Top

European Journal of Applied Physiology

Published in:

01-12-2019 | Original Article

One week of magnesium supplementation lowers IL-6, muscle soreness and increases post-exercise blood glucose in response to downhill running

Authors: Charles James Steward, Yue Zhou, Gary Keane, Matthew David Cook, Yunyi Liu, Tom Cullen

Published in: European Journal of Applied Physiology | Issue 11-12/2019

Abstract

Purpose

Magnesium supplementation modulates glucose metabolism and inflammation, which could influence exercise performance and recovery. This study investigated the effect of magnesium intake on physiological responses and performance during eccentric exercise and recovery.

Methods

Nine male recreational runners completed a counterbalanced, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study, registered at ClinicalTrial.gov. Participants consumed low magnesium diets and were supplemented with 500 mg/day of magnesium (SUP) or placebo (CON) for 7 days prior to a 10 km downhill (− 10%) running time trial (TT), separated by a 2-week washout period. At baseline and 24 h post-TT, maximal muscle force was measured. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), soluble interleukin-6 receptor (sIL-6R) and creatine kinase (CK) were measured at rest, 0 h, 1 h and 24 h post-TT. Muscle soreness was measured at the previous times plus 48 h and 72 h post. Glucose and lactate were measured during the TT.

Results

The main effect of condition was detected for IL-6 (SUP: 1.36 ± 0.66 vs CON: 2.06 ± 1.14 pg/ml) (P < 0.05, η² = 0.54), sIL-6R (SUP: 27,615 ± 8446 vs CON: 24,368 ± 7806 pg/ml) (P < 0.05, η² = 0.41) and muscle soreness (P < 0.01, η² = 0.67). Recovery of blood glucose and muscle soreness were enhanced in SUP post-TT. There were no differences in glucose and lactate during the TT, or post measures of CK and maximal muscle force.

Conclusion

Magnesium supplementation reduced the IL-6 response, enhanced recovery of blood glucose, and muscle soreness after strenuous exercise, but did not improve performance or functional measures of recovery.

Abdelmagid SM, Barr AE, Rico M, Amin M, Litvin J, Popoff SN et al (2012) Performance of repetitive tasks induces decreased grip strength and increased fibrogenic proteins in skeletal muscle: role of force and inflammation. PLoS ONE 7(5):e38359. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0038359 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Baran P, Hansen S, Waetzig GH, Akbarzadeh M, Lamertz L, Huber HJ et al (2018) The balance of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-6·soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R), and IL-6·sIL-6R·sgp130 complexes allows simultaneous classic and trans-signaling. J Biol Chem 293(18):6762–6775. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.RA117.001163 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Blancquaert L, Vervaet C, Derave W (2019) Predicting and testing bioavailability of magnesium supplements. Nutrients 11(7):1663. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071663 CrossRefPubMedCentral

Bohl CH, Volpe SL (2002) Magnesium and exercise. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 42(6):533–563. https://doi.org/10.1080/20024091054247 CrossRefPubMed

Chen H-Y, Cheng F-C, Pan H-C, Hsu J-C, Wang M-F (2014) Magnesium enhances exercise performance via increasing glucose availability in the blood, muscle, and brain during exercise. PLoS ONE 9(1):e85486. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0085486 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Chen YJ, Chen HY, Wang MF, Hsu MH, Liang WM, Cheng FC (2009) Effects of magnesium on exercise performance and plasma glucose and lactate concentrations in rats using a novel blood-sampling technique. Appl Physiol Nutr Metabol Physiologie Appliquee, Nutrition et Metabolisme 34(6):1040–1047. https://doi.org/10.1139/H09-105 CrossRef

Cheng S-M, Yang L-L, Chen S-H, Hsu M-H, Chen I-J, Cheng F-C (2010) Magnesium sulfate enhances exercise performance and manipulates dynamic changes in peripheral glucose utilization. Eur J Appl Physiol 108(2):363–369. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-009-1235-y CrossRefPubMed

