Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
BMC Endocrine Disorders
Published in: BMC Endocrine Disorders 1/2023

Open Access 01-12-2023 | Obesity | Research

Association between plant-based diets and metabolic syndrome in obese adults from Iran: a cross-sectional study

Authors: Mahdi Vajdi, Arash Karimi, Ayda Zahiri Tousi, Babak Hosseini, Zeinab Nikniaz, Mahdieh Abbasalizad Farhangi

Published in: BMC Endocrine Disorders | Issue 1/2023

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a common chronic disease with several complications. Given that, studies on the association of plant-based diet indices (PDIs) with risk of MetS among adults with obesity, are limited, we aimed to examine the association between PDIs (including overall PDI, healthy PDI (hPDI), unhealthy PDI (uPDI)) and MetS in Iranian adults with obesity.

Methods

In Tabriz, Iran, a total of 347 adults between the ages of 20 and 50 participated in this cross-sectional research study. We created an overall PDI, hPDI, and uPDI from validated semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) data. To investigate the association between hPDI, overall PDI, uPDI, and MetS and its components, a binary logistic regression analysis was performed.

Results

The average age was 40.78 ± 9.23 years, and the average body mass index was 32.62 ± 4.80 kg/m2. There was no significant association between overall PDI (OR: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.54–1.47), hPDI (OR: 0.82; 95% CI: 0.48–1.40), and uPDI (OR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.87–2.46) with MetS, even after adjustment for confounders. Moreover, our findings showed that participants with the highest adherence to uPDI had a higher chance of hyperglycemia (OR: 2.50; 95% CI: 1.13–5.52). Also, this association was significant in the first (OR: 2.51; 95% CI: 1.04–6.04) and second (OR: 2.58; 95% CI: 1.05–6.33) models, after controlling for covariates. However, in both adjusted and crude models, we did not find a significant association between hPDI and PDI scores and MetS components such as high triglyceride, high waist circumference, low High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, raised blood pressure, and hyperglycemia. Moreover, those in the top tertile of uPDI had higher fasting blood sugar and insulin levels when compared with those in the first tertile, and subjects in the last tertile of hPDI compared with participants in the first tertile had lower weight, waist-to-hip ratio, and fat-free mass.

