ridker PM (2005) Anti-inflammatory effects of statins: clinical evidence and basic mechanisms. Nat Rev Drug Discov 4:977–987PubMedCrossRef

Jasiñska M, Owczarek J, Orszulak-Michalak D (2007) Statins: a new insight into their mechanisms of action and consequent pleiotropic effects. Pharmacol Rep 59:483PubMed

Jeske DJ, Dietschy JM (1980) Regulation of rates of cholesterol synthesis in vivo in the liver and carcass of the rat measured using [3H] water. J Lipid Res 21:364–376PubMed

Johnson TE, Zhang X, Bleicher KB, Dysart G, Loughlin AF, Schaefer WH, Umbenhauer DR (2004) Statins induce apoptosis in rat and human myotube cultures by inhibiting protein geranylgeranylation but not ubiquinone. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 200:237–250PubMedCrossRef

Kagan V, Serbinova E, Packer L (1990) Antioxidant effects of ubiquinones in microsomes and mitochondria are mediated by tocopherol recycling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 169:851–857PubMedCrossRef

Kalra S (2009) The role of Coenzyme Q10 in statin-associated myopathy. Electron Physician 1:2–8

Kamikawa T, Kobayashi A, Yamashita T, Hayashi H, Yamazaki N (1985) Effects of coenzyme Q10 on exercise tolerance in chronic stable angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 56:247–251PubMedCrossRef

Karp I, Behlouli H, LeLorier J, Pilote L (2008) Statins and cancer risk. Am J Med 121:302–309PubMedCrossRef

Kaufmann P, Török M, Zahno A, Waldhauser K, Brecht K, Krähenbühl S (2006a) Toxicity of statins on rat skeletal muscle mitochondria. Cell Mol Life Sci 63:2415–2425PubMedCrossRef

Kaufmann P, Török M, Zahno A, Waldhauser K, Brecht K, Krähenbühl S (2006b) Toxicity of statins on rat skeletal muscle mitochondria. Cell Mol Life Sci CMLS 63:2415–2425PubMedCrossRef

Kim MC et al (2011) Comparison of clinical outcomes of hydrophilic and lipophilic statins in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Korean J Intern Med 26:294PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Kuroda J, Ago T, Matsushima S, Zhai P, Schneider MD, Sadoshima J (2010) NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4) is a major source of oxidative stress in the failing heart. Proc Natl Acad Sci 107:15565–15570PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Laaksonen R, Ojala J-P, Tikkanen MJ, Himberg J-J (1994) Serum ubiquinone concentrations after short-and long-term treatment with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 46:313–317PubMedCrossRef

Laaksonen R, Jokelainen K, Sahi T, Tikkanen MJ, Himberg JJ (1995) Decreases in serum ubiquinone concentrations do not result in reduced levels in muscle tissue during short-term simvastatin treatment in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 57:62–66PubMedCrossRef

Laaksonen R, Jokelainen K, Laakso J, Sahi T, Härkönen M, Tikkanen MJ, Himberg J-J (1996) The effect of simvastatin treatment on natural antioxidants in low-density lipoproteins and high-energy phosphates and ubiquinone in skeletal muscle. Am J Cardiol 77:851–854PubMedCrossRef

Laaksonen R et al (2006) A systems biology strategy reveals biological pathways and plasma biomarker candidates for potentially toxic statin-induced changes in muscle. PLoS One 1:e97PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Lamperti C et al (2005) Muscle coenzyme Q10 level in statin-related myopathy. Arch Neurol 62:1709–1712PubMedCrossRef

Lenaz G (2001) The mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species: mechanisms and implications in human pathology. IUBMB Life 52:159–164PubMedCrossRef

Leonarduzzi G, Sottero B, Poli G (2002) Oxidized products of cholesterol: dietary and metabolic origin, and proatherosclerotic effects (review). J Nutr Biochem 13:700–710PubMedCrossRef

Littarru GP, Langsjoen P (2007) Coenzyme Q10 and statins: biochemical and clinical implications. Mitochondrion 7:S168–S174PubMedCrossRef

Littarru GP, Tiano L (2007) Bioenergetic and antioxidant properties of coenzyme Q10: recent developments. Mol Biotechnol 37:31–37PubMedCrossRef

