Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
international journal of stomatology & occlusion medicine
Published in: international journal of stomatology & occlusion medicine 4/2011

01-12-2011 | original article

Osteoplastic surgery of the face—state of the art and future aspects

Authors: K. Vinzenz, M.D., C. Schaudy

Published in: international journal of stomatology & occlusion medicine | Issue 4/2011

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

The management of facial defects has rapidly changed in the last decade. Functional and esthetic requirements have steadily increased along with the refinements of surgery.

Methods

To achieve excellence, a comprehensive spectrum of osteoplastic surgical methods, in particular in combination with each other, is required to meet this challenge. Osteomyocutaneous flaps, advanced block grafting techniques, especially complex prefabricated composite grafts, and distraction osteogenesis last being the most recent surgical method both in reconstructive and orthognathic face surgery, are in use.

Results

Since osseous deficiencies of any kind ranging from aging, malocclusion-related skeletal disfigurement to orofacial defects result in facial deformities and impairment of function, the goal of osteoplastic surgery is the reconstruction of the skeletal architecture to achieve an esthetic and functional musculoskeletal balance of the face. Exemplary are CLP and the complete clinical picture of facial aging.

Conclusions

Against this background plastic-reconstructive face surgery, craniofacial surgery and oral implant surgery still exist in isolated clinical fields although an interdisciplinary approach on new surgical concepts would be able to shift the border of the possible considerably.
Because of the complexity of the demonstrated osteoplastic proceedings, oral surgery and its used bone substituted materials will only be marginally reviewed.
Literature
1.
Cordeiro PG, Disa JJ, Hidalgo DA, Hu QY. Reconstruction of the mandible with osseous free flaps: a 10-year experience with 150 consecutive patients. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999;104:1314–20.PubMedCrossRef
2.
Hayter JP, Cawood JI. Oral rehabilitation with endosteal implants and free flaps. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1996;25:3–12.PubMedCrossRef
3.
Urken ML, Buchbinder D, Costantino PD, Sinha U, Okay D, Lawson W, et al. Oromandibular reconstruction using microvascular composite flaps: report of 210 cases. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1998;124:46–55.PubMed
4.
Schusterman MA, Miller MJ, Reece GP, Kroll SS, Marchi M, Goepfert H. A single center’s experience with 308 free flaps for repair of head and neck cancer defects. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1994;93:472–8; discussion 9–80.PubMedCrossRef
5.
Wei FC, Celik N, Chen HC, Cheng MH, Huang WC. Combined anterolateral thigh flap and vascularized fibula osteoseptocutaneous flap in reconstruction of extensive composite mandibular defects. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2002;109:45–52.PubMedCrossRef
6.
Wei FC, Seah CS, Tsai YC, Liu SJ, Tsai MS. Fibula osteoseptocutaneous flap for reconstruction of composite mandibular defects. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1994;93:294–304; discussion 5–6.PubMedCrossRef
7.
Karcher H, Hellbom B, Radner H. The osteomusculocutaneous musculoperitoneal groin flap in head and neck reconstruction. J Reconstr Microsurg. 1989;5:31–5.PubMedCrossRef
8.
Vinzenz K, Waclawiczek HW, editors. Chirurgische Therapie von Kopf-Hals-Karzinomen. Wien: Springer; 1992.
9.
Bahr W. Maxillary augmentation with a microvascularly anastomosed fibula: a preliminary report. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1996;11:719–27.PubMed
10.