Conclusion

We found a direct significant association between uPDI and odds of hyperglycemia in the whole population of study. Future large-scale, prospective studies on PDIs and the MetS are necessary to confirm these findings.
Literature
1.
Sundström J, Risérus U, Byberg L, Zethelius B, Lithell H, Lind L. Clinical value of the metabolic syndrome for long term prediction of total and cardiovascular mortality: prospective, population based cohort study. BMJ. 2006;332(7546):878–82.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
2.
Hui WS, Liu Z, Ho SC. Metabolic syndrome and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Springer; 2010. p. 375–84.
3.
Guerra ZC, Moore JR, Londoño T, Castro Y. Associations of acculturation and gender with obesity and physical activity among Latinos. Am J Health Behav. 2022;46(3):324–36.PubMedCrossRef
4.
Friend A, Craig L, Turner S. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in children: a systematic review of the literature. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2013;11(2):71–80.PubMedCrossRef
5.
6.
Farmanfarma KK, Kaykhaei MA, Adineh HA, Mohammadi M, Dabiri S, Ansari-Moghaddam A. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Iran: a meta-analysis of 69 studies. Diabetes Metab Syndr: Clin Res Rev. 2019;13(1):792–9.CrossRef
7.
8.
Feldeisen SE, Tucker KL. Nutritional strategies in the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2007;32(1):46–60.PubMedCrossRef
9.
Leman MA, Claramita M, Rahayu GR. Predicting factors on modeling health behavior: a systematic review. Am J Health Behav. 2021;45(2):268–78.PubMedCrossRef
10.
Picasso MC, Lo-Tayraco JA, Ramos-Villanueva JM, Pasupuleti V, Hernandez AV. Effect of vegetarian diets on the presentation of metabolic syndrome or its components: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nutr. 2019;38(3):1117–32.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Yokoyama Y, Nishimura K, Barnard ND, Takegami M, Watanabe M, Sekikawa A, et al. Vegetarian diets and blood pressure: a meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(4):577–87.PubMedCrossRef
12.
Choi SH, Oh DJ, Kwon KH, Lee JK, Koh M-S, Lee JH, et al. A vegetarian diet does not protect against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): a cross-sectional study between buddhist priests and the general population. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2015;26(4):336–43.PubMedCrossRef
13.
Vinagre J, Vinagre C, Pozzi F, Slywitch E, Maranhão R. Metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and transfer of lipids to high-density lipoproteins (HDL) in vegan and omnivore subjects. Nutr Metabolism Cardiovasc Dis. 2013;23(1):61–7.CrossRef
14.
Bedford JL, Barr SI. Diets and selected lifestyle practices of self-defined adult vegetarians from a population-based sample suggest they are more’health conscious’. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Activity. 2005;2(1):1–11.CrossRef
15.
Chiang J-K, Lin Y-L, Chen C-L, Ouyang C-M, Wu Y-T, Chi Y-C, et al. Reduced risk for metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance associated with ovo-lacto-vegetarian behavior in female Buddhists: a case-control study. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(8):e71799.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
16.
Gupta A, Gupta S, Mani R, Durgapal P, Goyal B, Rajput D, et al. Expression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, survivin, enhancer of zeste homolog-2, cyclooxygenase-2, p53 and p16 molecular markers in gall bladder carcinoma. J Carcinog. 2021;20:7.
17.
Satija A, Bhupathiraju SN, Rimm EB, Spiegelman D, Chiuve SE, Borgi L, et al. Plant-based dietary patterns and incidence of type 2 diabetes in US men and women: results from three prospective cohort studies. PLoS Med. 2016;13(6):e1002039.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
18.
Lee K, Kim H, Rebholz CM, Kim J. Association between different types of plant-based diets and risk of dyslipidemia: a prospective cohort study. Nutrients. 2021;13(1):220.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
19.
Satija A, Bhupathiraju SN, Spiegelman D, Chiuve SE, Manson JE, Willett W, et al. Healthful and unhealthful plant-based diets and the risk of coronary heart disease in US adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70(4):411–22.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
20.
