Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
BMC Ophthalmology
Published in: BMC Ophthalmology 1/2024

Open Access 01-12-2024 | Obesity | Research

Association between weight-adjusted waist index and myopia in adolescents and young adults: results from NHANES 1999–2008

Authors: Xu Han Shi, Li Dong, Rui Heng Zhang, Wen Bin Wei

Published in: BMC Ophthalmology | Issue 1/2024

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Previous studies have indicated a possible link between obesity and myopia, although the results have varied. The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between a new measure of obesity, the weight-adjusted waist index (WWI), and myopia.

Method

This cross-sectional study included individuals between the ages of 12 and 25 who participated in a noncycloplegic vision examination as part of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted from 1999 to 2008. WWI was calculated as waist circumference divided by the square root of body weight. Myopia was characterized by a spherical equivalent (SE) of ≤ − 0.5 diopters (D) and further categorized into mild (-3.00D < SE≤-0.50 D), moderate (-6.00D < SE ≤-3.00 D), or high (SE≤-6.00 D). We utilized a weighted multivariable logistic regression and a generalized additive model to evaluate the correlation between WWI and myopia. Threshold effects were analyzed, and we performed subgroup analysis and interaction tests.

Results

A grand total of 11,180 individuals were registered for the study. Decreased myopia severity was observed with higher WWI, as evidenced by elevated SE (β = 0.098, 95% CI: 0.028–0.167). Individuals in the top tertile of WWI experienced a 19.8% decrease in risk compared to those in the lowest group (OR = 0.802, 95% CI: 0.800-0.804; P for trend < 0.001). Similar associations were observed for high myopia. Gender-specific nonlinear associations were found, with different breakpoints for males (10.774) and females (10.025). In males, a significant positive association was found on the right side of the breakpoint (OR = 1.398, 95% CI: 1.038–1.884), while no significant association was found on the left side. Conversely, among females, a negative association was observed on the left side of the breakpoint (OR = 0.679, 95% CI: 0.512–0.899), whereas no notable correlation was detected on the right side.