Cohen J (1988) Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. L. Erlbaum Associates, New Jersey

Cullen T, Thomas AW, Webb R, Hughes MG (2016) Interleukin-6 and associated cytokine responses to an acute bout of high-intensity interval exercise: the effect of exercise intensity and volume. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 41(8):803–808. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2015-0640 CrossRefPubMed

Cullen T, Thomas AW, Webb R, Phillips T, Hughes MG (2017) sIL-6R is related to weekly training mileage and psychological well-being in athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 49(6):1176–1183. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001210 CrossRefPubMed

De Jongh RF, Vissers KC, Meert TF, Booij LHDJ, De Deyne CS, Heylen RJ (2003) The role of interleukin-6 in nociception and pain. Anesthes Analges 96(4):1096–1103 (table of contents) CrossRef

Dill DB, Costill DL (1974) Calculation of percentage changes in volumes of blood, plasma, and red cells in dehydration. J Appl Physiol 37(2):247–248. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1974.37.2.247 CrossRefPubMed

Dmitrašinović G, Pešić V, Stanić D, Plećaš-Solarović B, Dajak M, Ignjatović S (2016) ACTH, cortisol and IL-6 levels in athletes following magnesium supplementation. J Med Biochem 35(4):375–384. https://doi.org/10.1515/jomb-2016-0021 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Eston RG, Finney S, Baker S, Baltzopoulos V (1996) Muscle tenderness and peak torque changes after downhill running following a prior bout of isokinetic eccentric exercise. J Sports Sci 14(4):291–299. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640419608727714 CrossRefPubMed

Febbraio MA, Steensberg A, Keller C, Starkie RL, Nielsen HB, Krustrup P et al (2003) Glucose ingestion attenuates interleukin-6 release from contracting skeletal muscle in humans. J Physiol 549(Pt 2):607–612. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2003.042374 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Fine KD, Santa Ana CA, Porter JL, Fordtran JS (1991) Intestinal absorption of magnesium from food and supplements. J Clin Investig 88(2):396–402. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI115317 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Finstad EW, Newhouse IJ, Lukaski HC, Mcauliffe JE, Stewart CR (2001) The effects of magnesium supplementation on exercise performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 33(3):493–498. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200103000-00024 CrossRefPubMed

Gandevia SC (2001) Spinal and supraspinal factors in human muscle fatigue. Physiol Rev 81(4):1725–1789. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.2001.81.4.1725 CrossRefPubMed

Garfinkel L, Garfinkel D (1985) Magnesium regulation of the glycolytic pathway and the enzymes involved. Magnesium 4(2–3):60–72PubMed

Glund S, Deshmukh A, Long YC, Moller T, Koistinen HA, Caidahl K et al (2007) Interleukin-6 directly increases glucose metabolism in resting human skeletal muscle. Diabetes 56(6):1630–1637. https://doi.org/10.2337/db06-1733 CrossRefPubMed

Gray SR, Ratkevicius A, Wackerhage H, Coats P, Nimmo MA (2009) The effect of interleukin-6 and the interleukin-6 receptor on glucose transport in mouse skeletal muscle. Exp Physiol 94(8):899–905. https://doi.org/10.1113/expphysiol.2009.048173 CrossRefPubMed

Hardwick LL, Jones MR, Brautbar N, Lee DB (1990) Site and mechanism of intestinal magnesium absorption. Miner Electrolyte Metab 16(2–3):174–180PubMed

Heffernan SM, Horner K, De Vito G, Conway GE (2019) The role of mineral and trace element supplementation in exercise and athletic performance: a systematic review. Nutrients. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11030696 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Institute of Medicine U.S. (1997) Dietary reference intakes for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride. National Academies, Washington, D.C. https://doi.org/10.17226/5776

