Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Journal of Hematology & Oncology 1/2008

Open Access 01-12-2008 | Review

Novel therapies in genitourinary cancer: an update

Authors: David Chu, Shenhong Wu

Published in: Journal of Hematology & Oncology | Issue 1/2008

Login to get access

Abstract

In recent years, new treatment for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has been a spotlight in the field of cancer therapeutics. With several emerging agents branded as 'targeted therapy' now available, both medical oncologists and urologists are progressively more hopeful for better outcomes. The new remedies may provide patients with improved survival and at the same time less toxicity when compared to traditional cytotoxic agents. This article will center on current and emerging treatment strategies for advanced RCC and other GU malignancies with updates from 2008 annual ASCO meeting.
Literature
2.
3.
go back to reference Pantuck A, Zisman A, Belldegrun A: The changing natural history of renal cell carcinoma. Journal of Urology. 2001, 166: 1611-10.1016/S0022-5347(05)65640-6.CrossRefPubMed Pantuck A, Zisman A, Belldegrun A: The changing natural history of renal cell carcinoma. Journal of Urology. 2001, 166: 1611-10.1016/S0022-5347(05)65640-6.CrossRefPubMed
4.
go back to reference Cohen H, McGovern F: Medical progress: renal-cell carcinoma. New England Journal of Medicine. 2005, 353: 2477-90. 10.1056/NEJMra043172.CrossRefPubMed Cohen H, McGovern F: Medical progress: renal-cell carcinoma. New England Journal of Medicine. 2005, 353: 2477-90. 10.1056/NEJMra043172.CrossRefPubMed
5.
go back to reference Snow R, Schellhammer P: Spontaneous regression of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Urology. 1982, 20: 177-181. 10.1016/0090-4295(82)90356-9.CrossRefPubMed Snow R, Schellhammer P: Spontaneous regression of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Urology. 1982, 20: 177-181. 10.1016/0090-4295(82)90356-9.CrossRefPubMed
6.
go back to reference Motzer R, Bander N, Nanus D: Renal-cell carcinoma. New England Journal of Medicine. 1996, 335: 865-875. 10.1056/NEJM199609193351207.CrossRefPubMed Motzer R, Bander N, Nanus D: Renal-cell carcinoma. New England Journal of Medicine. 1996, 335: 865-875. 10.1056/NEJM199609193351207.CrossRefPubMed
7.
go back to reference Negrier S, Escudier B, Lasset C: Recombinant human interleukin-2, recombinant human interferon alfa-2a, or both in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. Groupe Francais d'Immunotherapie. New England Journal of Medicine. 1998, 338: 1272-10.1056/NEJM199804303381805.CrossRefPubMed Negrier S, Escudier B, Lasset C: Recombinant human interleukin-2, recombinant human interferon alfa-2a, or both in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. Groupe Francais d'Immunotherapie. New England Journal of Medicine. 1998, 338: 1272-10.1056/NEJM199804303381805.CrossRefPubMed
8.
go back to reference Linehan WM, Walther MM, Zbar B: The genetic basis of cancer of the kidney. J Urol. 2003, 170: 2163-72. 10.1097/01.ju.0000096060.92397.ed.CrossRefPubMed Linehan WM, Walther MM, Zbar B: The genetic basis of cancer of the kidney. J Urol. 2003, 170: 2163-72. 10.1097/01.ju.0000096060.92397.ed.CrossRefPubMed
9.
go back to reference Linehan WM, Vasselli J, Srinivasan R: Genetic basis of cancer of the kidney: disease-specific approaches to therapy. Clin Cancer Res. 2004, 10: 6282S-9S. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-050013.CrossRefPubMed Linehan WM, Vasselli J, Srinivasan R: Genetic basis of cancer of the kidney: disease-specific approaches to therapy. Clin Cancer Res. 2004, 10: 6282S-9S. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-050013.CrossRefPubMed
10.
go back to reference Wilhelm SC: D: BAY 43-9006: preclinical Data. Current Pharmac Des. 2002, 8: 2255-10.2174/1381612023393026.CrossRef Wilhelm SC: D: BAY 43-9006: preclinical Data. Current Pharmac Des. 2002, 8: 2255-10.2174/1381612023393026.CrossRef
11.
go back to reference Ratain MET, Stadler W: Phase II Placebo-Controlled Randomized Discontinuation Trial of Sorafenib in Patients With Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2006, 24: 2505-10.1200/JCO.2005.03.6723.CrossRefPubMed Ratain MET, Stadler W: Phase II Placebo-Controlled Randomized Discontinuation Trial of Sorafenib in Patients With Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2006, 24: 2505-10.1200/JCO.2005.03.6723.CrossRefPubMed
12.
go back to reference Escudier B, Eisen T, Stadler W: Sorafenib in advanced clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma. New England Journal of Medicine. 2007, 356: 125-10.1056/NEJMoa060655.CrossRefPubMed Escudier B, Eisen T, Stadler W: Sorafenib in advanced clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma. New England Journal of Medicine. 2007, 356: 125-10.1056/NEJMoa060655.CrossRefPubMed
13.