Satija A, Malik V, Rimm EB, Sacks F, Willett W, Hu FB. Changes in intake of plant-based diets and weight change: results from 3 prospective cohort studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 2019;110(3):574–82.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
21.
Kim H, Rebholz CM, Garcia-Larsen V, Steffen LM, Coresh J, Caulfield LE. Operational differences in plant-based diet indices affect the ability to detect associations with incident hypertension in middle-aged US adults. J Nutr. 2020;150(4):842–50.PubMedCrossRef
22.
Kim H, Lee K, Rebholz CM, Kim J. Plant-based diets and incident metabolic syndrome: results from a south korean prospective cohort study. PLoS Med. 2020;17(11):e1003371.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
23.
Patil S, Prabhakaran J, Nazar S, Abaya K. To study association between lipid profile in vegetarians and non-vegetarians in the local population. J Evol Med Dent Sci. 2015;4(32):5533–8.CrossRef
24.
Jung JG, Kang HW, Hahn SJ, Kim JH, Lee JK, Lim YJ, et al. Vegetarianism as a protective factor for reflux esophagitis: a retrospective, cross-sectional study between buddhist priests and general population. Dig Dis Sci. 2013;58(8):2244–52.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Murray AE, McMorrow AM, O’Connor E, Kiely C, Mac Ananey O, O’Shea D, et al. Dietary quality in a sample of adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Ireland; a cross-sectional case control study. Nutr J. 2013;12(1):1–11.CrossRef
26.
Khodarahmi M, Javidzade P, Farhangi MA, Hashemzehi A, Kahroba H. Interplay between fatty acid desaturase2 (FADS2) rs174583 genetic variant and dietary antioxidant capacity: cardio-metabolic risk factors in obese individuals. BMC Endocr disorders. 2022;22(1):1–12.CrossRef
27.
Khodarahmi M, Asghari-Jafarabadi M, Abbasalizad Farhangi M. A structural equation modeling approach for the association of a healthy eating index with metabolic syndrome and cardio-metabolic risk factors among obese individuals. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(7):e0219193.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
28.
Samani S, Joukar B. A study on the reliability and validity of the short form of the depression anxiety stress scale (DASS-21). 2007.
29.
Gallegos-Gonzalez G, Pineda-García G, Serrano-Medina A, Martinez AL, Ochoa-Ruiz E. Association between stress and metabolic syndrome and its mediating factors in university students. Am J Health Behav. 2021;45(6):1091–102.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Alberti KG, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ, Cleeman JI, Donato KA, et al. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the international diabetes federation task force on epidemiology and prevention; national heart, lung, and blood institute; american heart association; world heart federation; international atherosclerosis society; and international association for the study of obesity. Circulation. 2009;120(16):1640–5.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Azizi F, Hadaegh F, Khalili D, Esteghamati A, Hossein PF, Delavari A, et al. Appropriate definition of metabolic syndrome among iranian adults: report of the Iranian National Committee of Obesity. 2010.
32.
Vasheghani-Farahani A, Tahmasbi M, Asheri H, Ashraf H, Nedjat S, Kordi R. The Persian, last 7-day, long form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire: translation and validation study. Asian J sports Med. 2011;2(2):106.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
33.
Zelenović M, Kontro T, Dumitru RC, Aksovic N, Bjelica B, Alexe DI, et al. Leisure-time physical activity and all-cause mortality: a systematic review. Revista De Psicología Del Deporte (Journal of Sport Psychology). 31(1):1–16.
34.
Hyder KM, Mohan J, Varma V, Sivasankaran P, Raja D. Effects of muscle–specific exercises compared to existing interventions on insulin resistance among Prediabetes Population of South India. J Nat Sci Biol Med. 2021;12(2):230.CrossRef
35.
Mirmiran P, Esfahani FH, Mehrabi Y, Hedayati M, Azizi F. Reliability and relative validity of an FFQ for nutrients in the Tehran lipid and glucose study. Public Health Nutr. 2010;13(5):654–62.PubMedCrossRef
36.
Gaeini Z, Bahadoran Z, Mirmiran P, Djazayery A. The association between dietary fat pattern and the risk of type 2 diabetes. Prev Nutr food Sci. 2019;24(1):1.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
37.
Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem. 1972;18(6):499–502.PubMedCrossRef
38.