Hidalgo DA, Rekow A. A review of 60 consecutive fibula free flap mandible reconstructions. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1995;96:585–96; discussion 97–602.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Kazaoka Y, Shinohara A, Yokou K, Hasegawa T. Functional reconstruction after a total maxillectomy using a fibula osteocutaneous flap with osseointegrated implants. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999;103:1244–6.PubMedCrossRef
12.
Nakayama B, Matsuura H, Hasegawa Y, Ishihara O, Hasegawa H, Torii S. New reconstruction for total maxillectomy defect with a fibula osteocutaneous free flap. Br J Plast Surg 1994;47:247–9.PubMedCrossRef
13.
Reychler H, Iriarte Ortabe J. Mandibular reconstruction with the free fibula osteocutaneous flap. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1994;23:209–13.PubMedCrossRef
14.
David DJ, Tan E, Katsaros J, Sheen R. Mandibular reconstruction with vascularized iliac crest: a 10-year experience. Plast Reconstr Surg 1988;82:792–803.PubMedCrossRef
15.
Forrest C, Boyd B, Manktelow R, Zuker R, Bowen V. The free vascularised iliac crest tissue transfer: donor site complications associated with eighty-two cases. Br J Plast Surg. 1992;45:89–93.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Shpitzer T, Neligan PC, Gullane PJ, Boyd BJ, Gur E, Rotstein LE, et al. Freeman JE. The free iliac crest and fibula flaps in vascularized oromandibular reconstruction: comparison and long-term evaluation. Head Neck. 1999;21:639–47.PubMedCrossRef
17.
Deschler DG, Hayden RE. The optimum method for reconstruction of complex lateral oromandibular-cutaneous defects. Head Neck. 2000;22:674–79.PubMedCrossRef
18.
Thoma A, Archibald S, Payk I, Young JE. The free medial scapular osteofasciocutaneous flap for head and neck reconstruction. Br J Plast Surg. 1991;44:477–82.PubMedCrossRef
19.
Swartz WM, Banis JC, Newton ED, Ramasastry SS, Jones NF, Acland R. The osteocutaneous scapular flap for mandibular and maxillary reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1986;77:530–45.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Igawa HH, Minakawa H, Sugihara T. Functional alveolar ridge reconstruction with prefabricated iliac crest free flap and osseointegrated implants after hemimaxillectomy. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1998;102:2420–24.PubMedCrossRef
21.
Taylor GI, Miller GD, Ham FJ. The free vascularized bone graft. A clinical extension of microvascular techniques. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1975;55:533–44.PubMedCrossRef
22.
Taylor GI, Townsend P, Corlett R. Superiority of the deep circumflex iliac vessels as the supply for free groin flaps. Clinical work. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1979;64:745–59.PubMedCrossRef
23.
Riediger D. Restoration of masticatory function by microsurgically revascularized iliac crest bone grafts using enosseous implants. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1988;81:861–77.PubMedCrossRef
24.
Kärcher H. Mikrovaskularchirurgie im Kopf-Halsbereich. In: Vinzenz K, Waclawiczek HW, editors. Chirurgische Therapie von Kopf-Hals-Karzinomen. Wien: Springer; 1992. pp. 164–9.
25.
Reuther J. Die chirurgische Therapie der Karzinome im Bereich der kaudalen Mundhöhle. In: Vinzenz K, Waclawiczek HW, editors. Chirurgische Therapie von Kopf-Hals-Karzinomen. Wien: Springer; 1992. pp. 71–6.
26.
Kuzbari R, Worseg A, Burggasser G, Schlenz I, Kuderna C, Vinzenz K, et al. The external oblique muscle free flap. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1997;99:1338–45.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Fries R. Chirurgische Therapie der Oberkieferkarzinome—Entwicklung und derzeitiger Stand. In: Vinzenz K, Waclawiczek HW, editors. Chirurgische Therapie von Kopf-Hals-Karzinomen. Wien: Springer; 1992. pp. 77–82.
28.
29.
