Top

Published in:

01-11-2009

Occurrence and Correlates of Postpartum Depression in Overweight and Obese Women: Results from the Active Mothers Postpartum (AMP) Study

Authors: Katrina M. Krause, Truls Østbye, Geeta K. Swamy

Published in: Maternal and Child Health Journal | Issue 6/2009

Abstract

Objective Postpartum depression (PPD) is a significant concern for new mothers and their infants, as well as the health professionals who care for them. Obesity may be a risk factor for depression, and therefore, for PPD specifically. We examined the occurrence and risk factors for PPD in a sample of overweight and obese new mothers. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 491 women who were overweight or obese prior to pregnancy completed the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) 6 weeks postpartum, along with a number of other health- and pregnancy-related measures. Occurrence of depression was investigated, as well as bivariate and multivariate relationships between depression and demographic and health-related characteristics. Results As determined by an EPDS score of 13 or higher, the prevalence of PPD was 9.2%. Three items on the scale stood out as drivers of the total score (“blame myself unnecessarily”, “anxious or worried,” “feel overwhelmed”). Bivariate correlates of depression included education, income, marital status, and self-reported chronic illness; income remained significant in the multivariate logistic regression model. BMI was not related to postpartum depression. Discussion In this group of overweight and obese women, there was no association between BMI group and postpartum depression.

O’Hara, M. W., & Swain, A. M. (1996). Rates and risk of postpartum depression: A meta-analysis. International Review of Psychiatry, 8, 37–54. doi:10.3109/09540269609037816.CrossRef

Gaynes, B. N., Gavin, N., Meltzer-Brody, S., et al. Perinatal depression: Prevalence, screening accuracy, and screening outcomes. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (2005). Evidence Report/Technology Assessment 119. AHRQ Publication 05-E006-2. http://www.ahrq.gov/downloads/pub/evidence/pdf/peridepr/peridep.pdf.

Munk-Olsen, T., Laursen, T. M., Pedersen, C. B., Mors, O., & Mortensen, P. B. (2006). New parents and mental disorders: A population-based register study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 296(21), 2582–2589. doi:10.1001/jama.296.21.2582.PubMedCrossRef

O’Hara, M. W., Zekoski, E. M., Philipps, L. H., & Wright, E. J. (1990). Controlled prospective study of postpartum mood disorders: Comparison of childbearing and nonchildbearing women. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 99(1), 3–15. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.99.1.3.PubMedCrossRef

Cooper, P. J., Campbell, E. A., Day, A., Kennerley, H., & Bond, A. (1988). Non-psychotic psychiatric disorder after childbirth. A prospective study of prevalence, incidence, course and nature. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 799–806. doi:10.1192/bjp.152.6.799.PubMedCrossRef

Cox, J. L., Murray, D., & Chapman, G. (1993). A controlled study of onset, duration and prevalence of postnatal depression. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 27–31.PubMedCrossRef

Philipps, L. H., & O’Hara, M. W. (1991). Prospective study of postpartum depression: 4 1/2-year follow-up of women and children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(2), 151–155. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.100.2.151.PubMedCrossRef

Cooper, P. J., & Murray, L. (1995). Course and recurrence of postnatal depression. Evidence for the specificity of the diagnostic concept. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 166(2), 191–195.PubMedCrossRef

Beck, C. T. (1998). The effects of postpartum depression on child development: A meta-analysis. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 12(1), 12–20. doi:10.1016/S0883-9417(98)80004-6.PubMedCrossRef

10.

Murray, L., & Cooper, P. J. (1997). Postpartum depression and child development. Psychological Medicine, 27(2), 253–260. doi:10.1017/S0033291796004564.PubMedCrossRef

11.

Righetti-Veltema, M., Conne-Perreard, E., Bousquet, A., & Manzano, J. (2002). Postpartum depression and mother–infant relationship at 3 months old. Journal of Affective Disorders, 70(3), 291–306. doi:10.1016/S0165-0327(01)00367-6.PubMedCrossRef

12.

Cogill, S. R., Caplan, H. L., Alexandra, H., Robson, K. M., & Kumar, R. (1986). Impact of maternal postnatal depression on cognitive development of young children. British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed), 292(6529), 1165–1167.CrossRef

13.

Sharp, D., Hay, D. F., Pawlby, S., Schmucker, G., Allen, H., & Kumar, R. (1995). The impact of postnatal depression on boys’ intellectual development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 36(8), 1315–1336. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01666.x.PubMedCrossRef

14.