Zamani B, Daneshzad E, Siassi F, Guilani B, Bellissimo N, Azadbakht L. Association of plant-based dietary patterns with psychological profile and obesity in iranian women. Clin Nutr. 2020;39(6):1799–808.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Kamolthip R, Fung XC, Lin C-Y, Latner JD, O’Brien KS. Relationships among physical activity, health-related quality of life, and weight stigma in children in Hong Kong. Am J Health Behav. 2021;45(5):828–42.PubMedCrossRef
40.
Huo Y, Cao S, Liu J, Zhang B, Xu K, Wang Y, et al. The Association between Plant-Based Diet Indices and metabolic syndrome in chinese adults: longitudinal analyses from the China Health and Nutrition Survey. Nutrients. 2023;15(6):1341.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
41.
Martínez-González MA, Sánchez-Tainta A, Corella D, Salas-Salvado J, Ros E, Arós F, et al. A provegetarian food pattern and reduction in total mortality in the Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea (PREDIMED) study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;100(suppl1):320S–8S.PubMedCrossRef
42.
Bianchi C, Penno G, Romero F, Del Prato S, Miccoli R. Treating the metabolic syndrome. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2007;5(3):491–506.PubMedCrossRef
43.
Pistollato F, Battino M. Role of plant-based diets in the prevention and regression of metabolic syndrome and neurodegenerative diseases. Trends Food Sci Technol. 2014;40(1):62–81.CrossRef
44.
Jafari F, Amini Kahrizsangi M, Najam W, Fattahi MR, Nouri M, Ghalandari H, et al. Association of plant-based dietary patterns with metabolic syndrome: baseline results from the Persian Kavar cohort study (PKCS). Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2023;74(2):291–301.
45.
Kim H, Lee K, Rebholz CM, Kim J. Association between unhealthy plant-based diets and the metabolic syndrome in adult men and women: a population-based study in South Korea. Br J Nutr. 2021;125(5):577–90.PubMedCrossRef
46.
Ghassemi H, Harrison G, Mohammad K. An accelerated nutrition transition in Iran. Public Health Nutr. 2002;5(1a):149–55.PubMedCrossRef
47.
48.
Lutsey PL, Steffen LM, Stevens J. Dietary intake and the development of the metabolic syndrome: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Circulation. 2008;117(6):754–61.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Chen S, Zhou Z, Ren K. Influence of sports value on adolescent participation and preference of Sci-Tech experience activities. Revista De Psicología Del Deporte (Journal of Sport Psychology). 30(4):1–10.
50.
Gómez-Donoso C, Martínez-González M, Martínez JA, Gea A, Sanz-Serrano J, Perez-Cueto FJ, et al. A provegetarian food pattern emphasizing preference for healthy plant-derived foods reduces the risk of overweight/obesity in the SUN cohort. Nutrients. 2019;11(7):1553.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
51.
Azadbakht L, Mirmiran P, Azizi F. Dietary diversity score is favorably associated with the metabolic syndrome in tehranian adults. Int J Obes. 2005;29(11):1361–7.CrossRef
52.
Lopez-Garcia E, Schulze MB, Fung TT, Meigs JB, Rifai N, Manson JE, et al. Major dietary patterns are related to plasma concentrations of markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80(4):1029–35.PubMedCrossRef
53.
Craddock JC, Neale EP, Peoples GE, Probst YC. Vegetarian-based dietary patterns and their relation with inflammatory and immune biomarkers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Adv Nutr. 2019;10(3):433–51.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
54.
Bolori P, Setaysh L, Rasaei N, Jarrahi F, saeid Yekaninejad M. Adherence to a healthy plant diet may reduce inflammatory factors in obese and overweight women-a cross-sectional study. Diabetes Metab Syndr: Clin Res Rev. 2019;13(4):2795–802.CrossRef
55.
Thomas MS, Blesso CN, Calle MC, Chun OK, Puglisi M, Fernandez ML. Dietary influences on gut microbiota with a focus on metabolic syndrome. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2022;20(8):429–39.PubMedCrossRef
56.
57.
Grosso G, Laudisio D, Frias-Toral E, Barrea L, Muscogiuri G, Savastano S, et al. Anti-inflammatory nutrients and obesity-associated metabolic-inflammation: state of the art and future direction. Nutrients. 2022;14(6):1137.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
58.
59.
60.
Thomas MS, Calle M, Fernandez ML. Healthy plant-based diets improve dyslipidemias, insulin resistance, and inflammation in metabolic syndrome. A narrative review. Adv Nutr. 2023;14(1):44–54.