go back to reference Bukowski R, Eisen T, Szczylik C: Final results of the randomized phase III trial of sorafenib in advanced renal cell carcinoma: Survival and biomarker analysis. (Abstract). Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2007, 25: 240s-10.1200/JCO.2007.11.5154.CrossRef Bukowski R, Eisen T, Szczylik C: Final results of the randomized phase III trial of sorafenib in advanced renal cell carcinoma: Survival and biomarker analysis. (Abstract). Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2007, 25: 240s-10.1200/JCO.2007.11.5154.CrossRef
14.
go back to reference Szczylik C, Demkow T, Staehler M, Rolland F: Randomized phase II trial of first-line treatment with sorafenib versus interferon in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma: Final results. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2007 ASCO annual meeting. Chicago, Illinois. 2007, 240s- Szczylik C, Demkow T, Staehler M, Rolland F: Randomized phase II trial of first-line treatment with sorafenib versus interferon in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma: Final results. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2007 ASCO annual meeting. Chicago, Illinois. 2007, 240s-
15.
go back to reference Shepard D, Rini B, Garcia J, Hutson P: A multicenter prospective trial of sorafenib in patients with metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma refractory to prior sunitinib or bevacizumab. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2008 ASCO annual meeting Chicago, Illinois. 2008, 280s- Shepard D, Rini B, Garcia J, Hutson P: A multicenter prospective trial of sorafenib in patients with metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma refractory to prior sunitinib or bevacizumab. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2008 ASCO annual meeting Chicago, Illinois. 2008, 280s-
16.
go back to reference Chu D, Lacouture ME, Fillos T, Wu S: Risk of hand-foot skin reaction with sorafenib: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Oncol. 2008, 47: 176-86. 10.1080/02841860701765675.CrossRefPubMed Chu D, Lacouture ME, Fillos T, Wu S: Risk of hand-foot skin reaction with sorafenib: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Oncol. 2008, 47: 176-86. 10.1080/02841860701765675.CrossRefPubMed
17.
go back to reference Mendel D, Laird A, Xin X: In vivo antitumor activity of SU 11248 a novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting vascular endothelial growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor receptors: Determination of a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship. Clinical Cancer Research. 2003, 9: 327-337.PubMed Mendel D, Laird A, Xin X: In vivo antitumor activity of SU 11248 a novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting vascular endothelial growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor receptors: Determination of a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship. Clinical Cancer Research. 2003, 9: 327-337.PubMed
18.
go back to reference Gordon M, Mendelson D, Guirguis R: ABT-510, an anti-angiogenic thrombospondin-1 mimetic peptide exhibits favorable safety profile and early signals of activity in a randomized phase I trial. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncology. 2003, 22- Gordon M, Mendelson D, Guirguis R: ABT-510, an anti-angiogenic thrombospondin-1 mimetic peptide exhibits favorable safety profile and early signals of activity in a randomized phase I trial. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncology. 2003, 22-
19.
go back to reference Motzer R, Michaelson M, Redman B: Activity of SU 11248, a multitarged inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and platelet-derived growth factor receptor, in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2006, 24: 16-24. 10.1200/JCO.2005.02.2574.CrossRefPubMed Motzer R, Michaelson M, Redman B: Activity of SU 11248, a multitarged inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and platelet-derived growth factor receptor, in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2006, 24: 16-24. 10.1200/JCO.2005.02.2574.CrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference Motzer R, Rini B, Bukowski R: Sunitinib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. JAMA. 2006, 295: 2516-2524. 10.1001/jama.295.21.2516.CrossRefPubMed Motzer R, Rini B, Bukowski R: Sunitinib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. JAMA. 2006, 295: 2516-2524. 10.1001/jama.295.21.2516.CrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference Motzer RJ, Hutson TE, Tomczak P: Sunitinib versus interferon alfa in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. N EnglJ Med. 2007, 356: 115-24. 10.1056/NEJMoa065044.CrossRef Motzer RJ, Hutson TE, Tomczak P: Sunitinib versus interferon alfa in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. N EnglJ Med. 2007, 356: 115-24. 10.1056/NEJMoa065044.CrossRef
22.