Murray, L., Sinclair, D., Cooper, P., Ducournau, P., Turner, P., & Stein, A. (1999). The socioemotional development of 5-year-old children of postnatally depressed mothers. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 40(8), 1259–1271. doi:10.1017/S002196309900476X.PubMedCrossRef

15.

Hay, D. F., Pawlby, S., Sharp, D., Asten, P., Mills, A., & Kumar, R. (2001). Intellectual problems shown by 11-year-old children whose mothers had postnatal depression. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 42(7), 871–889. doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00784.PubMedCrossRef

16.

Chung, E. K., McCollum, K. F., Elo, I. T., Lee, H. J., & Culhane, J. F. (2004). Maternal depressive symptoms and infant health practices among low-income women. Pediatrics, 113(6), e523–e529. doi:10.1542/peds.113.6.e523.PubMedCrossRef

17.

Minkovitz, C. S., Strobino, D., Scharfstein, D., Hou, W., Miller, T., Mistry, K. B., et al. (2005). Maternal depressive symptoms and children’s receipt of health care in the first 3 years of life. Pediatrics, 115(2), 306–314. doi:10.1542/peds.2004-0341.PubMedCrossRef

18.

McLearn, K. T., Minkovitz, C. S., Strobino, D. M., Marks, E., & Hou, W. (2006). The timing of maternal depressive symptoms and mothers’ parenting practices with young children: Implications for pediatric practice. Pediatrics, 118(1), e174–e182. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-1551.PubMedCrossRef

19.

Friedman, M. A., & Brownell, K. D. (1995). Psychological correlates of obesity: Moving to the next research generation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(1), 3–20. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.117.1.3.PubMedCrossRef

20.

Ross, C. E. (1994). Overweight and depression. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 35(1), 63–79. doi:10.2307/2137335.PubMedCrossRef

21.

Crisp, A. H., & McGuinness, B. (1976). Jolly fat: Relation between obesity and psychoneurosis in general population. British Medical Journal, 1, 7–9.PubMedCrossRef

22.

Stewart, A. L., & Brook, R. H. (1983). Effects of being overweight. American Journal of Public Health, 73(2), 171–178.PubMedCrossRef

23.

Faith, M. S., Matz, P. E., & Jorge, M. A. (2002). Obesity-depression associations in the population. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 53(4), 935–942. doi:10.1016/S0022-3999(02)00308-2.PubMedCrossRef

24.

Stunkard, A. J., Faith, M. S., & Allison, K. C. (2003). Depression and obesity. Biological Psychiatry, 54(3), 330–337. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(03)00608-5.PubMedCrossRef

25.

Moore, M. E., Stunkard, A., & Srole, L. (1962). Obesity, social class, and mental illness. Journal of the American Medical Association, 181, 962–966.PubMed

26.

Simon, G. E., Von Korff, M., Saunders, K., Miglioretti, D. L., Crane, P. K., van Belle, G., et al. (2006). Association between obesity and psychiatric disorders in the US adult population. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63(7), 824–830. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.7.824.PubMedCrossRef

27.

Istvan, J., Zavela, K., & Weidner, G. (1992). Body weight and psychological distress in NHANES I. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 16(12), 999–1003.PubMed

28.

Carpenter, K. M., Hasin, D. S., Allison, D. B., & Faith, M. S. (2000). Relationships between obesity and DSM-IV major depressive disorder, suicide ideation, and suicide attempts: Results from a general population study. American Journal of Public Health, 90(2), 251–257.PubMedCrossRef

29.

Ogden, C. L., Carroll, M. D., Curtin, L. R., McDowell, M. A., Tabak, C. J., & Flegal, K. M. (2006). Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, 1999–2004. Journal of the American Medical Association, 295(13), 1549–1555. doi:10.1001/jama.295.13.1549.PubMedCrossRef

30.

Østbye, T., Krause, K. M., Brouwer, R. J. N., Lovelady, C. A., Morey, M. C., Bastian, L. A., Peterson, B. L., Swamy, G. K., Chowdhary, J., & McBride, C. M. Active mothers postpartum (AMP): Rationale, design and baseline characteristics. Journal of Women’s Health, (accepted).

31.

Cox, J. L., Holden, J. M., & Sagovsky, R. (1987). Detection of postnatal depression. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 782–786. doi:10.1192/bjp.150.6.782.PubMedCrossRef

32.

Murray, L., & Carothers, A. D. (1990). The validation of the Edinburgh Post-natal Depression Scale on a community sample. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 288–290. doi:10.1192/bjp.157.2.288.PubMedCrossRef

33.

Harris, B., Huckle, P., Thomas, R., Johns, S., & Fung, H. (1989). The use of rating scales to identify post-natal depression. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 813–817. doi:10.1192/bjp.154.6.813.PubMedCrossRef

34.