61.
Qin P, Wang T, Luo Y. A review on plant-based proteins from soybean: Health benefits and soy product development. J Agric Food Res. 2022;7:100265.
62.
63.
Zhang C, Ning Y. Effect of dietary and lifestyle factors on the risk of gestational diabetes: review of epidemiologic evidence. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;94(suppl6):1975S–9S.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
64.
Aaron KJ. In: Sanders PW, editor. Role of dietary salt and potassium intake in cardiovascular health and disease: a review of the evidence. Elsevier; 2013. Mayo Clinic Proceedings.
65.
Rosique-Esteban N, Guasch-Ferré M, Hernández-Alonso P, Salas-Salvadó J. Dietary magnesium and cardiovascular disease: a review with emphasis in epidemiological studies. Nutrients. 2018;10(2):168.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
66.
Xavier J, Farias CP, Soares MSP, Silveira GdO, Spanevello RM, Yonamine M, et al. Ayahuasca prevents oxidative stress in a rat model of depression elicited by unpredictable chronic mild stress. Arch Clin Psychiatry (São Paulo). 2021;48:90–8.
67.
Fried SK, Rao SP. Sugars, hypertriglyceridemia, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;78(4):873S–80S.PubMedCrossRef
68.
Farrell P, Negin J, Awoke M, Thow AM, Taua M, Faumuina T, et al. Associations between sociodemographic and behaviour factors, and dietary risk factors for overweight and obesity, in samoan women. Appetite. 2019;134:155–61.PubMedCrossRef
69.
Gani IH, Al-Obaidi Z. MgO NPs catalyzed the synthesis of novel pyridin-3-yl-pyrimidin-2-yl-aminophenyl-amide derivatives and evaluation of pharmacokinetic profiles and biological activity. Front Mater. 2023;10:1057677.CrossRef
70.
Santulli G, Pascale V, Finelli R, Visco V, Giannotti R, Massari A, et al. We are what we eat: impact of food from short supply chain on metabolic syndrome. J Clin Med. 2019;8(12):2061.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
71.
Story M, Kaphingst KM, Robinson-O’Brien R, Glanz K. Creating healthy food and eating environments: policy and environmental approaches. Annu Rev Public Health. 2008;29:253–72.PubMedCrossRef
72.
Morland KB, Evenson KR. Obesity prevalence and the local food environment. Health Place. 2009;15(2):491–5.PubMedCrossRef
73.
Pitt E, Gallegos D, Comans T, Cameron C, Thornton L. Exploring the influence of local food environments on food behaviours: a systematic review of qualitative literature. Public Health Nutr. 2017;20(13):2393–405.PubMedCrossRef
74.
Turner-McGrievy G, Harris M. Key elements of plant-based diets associated with reduced risk of metabolic syndrome. Curr Diab Rep. 2014;14:1–9.CrossRef
75.
Kahleova H, Matoulek M, Malinska H, Oliyarnik O, Kazdova L, Neskudla T, et al. Vegetarian diet improves insulin resistance and oxidative stress markers more than conventional diet in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2011;28(5):549–59.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
76.
Mishra S, Xu J, Agarwal U, Gonzales J, Levin S, Barnard ND. A multicenter randomized controlled trial of a plant-based nutrition program to reduce body weight and cardiovascular risk in the corporate setting: the GEICO study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2013;67(7):718–24.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
77.
Rizzo NS, Jaceldo-Siegl K, Sabate J, Fraser GE. Nutrient profiles of vegetarian and nonvegetarian dietary patterns. J Acad Nutr Dietetics. 2013;113(12):1610–9.CrossRef
78.
Turner-McGrievy GM, Barnard ND, Scialli AR, Lanou AJ. Effects of a low-fat vegan diet and a step II diet on macro-and micronutrient intakes in overweight postmenopausal women. Nutrition. 2004;20(9):738–46.PubMedCrossRef
79.
Turner-McGrievy GM, Barnard ND, Cohen J, Jenkins DJ, Gloede L, Green AA. Changes in nutrient intake and dietary quality among participants with type 2 diabetes following a low-fat vegan diet or a conventional diabetes diet for 22 weeks. J Am Diet Assoc. 2008;108(10):1636–45.PubMedCrossRef
80.
Clarys P, Deliens T, Huybrechts I, Deriemaeker P, Vanaelst B, De Keyzer W, et al. Comparison of nutritional quality of the vegan, vegetarian, semi-vegetarian, pesco-vegetarian and omnivorous diet. Nutrients. 2014;6(3):1318–32.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
81.
Davey GK, Spencer EA, Appleby PN, Allen NE, Knox KH, Key TJ. EPIC–Oxford: lifestyle characteristics and nutrient intakes in a cohort of 33 883 meat-eaters and 31 546 non meat-eaters in the UK. Public Health Nutr. 2003;6(3):259–68.PubMedCrossRef