Littarru GP, Tiano L (2010) Clinical aspects of coenzyme Q 10: an update. Nutrition 26:250–254PubMedCrossRef

Löw P, Andersson M, Edlund C, Dallner G (1992) Effects of mevinolin treatment on tissue dolichol and ubiquinone levels in the rat. Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA) Lipids Lipid Metab 1165:102–109CrossRef

Lowther WT, Weissbach H, Etienne F, Brot N, Matthews BW (2002) The mirrored methionine sulfoxide reductases of Neisseria gonorrhoeae pilB. Nat Struct Mol Biol 9:348

Marcoff L, Thompson PD (2007) The role of coenzyme Q10 in statin-associated myopathy: a systematic review. J Am Coll Cardiol 49:2231–2237PubMedCrossRef

Maron DJ, Fazio S, Linton MF (2000) Current perspectives on statins. Circulation 101:207–213PubMedCrossRef

McTaggart F (2003) Comparative pharmacology of rosuvastatin. Atheroscler Suppl 4:9–14PubMedCrossRef

Menon VP, Sudheer AR (2007) Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin. In: Aggarwal BB, Surh Y-J, Shishodia S (eds) The molecular targets and therapeutic uses of curcumin in health and disease. Springer, Berlin. pp 105–125CrossRef

Mortensen S, Leth A, Agner E, Rohde M (1997) Dose-related decrease of serum coenzyme Q10 during treatment with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Mol Asp Med 18:137–144CrossRef

Nam N-H (2006) Naturally occurring NF-κB inhibitors. Mini Rev Med Chem 6:945–951PubMedCrossRef

Nelson KK, Melendez JA (2004) Serial review: the powerhouse takes control of the cell: the role of mitochondria in signal transduction. Free Radic Biol Med 37:768–784PubMedCrossRef

Ortego M, Bustos C, Hernández-Presa MA, Tuñón J, Dı́az C, Hernández G, Egido J (1999) Atorvastatin reduces NF-κB activation and chemokine expression in vascular smooth muscle cells and mononuclear cells. Atherosclerosis 147:253–261PubMedCrossRef

Owczarek J, Jasiñska M, Orszulak-Michalak D (2005) Drug-induced myopathies. An overview of the possible mechanisms. Pharmacol Rep 57:23–34PubMed

Ozbek E, Cekmen M, Ilbey YO, Simsek A, Polat EC, Somay A (2009) Atorvastatin prevents gentamicin-induced renal damage in rats through the inhibition of p38-MAPK and NF-kB pathways. Ren Fail 31:382–392PubMedCrossRef

Päivä H et al (2005) High-dose statins and skeletal muscle metabolism in humans: a randomized, controlled trial. Clin Pharmacol Ther 78:60–68PubMedCrossRef

Panahi Y, Rahimnia AR, Sharafi M, Alishiri G, Saburi A, Sahebkar A (2014) Curcuminoid treatment for knee osteoarthritis: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Phytother Res 28:1625–1631PubMedCrossRef

Panahi Y, Ahmadi Y, Teymouri M, Johnston TP, Sahebkar A (2016) Curcumin as a potential candidate for treating hyperlipidemia: a review of cellular and metabolic mechanisms. J Cell Physiol 233:141–152CrossRef

Park S-Y et al (2014) Cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle mitochondrial respiration: are all mitochondria created equal? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 307:H346–H352PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Perona R, Montaner S, Saniger L, Sanchez-Perez I, Bravo R, Lacal JC (1997) Activation of the nuclear factor-kappaB by Rho, CDC42, and Rac-1 proteins. Genes Dev 11:463–475PubMedCrossRef

Porter C, Wall BT (2012) Skeletal muscle mitochondrial function: is it quality or quantity that makes the difference in insulin resistance? J Physiol 590:5935–5936PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Poston L, Raijmakers M (2004) Trophoblast oxidative stress, antioxidants and pregnancy outcome—a review. Placenta 25:S72–S78PubMedCrossRef

Raha S, Robinson BH (2000) Mitochondria, oxygen free radicals, disease and ageing. Trends Biochem Sci 25:502–508PubMedCrossRef