Kamran M, Kharazmi F, Malekzadeh K, Talebi A, Khosravi F, Soltani N (2018) Effect of long-term administration of oral magnesium sulfate and insulin to reduce streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia in rats: the role of Akt2 and IRS1 gene expressions. Biol Trace Elem Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-018-1555-z CrossRefPubMed

Kass LS, Poeira F (2015) The effect of acute vs chronic magnesium supplementation on exercise and recovery on resistance exercise, blood pressure and total peripheral resistance on normotensive adults. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 12(1):19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-015-0081-z CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Lukaski HC (2000) Magnesium, zinc, and chromium nutriture and physical activity. Am J Clin Nutr 72(2):585S–593S. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/72.2.585S CrossRefPubMed

Lukaski HC, Nielsen FH (2002) Dietary magnesium depletion affects metabolic responses during submaximal exercise in postmenopausal women. J Nutr 132(5):930–935. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/132.5.930 CrossRefPubMed

Mackey AL, Kjaer M, Dandanell S, Mikkelsen KH, Holm L, Døssing S et al (2007) The influence of anti-inflammatory medication on exercise-induced myogenic precursor cell responses in humans. J Appl Physiol (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) 103(2):425–431. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00157.2007 CrossRef

McCoy M, Proietto J, Hargreaves M (1996) Skeletal muscle GLUT-4 and postexercise muscle glycogen storage in humans. J Appl Physiol 80(2):411–415. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1996.80.2.411 CrossRefPubMed

Mikkelsen UR, Langberg H, Helmark IC, Skovgaard D, Andersen LL, Kjaer M, Mackey AL (2009) Local NSAID infusion inhibits satellite cell proliferation in human skeletal muscle after eccentric exercise. J Appl Physiol (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) 107(5):1600–1611. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00707.2009 CrossRef

Nielsen FH, Lukaski HC (2006) Update on the relationship between magnesium and exercise. Magnes Res 19(3):180–189. https://doi.org/10.1684/mrh.2006.0060 CrossRefPubMed

Petersen AMW, Pedersen BK (2005) The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise. J Appl Physiol 98(4):1154–1162. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00164.2004 CrossRefPubMed

Pincus T, Bergman M, Sokka T, Roth J, Swearingen C, Yazici Y (2008) Visual analog scales in formats other than a 10 centimeter horizontal line to assess pain and other clinical data. J Rheumatol 35(8):1550–1558PubMed

Pokora I, Kempa K, Chrapusta SJ, Langfort J (2014) Effects of downhill and uphill exercises of equivalent submaximal intensities on selected blood cytokine levels and blood creatine kinase activity. Biol Sport 31(3):173–178. https://doi.org/10.5604/20831862.1111434 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Portalatin M, Winstead N (2012) Medical management of constipation. Clin Colon Rectal Surg 25(1):12–19. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1301754 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Quamme GA (2008) Recent developments in intestinal magnesium absorption. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 24(2):230–235. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOG.0b013e3282f37b59 CrossRefPubMed

Robson-Ansley P, Cockburn E, Walshe I, Stevenson E, Nimmo M (2010) The effect of exercise on plasma soluble IL-6 receptor concentration: a dichotomous response. Exerc Immunol Rev 16:56–76PubMed

Robson-Ansley PJ, Blannin A, Gleeson M (2007) Elevated plasma interleukin-6 levels in trained male triathletes following an acute period of intense interval training. Eur J Appl Physiol 99(4):353–360. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-006-0354-y CrossRefPubMed

Robson-Ansley PJ, de Milander L, Collins M, Noakes TD (2004) Acute interleukin-6 administration impairs athletic performance in healthy, trained male runners. Can J Appl Physiol Revue Canadienne de Physiologie Appliquee 29(4):411–418. https://doi.org/10.1139/h04-026 CrossRefPubMed

Romani AM, Matthews VD, Scarpa A (2000) Parallel stimulation of glucose and Mg(²⁺) accumulation by insulin in rat hearts and cardiac ventricular myocytes. Circ Res 86(3):326–333CrossRefPubMed