Barret JP, Gavalda J, Bueno J, Nuvials X, Pont T, Masnou N, et al. Full face transplant: the first case report. Ann Surg. 2011;254:252–6.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Pomahac B, Nowinski D, Diaz-Siso JR, Bueno EM, Talbot SG, Sinha I, et al. Face transplantation. Curr Probl Surg. 2011;48:293–357.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Lantieri L, Hivelin M, Audard V, Benjoar MD, Meningaud JP, Bellivier F, et al. Feasibility, reproducibility, risks and benefits of face transplantation: a prospective study of outcomes. Am J Transplant. 2011;11:367–78.PubMedCrossRef
32.
Karcher H, Penkner K. Results of free and vascularized bone grafts in reconstructing mandibular defects. Dtsch Z Mund Kiefer Gesichtschir. 1991;15:285–91.PubMed
33.
Karcher H, Feichtinger M. Transformation of a vascularised iliac crest or scapula bone to a pedicled osteomuscular transplant for reconstruction of distant defects in the head and neck region: A new method of transforming two island flaps to one longer island flap. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 22 July 2011. doi:10.1016/j.jcms.2010.11.006.
34.
Warnke PH, Springer IN, Wiltfang J, Acil Y, Eufinger H, Wehmoller M, et al. Growth and transplantation of a custom vascularised bone graft in a man. Lancet. 2004;364:766–70.PubMedCrossRef
35.
McGregor IA. The temporal flap in intra-oral cancer: its use in repairing the post-excisional defect. Br J Plast Surg. 1963;16:318–35.PubMedCrossRef
36.
McGregor IA. “Quilted” skin grafting in the mouth. Br J Plast Surg. 1975;28:100–102.PubMed
37.
Soutar DS, Scheker LR, Tanner NS, McGregor IA. The radial forearm flap: a versatile method for intra-oral reconstruction. Br J Plast Surg. 1983;36:1–8.PubMedCrossRef
38.
Ariyan S. The pectoralis major myocutaneous flap. A versatile flap for reconstruction in the head and neck. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1979;63:73–81.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Smith RW, Garvey CJ, Dawson PM, Davies DM. Jejunum versus colon for free oesophageal reconstruction: an experimental radiological assessment. Br J Plast Surg. 1987;40:181–7.PubMedCrossRef
40.
Jones TR, Lee G, Emami B, Strasberg S. Free colon transfer for resurfacing large oral cavity defects. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1995;96:1092–99.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Wei FC, Lutz BS, Chen HC, Tsai MH, Lin PY. Free transverse colon transplantation for functional reconstruction of intra-oral lining: a clinical and histologic study. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1998;102:2346–51.PubMedCrossRef
42.
Millesi W, Knabl J, Rath T, Niederle B. Revascularisierter Dünndarmpatch zur Weichteildeckung im Zungen-Mundbodenbereich. Acta Chir. 1993;25.
43.
Reuther JF, Steinau HU, Wagner R. Reconstruction of large defects in the oropharynx with a revascularized intestinal graft: an experimental and clinical report. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1984;73:345–58.PubMedCrossRef
44.
Millesi W. Mikrovaskuläre Weichteil- und Knochenrekonstruktion nach Tumorresektion im Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtsbereich. Wien: Universität Wien; 1996. Habilitationsschrift.
45.
Millesi W, Knabl J, Rath T, Piza-Katzer H, Wenzl E, Niederle B. Rekonstruktion ausgedehnter Schleimhautdefekte im Mundhöhlen- und Oropharynxbereich mit dem revaskularisierten Jejunumtransplantat. Acta Chir. 1994;26:299–302.CrossRef
46.
Rath T, Grasl MC, Burian M, Swoboda H, Ehrenberger K, Piza-Katzer H, et al. Funktionelle Spätergebnisse nach Wiederherstellung der oberen Atem- und Schluckwege mit frei transplantiertem mikrovaskulär anastomosiertem Jejunum. Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir. 1997;29:269–75.PubMed
47.
Rath T, Millesi W, Millesi-Schobel G, Lang S, Glaser C, Todoroff B. Mucosal prelaminated flaps for physiological reconstruction of intraoral defects after tumour resection. Br J Plast Surg. 1997;50:303–7.PubMedCrossRef
48.