Riley P (1994) Free radicals in biology: oxidative stress and the effects of ionizing radiation. Int J Radiat Biol 65:27–33PubMedCrossRef

Rosenson RS (2004) Current overview of statin-induced myopathy. Am J Med 116:408–416PubMedCrossRef

Sakamoto T et al (2007) Usefulness of hydrophilic vs lipophilic statins after acute myocardial infarction. Circ J 71:1348–1353PubMedCrossRef

Sánchez-Valle V, Chavez-Tapia NC, Uribe M, Méndez-Sánchez N (2012) Role of oxidative stress and molecular changes in liver fibrosis: a review. Curr Med Chem 19:4850–4860PubMedCrossRef

Satoh K, Yamato A, Nakai T, Hoshi K, Ichihara K (1995) Effects of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors on mitochondrial respiration in ischaemic dog hearts. Br J Pharmacol 116:1894–1898PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Schaars CF, Stalenhoef AF (2008) Effects of ubiquinone (coenzyme Q10) on myopathy in statin users. Curr Opin Lipidol 19:553–557PubMedCrossRef

Schirris TJ et al (2015) Statin-induced myopathy is associated with mitochondrial complex III inhibition. Cell Metab 22:399–407PubMedCrossRef

Shin SK, Ha TY, McGregor RA, Choi MS (2011) Long-term curcumin administration protects against atherosclerosis via hepatic regulation of lipoprotein cholesterol metabolism. Mol Nutr Food Res 55:1829–1840PubMedCrossRef

Shrivastava S, Pucadyil TJ, Paila YD, Ganguly S, Chattopadhyay A (2010) Chronic cholesterol depletion using statin impairs the function and dynamics of human serotonin_1A receptors. Biochemistry 49:5426–5435PubMedCrossRef

Sies H (1997) Oxidative stress: oxidants and antioxidants. Exp Physiol 82:291–295PubMedCrossRef

Sinzinger H (2000) Does vitamin E beneficially affect muscle pains during HMG-Co-enzyme-A-reductase inhibitors without CK-elevation? Atherosclerosis 149:225PubMedCrossRef

Sinzinger H, Wolfram R, Peskar BA (2002) Muscular side effects of statins. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 40:163–171PubMedCrossRef

Sironi L et al (2006) Activation of NF-kB and ERK1/2 after permanent focal ischemia is abolished by simvastatin treatment. Neurobiol Dis 22:445–451PubMedCrossRef

Sirtori CR (2014) The pharmacology of statins. Pharmacol Res 88:3–11PubMedCrossRef

Sirvent P, Mercier J, Lacampagne A (2008) New insights into mechanisms of statin-associated myotoxicity. Curr Opin Pharmacol 8:333–338PubMedCrossRef

Skilving I, Acimovic J, Rane A, Ovesjö ML, Björkhem-Bergman L (2015) Statin-induced myopathy and ubiquinone levels in serum-results from a prospective, observational study. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 117:133–136PubMedCrossRef

Skripova D, Daniel P, Katarina K, Rafael R (2010) Is there is need for ubiquinone (CoQ10) supplementation in statin-associated myopathy? Open Nutraceuticals J 3:242–247CrossRef

Smith LL (1981) Cholesterol autoxidation. Springer Science & Business Media, BerlinCrossRef

Smith LL (1987) Cholesterol autoxidation 1981–1986. Chem Phys Lipid 44:87–125CrossRef

Smith LL (1991) Another cholesterol hypothesis: cholesterol as antioxidant. Free Radic Biol Med 11:47–61PubMedCrossRef

Solomon KR, Freeman MR (2008) Do the cholesterol-lowering properties of statins affect cancer risk? Trends Endocrinol Metab 19:113–121PubMedCrossRef

Stancu C, Sima A (2001) Statins: mechanism of action and effects. J Cell Mol Med 5:378–387PubMedCrossRef

St-Pierre J, Buckingham JA, Roebuck SJ, Brand MD (2002) Topology of superoxide production from different sites in the mitochondrial electron transport chain. J Biol Chem 277:44784–44790PubMedCrossRef