go back to reference Figlin R, Hutson T, Tomczak M: Overall survival with sunitinib versus interfero -alfa as first line treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2008 ASCO annual meeting Chicago, Illinois. 2008, 256s- Figlin R, Hutson T, Tomczak M: Overall survival with sunitinib versus interfero -alfa as first line treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2008 ASCO annual meeting Chicago, Illinois. 2008, 256s-
23.
go back to reference O'Brien M, Russo P, Motzer R: Sunitinib therapy in renal cell carcinom. BJU International. 2008, 101: 1339-1342. 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2008.07506.x.CrossRefPubMed O'Brien M, Russo P, Motzer R: Sunitinib therapy in renal cell carcinom. BJU International. 2008, 101: 1339-1342. 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2008.07506.x.CrossRefPubMed
24.
go back to reference Rixe O, Bukowski RM, Michaelson MD: Axitinib treatment in patients with cytokine-refractory metastatic renal-cell cancer: a phase II study. Lancet Oncol. 2007, 8: 975-84. 10.1016/S1470-2045(07)70285-1.CrossRefPubMed Rixe O, Bukowski RM, Michaelson MD: Axitinib treatment in patients with cytokine-refractory metastatic renal-cell cancer: a phase II study. Lancet Oncol. 2007, 8: 975-84. 10.1016/S1470-2045(07)70285-1.CrossRefPubMed
25.
go back to reference Rini B, Wilding G, Hudes G, Stadler W: Axitinib in patients with metastatic renal cell cancer refractory to sorafenib. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2007, 25- Rini B, Wilding G, Hudes G, Stadler W: Axitinib in patients with metastatic renal cell cancer refractory to sorafenib. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2007, 25-
26.
go back to reference Dutcher J, Wilding G, Hudes G, Stadler W: Sequential axitinib therapy of patients with metastatic clear cell renal cell cancer refractory to sunitinib and sorafenib, cytokines and sorafenib, or sorafenib alone. Journal of Clinical Oncology Annual ASCO meeting 2008 Chicago, Illinois. 2008, 281s- Dutcher J, Wilding G, Hudes G, Stadler W: Sequential axitinib therapy of patients with metastatic clear cell renal cell cancer refractory to sunitinib and sorafenib, cytokines and sorafenib, or sorafenib alone. Journal of Clinical Oncology Annual ASCO meeting 2008 Chicago, Illinois. 2008, 281s-
27.
go back to reference Hutson T, Davis I, Machiels J, de Souza P: Pazopanib (GW786034) is active in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: interim results of a phase II randomized discontinuation trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology ASCO meeting 2007 Chicago, Illinois. 2007, abstract #5031- Hutson T, Davis I, Machiels J, de Souza P: Pazopanib (GW786034) is active in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: interim results of a phase II randomized discontinuation trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology ASCO meeting 2007 Chicago, Illinois. 2007, abstract #5031-
28.
go back to reference Hutson T, Davis D, Machiels J, de Souza P: Biomarker analysis and final efficacy and safety results of a phase II renal cell carcinoma trial with pazopanib (GW786034), a multi-kinase angiogenesis inhibitor. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2008 annual ASCO meeting Chicago, Illinois. 2008, 261s- Hutson T, Davis D, Machiels J, de Souza P: Biomarker analysis and final efficacy and safety results of a phase II renal cell carcinoma trial with pazopanib (GW786034), a multi-kinase angiogenesis inhibitor. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2008 annual ASCO meeting Chicago, Illinois. 2008, 261s-
29.
go back to reference Sridhar S, Mackenzie M, Hotte S, Mukherjee C: Activity of cediranib (AZD2171) in patients with previously untreated metastatic renal cell cancer. A phase II trial of the PMH Consortium. Journal of Clinical Oncology Annual ASCO meeting 2008 Chicago, Illinois. 2008, 261s- Sridhar S, Mackenzie M, Hotte S, Mukherjee C: Activity of cediranib (AZD2171) in patients with previously untreated metastatic renal cell cancer. A phase II trial of the PMH Consortium. Journal of Clinical Oncology Annual ASCO meeting 2008 Chicago, Illinois. 2008, 261s-
30.
go back to reference Yu Y, Sato J: MAP kinases, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and p70 S6 kinase mediate the mitogenic response of human endothelial cells to vascular endothelial growth factor. J Cell Physiology. 1999, 178: 235-246. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4652(199902)178:2<235::AID-JCP13>3.0.CO;2-S.CrossRef Yu Y, Sato J: MAP kinases, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and p70 S6 kinase mediate the mitogenic response of human endothelial cells to vascular endothelial growth factor. J Cell Physiology. 1999, 178: 235-246. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4652(199902)178:2<235::AID-JCP13>3.0.CO;2-S.CrossRef
31.
go back to reference Schmelzle T, Hall M: TOR, a central controller of cell growth. Cell. 2000, 103: 253-262. 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)00117-3.CrossRefPubMed Schmelzle T, Hall M: TOR, a central controller of cell growth. Cell. 2000, 103: 253-262. 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)00117-3.CrossRefPubMed