Millesi W, Rath T, Millesi-Schobel G, Glaser C. Reconstruction of the floor of the mouth with a fascial radial forearm flap, prelaminated with autologous mucosa. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1998;27:106–110.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Piza H, Ehrenberger K, Roka R, Wicke W. A new method of surgical voice rehabilitation: microsurgical jejunum transplantation. Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir. 1986;18:291–4.PubMed
50.
Sudasch G, Millesi W, Rasse M, Watzinger F, Reichsthaler J, Georgopoulos A. Mikrobiologische Besiedelung von Durchtrittsstellen dentaler Implantate bei gefäßgestielten Transplanataten. Acta Chir. 1993;25:258–9.
51.
Millesi W, Klug C, Glaser C, Kornek G, Selzer E, Sulzbacher I, et al. Ergebnisse des multimodalen Behandlungskonzeptes bei fortgeschrittenen Plattenepithelkarzinomen der Mund- und Rachenschleimhaut. Stomatologie. 2004;101:8.
52.
Pribaz JJ, Weiss DD, Mulliken JB, Eriksson E. Prelaminated free flap reconstruction of complex central facial defects. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999;104:357–65; discussion 66–67.PubMedCrossRef
53.
Chen HC, Demirkan F, Wei FC, Cheng SL, Cheng MH, Chen IH. Free fibula osteoseptocutaneous-pedicled pectoralis major myocutaneous flap combination in reconstruction of extensive composite mandibular defects. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999;103:839–45.PubMedCrossRef
54.
Delaere PR, Hardillo J, Hermans R, Van Den Hof B. Prefabrication of composite tissue for improved tracheal reconstruction. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2001;110:849–60.PubMed
55.
Jaquet Y, Pilloud R, Lang FJ, Monnier P. Prefabrication of composite grafts for long-segment tracheal reconstruction. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;130:1185–90.PubMedCrossRef
56.
Vinzenz KG, Holle J, Wuringer E, Kulenkampff KJ. Prefabrication of combined scapula flaps for microsurgical reconstruction in oro-maxillofacial defects: a new method. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1996;24:214–23.PubMedCrossRef
57.
Holle J, Vinzenz K, Wuringer E, Kulenkampff KJ, Saidi M. The prefabricated combined scapula flap for bony and soft-tissue reconstruction in maxillofacial defects—a new method. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1996;98:542–52.PubMedCrossRef
58.
Ortiz Monasterio F, Santamaria E, Morales D, Morales C, Yudovich M, Sanchez Ramos F. Reconstruction of the premaxilla: an option for mutilated bilateral clefts. J Craniofac Surg. 2009;20(Suppl 2):1768–70.CrossRef
59.
Guerrero CA, Bell WH, Gonzalez M, Rojas A. Intraoral mandibular bone transport—a case report. In: Samchukov ML, Cope JB, Cherkashin AM, editors. Craniofacial distraction osteogenesis. St. Louis: Mosby; 2001. pp. 372–5.
60.
Klein C. Bone transport for mandibular anterior defect reconstruction: a case report. In: Samchukov ML, Cope JB, Cherkashin AM, editors. Craniofacial distraction osteogenesis. St. Louis: Mosby; 2001. pp. 368–71.
61.
Odo T, Ueda M. Alveolar bone distraction and implantology. In: Samchukov ML, Cope JB, Cherkashin AM, editors. Craniofacial distraction osteogenesis. St. Louis: Mosby; 2001. pp. 379–86.
62.
Samchukov ML, Cherkashin AM, Cope JB. Distraction osteogenesis: origins and evolution. In: T JM, editors. Distraction osteogenesis and tissue engineering. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press; 1995. pp. 1–35.
63.
Marx RE. Clinical application of bone biology to mandibular and maxillary reconstruction. Clin Plast Surg. 1994;21:377–92.PubMed
64.
Marx RE, Carlson ER, Eichstaedt RM, Schimmele SR, Strauss JE, Georgeff KR. Platelet-rich plasma: growth factor enhancement for bone grafts. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1998;85:638–46.PubMedCrossRef
65.
Rohner D, Kunz C, Bucher P, Hammer B, Prein J. New possibilities for reconstructing extensive jaw defects with prefabricated microvascular fibula transplants and ITI implants. Mund Kiefer Gesichtschir. 2000;4:365–72.PubMedCrossRef
66.