Sugiyama S, Kitazawa M, Ozawa T, Suzuki K, Izawa Y (1980) Anti-oxidative effect of coenzyme Q 10. Cell Mol Life Sci 36:1002–1003CrossRef

Taylor ML, Wells BJ, Smolak MJ (2008) Statins and cancer: a meta-analysis of case–control studies. Eur J Cancer Prev 17:259–268PubMedCrossRef

Thompson PD, Clarkson P, Karas RH (2003) Statin-associated myopathy. JAMA 289:1681–1690PubMedCrossRef

Tomaszewski M, Stępień KM, Tomaszewska J, Czuczwar SJ (2011) Statin-induced myopathies. Pharmacol Rep 63:859–866PubMedCrossRef

Usui H et al (2003) HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor ameliorates diabetic nephropathy by its pleiotropic effects in rats. Nephrol Dial Transplant 18:265–272PubMedCrossRef

Vaklavas C, Chatzizisis YS, Ziakas A, Zamboulis C, Giannoglou GD (2009) Molecular basis of statin-associated myopathy. Atherosclerosis 202:18–28PubMedCrossRef

Vaziri ND, Dicus M, Ho ND, Boroujerdi-Rad L, Sindhu RK (2003) Oxidative stress and dysregulation of superoxide dismutase and NADPH oxidase in renal insufficiency. Kidney Int 63:179–185PubMedCrossRef

Wahane V, Kumar V (2010) Atorvastatin ameliorates inflammatory hyperalgesia in rat model of monoarticular arthritis. Pharmacol Res 61:329–333PubMedCrossRef

Wassmann S et al (2002) Cellular antioxidant effects of atorvastatin in vitro and in vivo. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 22:300–305PubMedCrossRef

Willis RA, Folkers K, Tucker JL, Ye C-Q, Xia L-J, Tamagawa H (1990) Lovastatin decreases coenzyme Q levels in rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci 87:8928–8930PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Wood WG, Mΰller WE, Eckert GP (2014) Statins and neuroprotection: basic pharmacology needed. Mol Neurobiol 50:214–220PubMedCrossRef

Yoshida M, Shiojima I, Ikeda H, Komuro I (2009) Chronic doxorubicin cardiotoxicity is mediated by oxidative DNA damage-ATM-p53-apoptosis pathway and attenuated by pitavastatin through the inhibition of Rac1 activity. J Mol Cell Cardiol 47:698–705PubMedCrossRef

Yu H, Pardoll D, Jove R (2009) STATs in cancer inflammation and immunity: a leading role for STAT3. Nat Rev Cancer 9:798–809PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Zafarullah M, Li W, Sylvester J, Ahmad M (2003) Molecular mechanisms of N-acetylcysteine actions. Cell Mol Life Sci CMLS 60:6–20PubMedCrossRef

三浦進司, 渡辺順一, 佐藤満昭, 富田多嘉子, 大澤俊彦, 原征彦, 富田勲 (1995) Effects of various natural antioxidants on the Cu²⁺ -mediated oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein. Biol Pharm Bull 18:1–4

Title: Oxidative stress as a possible mechanism of statin-induced myopathy
Authors: Yasin Ahmadi
Amir Ghorbanihaghjo
Mohsen Naghi-Zadeh
Neda Lotfi Yagin
Publication date: 01-06-2018
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Published in: Inflammopharmacology / Issue 3/2018
Print ISSN: 0925-4692
Electronic ISSN: 1568-5608
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-018-0469-x

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Oxidative stress as a possible mechanism of statin-induced myopathy

Abstract

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 3/2018

IL-6 signalling pathways and the development of type 2 diabetes

Influence of corticosteroid therapy on IL-18 and nitric oxide production during Behçet’s disease

Ameliorative potential of rutin in combination with nimesulide in STZ model of diabetic neuropathy: targeting Nrf2/HO-1/NF-kB and COX signalling pathway

Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory effect of an anti-platelet agent crinumin on carrageenan-induced paw oedema and granuloma tissue formation in rats

Helicobacter pylori LPS-induced gastric mucosal spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) recruitment to TLR4 and activation occurs with the involvement of protein kinase Cδ

Enhancement of drug permeability across blood brain barrier using nanoparticles in meningitis