82.
Farmer B, Larson BT, Fulgoni VL III, Rainville AJ, Liepa GU. A vegetarian dietary pattern as a nutrient-dense approach to weight management: an analysis of the national health and nutrition examination survey 1999–2004. J Am Diet Assoc. 2011;111(6):819–27.PubMedCrossRef
83.
Yoo S, Nicklas T, Baranowski T, Zakeri IF, Yang S-J, Srinivasan SR, et al. Comparison of dietary intakes associated with metabolic syndrome risk factors in young adults: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80(4):841–8.PubMedCrossRef
84.
González-Rodríguez LG, Perea Sánchez JM, Aranceta-Bartrina J, Gil Á, González-Gross M, Serra-Majem L, et al. Intake and dietary food sources of fibre in Spain: differences with regard to the prevalence of excess body weight and abdominal obesity in adults of the ANIBES Study. Nutrients. 2017;9(4):326.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
85.
Howarth NC, Saltzman E, Roberts SB. Dietary fiber and weight regulation. Nutr Rev. 2001;59(5):129–39.PubMedCrossRef
86.
87.
Chang KT, Lampe JW, Schwarz Y, Breymeyer KL, Noar KA, Song X, et al. Low glycemic load experimental diet more satiating than high glycemic load diet. Nutr Cancer. 2012;64(5):666–73.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
88.
de Oliveira Otto MC, Alonso A, Lee D-H, Delclos GL, Bertoni AG, Jiang R, et al. Dietary intakes of zinc and heme iron from red meat, but not from other sources, are associated with greater risk of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. J Nutr. 2012;142(3):526–33.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
89.
Sun L, Franco OH, Hu FB, Cai L, Yu Z, Li H, et al. Ferritin concentrations, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes in middle-aged and elderly chinese. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(12):4690–6.PubMedCrossRef
90.
Gangwisch JE, Hale L, Garcia L, Malaspina D, Opler MG, Payne ME, et al. High glycemic index diet as a risk factor for depression: analyses from the women’s Health Initiative. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;102(2):454–63.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
91.
Şenormancı G, Turan Ç, Çelik SK, Çelik A, Edgünlü TG, Bilgi C, et al. Gene variants and serum levels of synaptic vesicle and presynaptic plasma membrane proteins in alcohol dependence and their relationship with impulsivity and temperament. Arch Clin Psychiatry (São Paulo). 2021;48:99–104.
92.
Brand-Miller JC, Holt SH, Pawlak DB, McMillan J. Glycemic index and obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76(1):281S–5S.PubMedCrossRef
93.
Millen BE, Pencina MJ, Kimokoti RW, Zhu L, Meigs JB, Ordovas JM, et al. Nutritional risk and the metabolic syndrome in women: opportunities for preventive intervention from the Framingham Nutrition Study–. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84(2):434–41.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Association between plant-based diets and metabolic syndrome in obese adults from Iran: a cross-sectional study
Authors
Mahdi Vajdi
Arash Karimi
Ayda Zahiri Tousi
Babak Hosseini
Zeinab Nikniaz
Mahdieh Abbasalizad Farhangi
Publication date
01-12-2023
Publisher
BioMed Central
Keywords
Obesity
Obesity
Published in
BMC Endocrine Disorders / Issue 1/2023
Electronic ISSN: 1472-6823
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-023-01358-7

Other articles of this Issue 1/2023

BMC Endocrine Disorders 1/2023 Go to the issue

Research

Association of rs2282679 polymorphism in vitamin D binding protein gene (GC) with the risk of vitamin D deficiency in an iranian population: season-specific vitamin D status

Research

The nonlinear correlation between alanine aminotransferase to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and the risk of diabetes: a historical Japanese cohort study

Case Report

De novo HNF1A mutation of young maturity-onset diabetes 3 of a young girl—Case report

Research

Association between hypertension and the prevalence of liver steatosis and fibrosis

Case Report

Atypical presentations of primary acquired hypothyroidism

Research

Risk factors for cognitive dysfunction and glycemic management in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a retrospective study
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Reserve your place

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

Read more

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine
Image Credits