Conclusion

Increased WWI level was linked to a lower risk of myopia and high myopia in the overall sample, with gender-specific variations.
Literature
1.
Baird PN, Saw S-M, Lanca C, Guggenheim JA, Smith Iii EL, Zhou X, Matsui K-O, Wu P-C, Sankaridurg P, Chia A et al. Myopia. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2020, 6(1):99.
2.
Chua J, Wong TY. Myopia-the Silent Epidemic that should not be ignored. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2016;134(12):1363–4.CrossRefPubMed
3.
Holden BA, Fricke TR, Wilson DA, Jong M, Naidoo KS, Sankaridurg P, Wong TY, Naduvilath TJ, Resnikoff S. Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050. Ophthalmology. 2016;123(5):1036–42.CrossRefPubMed
4.
Tideman JWL, Snabel MCC, Tedja MS, van Rijn GA, Wong KT, Kuijpers RWAM, Vingerling JR, Hofman A, Buitendijk GHS, Keunen JEE, et al. Association of axial length with risk of uncorrectable visual impairment for europeans with myopia. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2016;134(12):1355–63.CrossRefPubMed
5.
Wong TY, Ferreira A, Hughes R, Carter G, Mitchell P. Epidemiology and disease burden of pathologic myopia and myopic choroidal neovascularization: an evidence-based systematic review. Am J Ophthalmol 2014, 157(1).
6.
Xu L, Wang Y, Li Y, Wang Y, Cui T, Li J, Jonas JB. Causes of blindness and visual impairment in urban and rural areas in Beijing: the Beijing Eye Study. Ophthalmology 2006, 113(7):1134.e1131-1134.1111.
7.
Liang YB, Friedman DS, Wong TY, Zhan SY, Sun LP, Wang JJ, Duan XR, Yang XH, Wang FH, Zhou Q, et al. Prevalence and causes of low vision and blindness in a rural Chinese adult population: the Handan Eye Study. Ophthalmology. 2008;115(11):1965–72.CrossRefPubMed
8.
Bikbov MM, Kazakbaeva GM, Zainullin RM, Gilmanshin TR, Nuriev IF, Zaynetdinov AF, Yakupova DF, Uzianbaeva YV, Panda-Jonas S, Mukhamadieva SR, et al. Prevalence and causes of vision impairment and blindness in the Russian ural eye and medical study. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):12397.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
9.
Morgan IG, Ohno-Matsui K, Saw S-M. Myopia. Lancet 2012, 379(9827):1739–1748.
10.
Morgan IG, French AN, Ashby RS, Guo X, Ding X, He M, Rose KA. The epidemics of myopia: Aetiology and prevention. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2018;62:134–49.CrossRefPubMed
11.
Lee S, Lee H-J, Lee KG, Kim J. Obesity and high myopia in children and adolescents: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(3):e0265317.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
12.
Harrington SC, Stack J, O’Dwyer V. Risk factors associated with myopia in schoolchildren in Ireland. Br J Ophthalmol. 2019;103(12):1803–9.PubMed
13.
Tideman JWL, Polling JR, Hofman A, Jaddoe VW, Mackenbach JP, Klaver CC. Environmental factors explain socioeconomic prevalence differences in myopia in 6-year-old children. Br J Ophthalmol. 2018;102(2):243–7.CrossRefPubMed
14.
Kim H, Seo JS, Yoo W-S, Kim G-N, Kim RB, Chae JE, Chung I, Seo S-W, Kim SJ. Factors associated with myopia in Korean children: Korea National Health and nutrition examination survey 2016–2017 (KNHANES VII). BMC Ophthalmol. 2020;20(1):31.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
15.
Saw S-M, Chua W-H, Hong C-Y, Wu H-M, Chia K-S, Stone RA, Tan D. Height and its relationship to refraction and biometry parameters in Singapore Chinese children. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2002;43(5):1408–13.
16.
17.
Rahi JS, Cumberland PM, Peckham CS. Myopia over the lifecourse: prevalence and early life influences in the 1958 British birth cohort. Ophthalmology. 2011;118(5):797–804.CrossRefPubMed
18.
Jung S-K, Lee JH, Kakizaki H, Jee D. Prevalence of myopia and its association with body stature and educational level in 19-year-old male conscripts in Seoul, South Korea. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012;53(9):5579–83.CrossRef
19.
Dirani M, Islam A, Baird PN. Body stature and myopia-the genes in myopia (GEM) twin study. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2008;15(3):135–9.CrossRefPubMed
20.
Jacobsen N, Jensen H, Goldschmidt E. Prevalence of myopia in Danish conscripts. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2007;85(2):165–70.CrossRefPubMed
21.
Javed A, Jumean M, Murad MH, Okorodudu D, Kumar S, Somers VK, Sochor O, Lopez-Jimenez F. Diagnostic performance of body mass index to identify obesity as defined by body adiposity in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatr Obes. 2015;10(3):234–44.CrossRefPubMed
22.
Oliveros E, Somers VK, Sochor O, Goel K, Lopez-Jimenez F. The concept of normal weight obesity. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2014;56(4):426–33.CrossRefPubMed
23.