Rohner D, Jaquiery C, Kunz C, Bucher P, Maas H, Hammer B. Maxillofacial reconstruction with prefabricated osseous free flaps: a 3-year experience with 24 patients. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003;112:748–57.PubMedCrossRef
67.
Holle J, Vinzenz K. Maxillofacial reconstruction with prefabricated osseous free flaps: a 3-year experience with 24 patients. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;114:607–9; author reply 9–10.PubMedCrossRef
68.
Vinzenz KG, Holle J, Wuringer E, Kulenkampff KJ, Plenk H Jr. Revascularized composite grafts with inserted implants for reconstructing the maxilla—improved flap design and flap prefabrication. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1998;36:346–52.PubMedCrossRef
69.
Schlenz I, Korak KJ, Kunstfeld R, Vinzenz K, Plenk H Jr, Holle J. The dermis-prelaminated scapula flap for reconstructions of the hard palate and the alveolar ridge: a clinical and histologic evaluation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2001;108:1519–24; discussion 25–26.PubMedCrossRef
70.
Kunstfeld R, Petzelbauer P, Wickenhauser G, Schlenz I, Korak K, Vinzenz K, et al. The prefabricated scapula flap consists of syngeneic bone, connective tissue, and a self-assembled epithelial coating. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2001;108:1908–14.PubMedCrossRef
71.
Vinzenz K, Schaudy C, Wuringer E. The iliac prefabricated composite graft for dentoalveolar reconstruction: a clinical procedure. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2006;21:117–23.PubMed
72.
Vinzenz K, Holle J, Wuringer E. Reconstruction of the maxilla with prefabricated scapular flaps in noma patients. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008;121:1964–73.PubMedCrossRef
73.
Schaudy C, Haider H, Vinzenz K. Esthetic and functional results after reconstruction of the oral cavity. Eur Surg. 2008;40:84–5.
74.
Schaudy C, Kulenkampff KJ, Holle J, Vinzenz K. Planning orofacial reconstruction with prefabricated composite grafts in noma-surgery. Stomatologie. 2007;104:6.CrossRef
75.
Vinzenz K, Holle J, Wuringer E, Kulenkampff KJ. Tissue preparation in combined scapula flap for microsurgical reconstruction of defects of the oromaxillofacial area. Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir. 1997;29:261–8.PubMed
76.
Vinzenz K, Schaudy C, Haider H, Ruf S, Kulenkampff KJ, Würinger E, et al. Osteoplastic reconstruction techniques in noma surgery. Stomatologie. 2007;104:8.CrossRef
77.
Schaudy C. Implants for restoring oral function in Noma. Wien: Bernhard-Gottlieb Universitätszahnklinik; 2008. Diplomarbeit.
78.
Turvey TA, Fonseca RJ, Vig KW, editors. Facial clefts and craniosynostosis: principles and management. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1996.
79.
Vinzenz K, Schaudy C, Haider H, Ruf S, Kulenkampff KJ, Würinger E, et al. Distraction osteogenesis in reconstructive oral- and maxillofacial surgery. Stomatologie. 2005;102:9.
80.
McCarthy JG, Schreiber J, Karp N, Thorne CH, Grayson BH. Lengthening the human mandible by gradual distraction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1992;89:1–8; discussion 9–10.PubMedCrossRef
81.
McCarthy JG, Stelnicki EJ, Mehrara BJ, Longaker MT. Distraction osteogenesis of the craniofacial skeleton. Stomatologie. 2005;102:9.
82.
McCarthy JG, Williams JK, Grayson BH, Crombie JS. Controlled multiplanar distraction of the mandible: device development and clinical application. J Craniofac Surg. 1998;9:322–9.PubMedCrossRef
83.
Ilizarov GA. The tension-stress effect on the genesis and growth of tissues: part II. The influence of the rate and frequency of distraction. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1989:263–85.
84.
Ilizarov GA. The tension-stress effect on the genesis and growth of tissues. Part I. The influence of stability of fixation and soft-tissue preservation. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1989:249–81.
85.