Evans, J., Heron, J., Francomb, H., Oke, S., & Golding, J. (2001). Cohort study of depressed mood during pregnancy and after childbirth. British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed), 323(7307), 257–260. doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7307.257.CrossRef

35.

Boury, J. M., Larkin, K. T., & Krummel, D. A. (2004). Factors related to postpartum depressive symptoms in low-income women. Women & Health, 39(3), 19–34. doi:10.1300/J013v39n03_02.CrossRef

36.

Carter, A. S., Baker, C. W., & Brownell, K. D. (2000). Body mass index, eating attitudes, and symptoms of depression and anxiety in pregnancy and the postpartum period. Psychosomatic Medicine, 62(2), 264–270.PubMed

37.

Lacoursiere, D. Y., Baksh, L., Bloebaum, L., & Varner, M. W. (2006). Maternal body mass index and self-reported postpartum depressive symptoms. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 10(4), 385–390. doi:10.1007/s10995-006-0075-1.PubMedCrossRef

38.

Beck, C. T. (2001). Predictors of postpartum depression: An update. Nursing Research, 50(5), 275–285. doi:10.1097/00006199-200109000-00004.PubMedCrossRef

39.

Righetti-Veltema, M., Conne-Perreard, E., Bousquet, A., & Manzano, J. (1998). Risk factors and predictive signs of postpartum depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 49(3), 167–180. doi:10.1016/S0165-0327(97)00110-9.PubMedCrossRef

40.

Segre, L. S., O’Hara, M. W., Arndt, S., & Stuart, S. (2007). The prevalence of postpartum depression: The relative significance of three social status indices. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 42(4), 316–321. doi:10.1007/s00127-007-0168-1.PubMedCrossRef

41.

Howell, E. A., Mora, P., & Leventhal, H. (2006). Correlates of early postpartum depressive symptoms. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 10(2), 149–157. doi:10.1007/s10995-005-0048-9.PubMedCrossRef

42.

Hannah, M. E., Hannah, W. J., Hodnett, E. D., Chalmers, B., Kung, R., Willan, A., et al. (2002). Term breech trial 3-month follow-up collaborative group. Outcomes at 3 months after planned cesarean vs planned vaginal delivery for breech presentation at term: The international randomized term breech trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 287(14), 1822–1831. doi:10.1001/jama.287.14.1822.PubMedCrossRef

43.

Boyce, P. M., & Todd, A. L. (1992). Increased risk of postnatal depression after emergency caesarean section. The Medical Journal of Australia, 157(3), 172–174.PubMed

44.

Robertson, E., Grace, S., Wallington, T., & Stewart, D. E. (2004). Antenatal risk factors for postpartum depression: A synthesis of recent literature. General Hospital Psychiatry, 26(4), 289–295. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2004.02.006.PubMedCrossRef

45.

Dennis, C. L., & McQueen, K. (2007). Does maternal postpartum depressive symptomatology influence infant feeding outcomes? Acta Paediatrica, 96(4), 590–594. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00184.x.PubMedCrossRef

46.

Henderson, J. J., Evans, S. F., Straton, J. A., Priest, S. R., & Hagan, R. (2003). Impact of postnatal depression on breastfeeding duration. Birth, 30(3), 175–180. doi:10.1046/j.1523-536X.2003.00242.x.PubMedCrossRef

Title: Occurrence and Correlates of Postpartum Depression in Overweight and Obese Women: Results from the Active Mothers Postpartum (AMP) Study
Authors: Katrina M. Krause
Truls Østbye
Geeta K. Swamy
Publication date: 01-11-2009
Publisher: Springer US
Published in: Maternal and Child Health Journal / Issue 6/2009
Print ISSN: 1092-7875
Electronic ISSN: 1573-6628
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-008-0418-1

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Occurrence and Correlates of Postpartum Depression in Overweight and Obese Women: Results from the Active Mothers Postpartum (AMP) Study

Abstract

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 6/2009

The Effect of Parents’ Joint Work Schedules on Infants’ Behavior Over the First Two Years of Life: Evidence from the ECLSB

Associations Among Feeding Behaviors During Infancy and Child Illness at Two Years

Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort: A Welcome Addition to the Maternal and Child Health Field and Its Data Bases

The Health and Cognitive Growth of Latino Toddlers: At Risk or Immigrant Paradox?

Birth Weight Effects on Children’s Mental, Motor, and Physical Development: Evidence from Twins Data

Socioeconomic Gradients in Infant Health Across Race and Ethnicity