Park Y, Kim NH, Kwon TY, Kim SG. A novel adiposity index as an integrated predictor of cardiometabolic disease morbidity and mortality. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):16753.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
24.
Kim JY, Choi J, Vella CA, Criqui MH, Allison MA, Kim NH. Associations between Weight-Adjusted Waist Index and Abdominal Fat and muscle Mass: multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(5):747–55.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
25.
Johnson CL, Paulose-Ram R, Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kruszon-Moran D, Dohrmann SM, Curtin LR. National health and nutrition examination survey: analytic guidelines, 1999–2010. Vital Health Stat 2 2013(161).
26.
von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gøtzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP. The strengthening the reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Lancet. 2007;370(9596):1453–7.CrossRef
27.
Harb EN, Wildsoet CF. Nutritional factors and myopia: An Analysis of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data. Optom Vis Sci. 2021;98(5):458–68.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
28.
Peled A, Nitzan I, Megreli J, Derazne E, Tzur D, Pinhas-Hamiel O, Afek A, Twig G. Myopia and BMI: a nationwide study of 1.3 million adolescents. Obes (Silver Spring). 2022;30(8):1691–8.CrossRef
29.
Qin Z, Du D, Li Y, Chang K, Yang Q, Zhang Z, Liao R, Su B. The association between weight-adjusted-waist index and abdominal aortic calcification in adults aged ≥ 40 years: results from NHANES 2013–2014. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):20354.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
30.
Li Q, Qie R, Qin P, Zhang D, Guo C, Zhou Q, Tian G, Liu D, Chen X, Liu L, et al. Association of weight-adjusted-waist index with incident hypertension: the rural Chinese cohort study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2020;30(10):1732–41.CrossRefPubMed
31.
Ding C, Shi Y, Li J, Li M, Hu L, Rao J, Liu L, Zhao P, Xie C, Zhan B, et al. Association of weight-adjusted-waist index with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in China: a prospective cohort study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2022;32(5):1210–7.CrossRefPubMed
32.
33.
Feldkaemper MP, Neacsu I, Schaeffel F. Insulin acts as a powerful stimulator of axial myopia in chicks. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009;50(1):13–23.CrossRef
34.
Metlapally R, Ki C-S, Li Y-J, Tran-Viet K-N, Abbott D, Malecaze F, Calvas P, Mackey DA, Rosenberg T, Paget S, et al. Genetic association of insulin-like growth factor-1 polymorphisms with high-grade myopia in an international family cohort. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010;51(9):4476–9.CrossRef
35.
Tchernof A, Brochu D, Maltais-Payette I, Mansour MF, Marchand GB, Carreau A-M, Kapeluto J. Androgens and the regulation of Adiposity and Body Fat distribution in humans. Compr Physiol. 2018;8(4):1253–90.CrossRefPubMed
36.
Blouin K, Boivin A, Tchernof A. Androgens and body fat distribution. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2008;108(3–5):272–80.CrossRefPubMed
37.
38.
Zhang R-H, Yang Q, Dong L, Li Y-F, Zhou W-D, Wu H-T, Li H-Y, Shao L, Zhang C, Wang Y-X et al. Association between vitamin D and myopia in adolescents and young adults: evidence of national cross-sectional study. Eur J Ophthalmol 2023:11206721231161498.
Metadata
Title
Association between weight-adjusted waist index and myopia in adolescents and young adults: results from NHANES 1999–2008
Authors
Xu Han Shi
Li Dong
Rui Heng Zhang
Wen Bin Wei
Publication date
01-12-2024
Publisher
BioMed Central
Keywords
Obesity
Obesity
Published in
BMC Ophthalmology / Issue 1/2024
Electronic ISSN: 1471-2415
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-024-03282-3

Other articles of this Issue 1/2024

BMC Ophthalmology 1/2024 Go to the issue

Research

Incidence rates of retinal vascular occlusive diseases from 2011 to 2020 in South Korea: a nationwide cohort study

Research

Insulin eye drops improve corneal wound healing in STZ-induced diabetic mice by regulating corneal inflammation and neuropeptide release

Case Report

Internal limiting membrane separation and posterior vitreous hyperreflective dots: novel OCT findings in Purtscher-like retinopathy

Research

Evaluation of therapeutic efficacy of Emustil drops for ocular discomfort and tear film osmolarity using different treatment management modes under dry environmental conditions

Research

Changes in optical coherence tomography biomarkers in eyes with advanced idiopathic epiretinal membrane treated with dexamethasone implantation

Research

Genotype-phenotype associations in CRB1 bi-allelic patients: a novel mutation, a systematic review and meta-analysis