Ilizarov GA, Berko VG. X-ray dynamics of bone regenerate development during experimental lengthening of the femur. Ortop Travmatol Protez. 1976:25–31.
86.
Costantino PD, Friedman CD, Shindo ML, Houston G, Sisson GA Sr. Experimental mandibular regrowth by distraction osteogenesis. Long-term results. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1993;119:511–6.
87.
Costantino PD, Shybut G, Friedman CD, Pelzer HJ, Masini M, Shindo ML, et al. Segmental mandibular regeneration by distraction osteogenesis. An experimental study. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1990;116:535–45.
88.
Samchukov ML, Cope JB, Cherkashin AM, editors. Craniofacial distraction osteogenesis. St. Louis: Mosby; 2001.
89.
Fedotov SN. Dosed distraction of the mandibule fragments by extra-mouth apparatus in patients with bone defect and mandible fractures. In: Diner PA, Vasquez MP, editors. International congress cranial and facial bone distraction processes. Bologna: Monduzzi Editore, 1997. pp. 74–6.
90.
Stucki-McCormick SU, Fox R, Mizrahi R. Transport distraction: mandibular reconstruction. Atlas Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 1999;7:65–83.PubMed
91.
Papageorge MB, Apostolidis C. Simultaneous mandibular distraction and arthroplasty in a patient with temporomandibular joint ankylosis and mandibular hypoplasia. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1999;57:328–33.PubMedCrossRef
92.
Bell WH, Guerrero CA, editors. Distraction osteogenesis of the facial skeleton. Hamilton: BC Decker Inc; 2007.
93.
McCarthy JG. The role of distraction osteogenesis in the reconstruction of the mandible in unilateral craniofacial microsomia. Clin Plast Surg. 1994;21:625–31.PubMed
94.
Aronson J. Experimental and clinical experience with distraction osteogenesis. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 1994;31:473–81; discussion 81–82.PubMedCrossRef
95.
Chin M, Toth BA. Le Fort III advancement with gradual distraction using internal devices. Plast Reconstr Surg 1997;100:819–30; discussion 31–32.PubMedCrossRef
96.
Cohen SR, Burstein FD, Stewart MB, Rathburn MA. Maxillary-midface distraction in children with cleft lip and palate: a preliminary report. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1997;99:1421–28.PubMedCrossRef
97.
Cohen SR, Simms C, Burstein FD. Mandibular distraction osteogenesis in the treatment of upper airway obstruction in children with craniofacial deformities. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1998;101:312–8.PubMedCrossRef
98.
Cousley RR, Calvert ML. Current concepts in the understanding and management of hemifacial microsomia. Br J Plast Surg. 1997;50:536–51.PubMedCrossRef
99.
100.
Diner PA, Kollar EM, Martinez H, Vazquez MP. Intraoral distraction for mandibular lengthening: a technical innovation. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1996;24:92–5.PubMedCrossRef
101.
Diner PA, Kollar E, Martinez H, Vazquez MP. Submerged intraoral device for mandibular lengthening. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 1997;25:116–23.PubMedCrossRef
102.
Glat PM, Staffenberg DA, Karp NS, Holliday RA, Steiner G, McCarthy JG. Multidimensional distraction osteogenesis: the canine zygoma. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1994;94:753–8.PubMedCrossRef
103.
Grayson BH, McCormick S, Santiago PE, McCarthy JG. Vector of device placement and trajectory of mandibular distraction. J Craniofac Surg. 1997;8:473–80; discussion 81–82.PubMedCrossRef
104.
Klein C, Howaldt HP. Correction of mandibular hypoplasia by means of bidirectional callus distraction. J Craniofac Surg. 1996;7:258–66.PubMedCrossRef
105.
106.
McCormick SU, Grayson BH, McCarthy JG, Staffenberg D. Effect of mandibular distraction on the temporomandibular joint: part 2, clinical study. J Craniofac Surg. 1995;6:364–7.PubMedCrossRef
107.
McCormick SU, McCarthy JG, Grayson BH, Staffenberg D, McCormick SA. Effect of mandibular distraction on the temporomandibular joint: part 1, canine study. J Craniofac Surg. 1995;6:358–63.PubMedCrossRef