Schuchardt JP, Hahn A (2017) Intestinal absorption and factors influencing bioavailability of magnesium-an update. Curr Nutr Food Sci 13(4):260–278. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573401313666170427162740 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Setaro L, Santos-Silva PR, Nakano EY, Sales CH, Nunes N, Greve JM, Colli C (2014) Magnesium status and the physical performance of volleyball players: effects of magnesium supplementation. J Sports Sci 32(5):438–445. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2013.828847 CrossRefPubMed

Shirreffs SM, Maughan RJ (1997) Whole body sweat collection in humans: an improved method with preliminary data on electrolyte content. J Appl Physiol 82(1):336–341. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1997.82.1.336 CrossRefPubMed

Solaimani H, Soltani N, MaleKzadeh K, Sohrabipour S, Zhang N, Nasri S, Wang Q (2014) Modulation of GLUT4 expression by oral administration of Mg(²⁺) to control sugar levels in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 92(6):438–444. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjpp-2013-0403 CrossRefPubMed

Stauber WT (2004) Factors involved in strain-induced injury in skeletal muscles and outcomes of prolonged exposures. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 14(1):61–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2003.09.010 CrossRefPubMed

Terblanche S, Noakes TD, Dennis SC, Marais D, Eckert M (1992) Failure of magnesium supplementation to influence marathon running performance or recovery in magnesium-replete subjects. Int J Sport Nutr 2(2):154–164CrossRefPubMed

Vargas NT, Marino F (2014) A neuroinflammatory model for acute fatigue during exercise. Sports Med 44(11):1479–1487. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0232-4 CrossRefPubMed

Veronese N, Berton L, Carraro S, Bolzetta F, De Rui M, Perissinotto E et al (2014) Effect of oral magnesium supplementation on physical performance in healthy elderly women involved in a weekly exercise program: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 100(3):974–981. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.080168 CrossRefPubMed

Walshe I, Robson-Ansley P, St Clair Gibson A, Lawrence C, Thompson KG, Ansley L (2010) The reliability of the IL-6, sIL-6R and sgp130 response to a preloaded time trial. Eur J Appl Physiol 110(3):619–625. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-010-1548-x CrossRefPubMed

Wedell-Neergaard A-S, Lang Lehrskov L, Christensen RH, Legaard GE, Dorph E, Larsen MK et al (2019) Exercise-induced changes in visceral adipose tissue mass are regulated by IL-6 signaling: a randomized controlled trial. Cell Metab 29(4):844–855. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CMET.2018.12.007 CrossRefPubMed

Title: One week of magnesium supplementation lowers IL-6, muscle soreness and increases post-exercise blood glucose in response to downhill running
Authors: Charles James Steward
Yue Zhou
Gary Keane
Matthew David Cook
Yunyi Liu
Tom Cullen
Publication date: 01-12-2019
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in: European Journal of Applied Physiology / Issue 11-12/2019
Print ISSN: 1439-6319
Electronic ISSN: 1439-6327
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-019-04238-y

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

One week of magnesium supplementation lowers IL-6, muscle soreness and increases post-exercise blood glucose in response to downhill running

Abstract

Purpose

Methods

Results

Conclusion

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Purpose

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 11-12/2019

The heart rate method for estimating oxygen uptake: analyses of reproducibility using a range of heart rates from commuter walking

No ergogenic effects of a 10-day combined heat and hypoxic acclimation on aerobic performance in normoxic thermoneutral or hot conditions

Multilevel allometric modelling of maximal stroke volume and peak oxygen uptake in 11–13-year-olds

Impact of stimulation frequency on neuromuscular fatigue

Erythropoietic responses to a series of repeated maximal dynamic and static apnoeas in elite and non-breath-hold divers

Prediction of upper extremity peak oxygen consumption from heart rate during submaximal arm cycling in young and middle-aged adults