108.
Michieli S, Miotti B. Lengthening of mandibular body by gradual surgical-orthodontic distraction. J Oral Surg. 1977;35:187–92.PubMed
109.
Molina F. Midface distraction. In: Cohen SR, editor. Craniofacial distraction. New York: New York University Medical Center; 1998. pp. 34–8.
110.
Molina F, Ortiz Monasterio F. Mandibular elongation and remodeling by distraction: a farewell to major osteotomies. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1995;96:825–40; discussion 41–42.PubMedCrossRef
111.
Molina F, Ortiz Monasterio F, de la Paz Aguilar M, Barrera J. Maxillary distraction: aesthetic and functional benefits in cleft lip-palate and prognathic patients during mixed dentition. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1998;101:951–63.PubMedCrossRef
112.
Ortiz Monasterio F, Molina F, Andrade L, Rodriguez C, Sainz Arregui J. Simultaneous mandibular and maxillary distraction in hemifacial microsomia in adults: avoiding occlusal disasters. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1997;100:852–61.CrossRef
113.
Polley JW, Figueroa AA. Distraction osteogenesis: its application in severe mandibular deformities in hemifacial microsomia. J Craniofac Surg. 1997;8:422–30.PubMedCrossRef
114.
Polley JW, Figueroa AA. Management of severe maxillary deficiency in childhood and adolescence through distraction osteogenesis with an external, adjustable, rigid distraction device. J Craniofac Surg. 1997;8:181–5; discussion 6.PubMedCrossRef
115.
Staffenberg DA, Wood RJ, McCarthy JG, Grayson BH, Glasberg SB. Midface distraction advancement in the canine without osteotomies. Ann Plast Surg. 1995;34:512–7.PubMedCrossRef
116.
Ilizarov GA. Clinical application of the tension-stress effect for limb lengthening. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1990:8–26.
117.
White SH, Kenwright J. The importance of delay in distraction of osteotomies. Orthop Clin North Am. 1991;22:569–79.PubMed
118.
Karp NS, McCarthy JG, Schreiber JS, Sissons HA, Thorne CH. Membranous bone lengthening: a serial histological study. Ann Plast Surg. 1992;29:2–7.PubMedCrossRef
119.
Cheung LK, Chua HD, Hagg MB. Cleft maxillary distraction versus orthognathic surgery: clinical morbidities and surgical relapse. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;118:996–1008; discussion 9.PubMedCrossRef
120.
Pallett PM, Link S, Lee K. New “golden” ratios for facial beauty. Vision Res. 2010;50:149–54.PubMedCrossRef
121.
Sarver DM, editor. Esthetic orthodontics and orthognathic surgery. St. Louis: Mosby; 1998.
122.
Lee L, Lee KJ. A study of facial proportions and sketching of facial contours. Ear Nose Throat J. 1979;58:150–58.PubMed
123.
Yaremchuk MJ, editor. Atlas of facial implants. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2006.
Metadata
Title
Osteoplastic surgery of the face—state of the art and future aspects
Authors
K. Vinzenz, M.D.
C. Schaudy
Publication date
01-12-2011
Publisher
Springer Vienna
Published in
international journal of stomatology & occlusion medicine / Issue 4/2011
Print ISSN: 1867-2221
Electronic ISSN: 1867-223X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12548-011-0028-1

Other articles of this Issue 4/2011

international journal of stomatology & occlusion medicine 4/2011 Go to the issue

original article

Intra-oral periapical study of nutrient canals in relation to diabetes mellitus, hypertension and normal subjects

case study

Pilot study on the prevalence of periodontopathogenic bacteria colonizing different implant prosthetic sites in edentulous individuals wearing implant-retained mandibular overdentures

case study

Peripheral mandibular osteoma above the mental foramen

case study

Changes in masticatory muscle activity during maximum voluntary clenching, mealtimes and sleep after surgical correction of mandibular prognathism

case study

Pyogenic Granuloma—a case report and review of literature