32.
go back to reference Atkins M, Hidalgo M, Stadler W: Randomized phase II study of multiple dose levels of CCI-779, a novel mammalian target of rapamycin kinase inhibitor, in patients with advanced refractory renal cell carcinoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2004, 22: 909-918. 10.1200/JCO.2004.08.185.CrossRefPubMed Atkins M, Hidalgo M, Stadler W: Randomized phase II study of multiple dose levels of CCI-779, a novel mammalian target of rapamycin kinase inhibitor, in patients with advanced refractory renal cell carcinoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2004, 22: 909-918. 10.1200/JCO.2004.08.185.CrossRefPubMed
33.
go back to reference Hudes G, Carducci M, Tomczak P: Temsirolimus, interferon alfa, or both for advanced renal-cell carcinoma. New England Journal of Medicine. 2007, 356: 2271-10.1056/NEJMoa066838.CrossRefPubMed Hudes G, Carducci M, Tomczak P: Temsirolimus, interferon alfa, or both for advanced renal-cell carcinoma. New England Journal of Medicine. 2007, 356: 2271-10.1056/NEJMoa066838.CrossRefPubMed
34.
go back to reference Jac J, Giessinger S, Khan M, Willis J: A phase II trial of RAD001 in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2007, 25- Jac J, Giessinger S, Khan M, Willis J: A phase II trial of RAD001 in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2007, 25-
35.
go back to reference Motzer R, Escudier B, Oudard S, Porta C: RAD001 versus placebo in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma after progressio on VEGFr-TKI therapy: Results from a randomized, double-blind multicenter phase III study. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2008 ASCO annual meeting Chicago, Illinois. 2008, 1009s- Motzer R, Escudier B, Oudard S, Porta C: RAD001 versus placebo in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma after progressio on VEGFr-TKI therapy: Results from a randomized, double-blind multicenter phase III study. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2008 ASCO annual meeting Chicago, Illinois. 2008, 1009s-
36.
go back to reference Rosenberg J, Weinberg V, Claros C, Ryan C: Phase I study of sorafenib and RAD001 for metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2008 ASCO annual meeting Chicago, Illinois. 2008, 276s- Rosenberg J, Weinberg V, Claros C, Ryan C: Phase I study of sorafenib and RAD001 for metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2008 ASCO annual meeting Chicago, Illinois. 2008, 276s-
37.
go back to reference Whorf R, Hainsworth D, Spiegel D: Phase II study of bevacizumab and everolimus in the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2008 ASCO annual meeting Chicago, Illinois. 2008, 252s- Whorf R, Hainsworth D, Spiegel D: Phase II study of bevacizumab and everolimus in the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2008 ASCO annual meeting Chicago, Illinois. 2008, 252s-
38.
go back to reference Daliani DD, Papandreou CN, Thall PF: A pilot study of thalidomide in patients with progressive metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer. 2002, 95: 758-65. 10.1002/cncr.10740.CrossRefPubMed Daliani DD, Papandreou CN, Thall PF: A pilot study of thalidomide in patients with progressive metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer. 2002, 95: 758-65. 10.1002/cncr.10740.CrossRefPubMed
39.
go back to reference Escudier B, Lassau N, Couanet D: Phase II trial of thalidomide in renal-cell carcinoma. Ann Oncol. 2002, 13: 1029-35. 10.1093/annonc/mdf213.CrossRefPubMed Escudier B, Lassau N, Couanet D: Phase II trial of thalidomide in renal-cell carcinoma. Ann Oncol. 2002, 13: 1029-35. 10.1093/annonc/mdf213.CrossRefPubMed
40.
go back to reference Motzer RJ, Berg W, Ginsberg M: Phase II trial of thalidomide for patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2002, 20: 302-6. 10.1200/JCO.20.1.302.CrossRefPubMed Motzer RJ, Berg W, Ginsberg M: Phase II trial of thalidomide for patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2002, 20: 302-6. 10.1200/JCO.20.1.302.CrossRefPubMed
41.
go back to reference Srinivas S, Guardino AE: A lower dose of thalidomide is better than a high dose in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. BJU Int. 2005, 96: 536-9. 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2005.05680.x.CrossRefPubMed Srinivas S, Guardino AE: A lower dose of thalidomide is better than a high dose in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. BJU Int. 2005, 96: 536-9. 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2005.05680.x.CrossRefPubMed
42.
go back to reference Lee CP, Patel PM, Selby PJ: Randomized phase II study comparing thalidomide with medroxyprogesterone acetate in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2006, 24: 898-903. 10.1200/JCO.2005.03.7309.CrossRefPubMed Lee CP, Patel PM, Selby PJ: Randomized phase II study comparing thalidomide with medroxyprogesterone acetate in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2006, 24: 898-903. 10.1200/JCO.2005.03.7309.CrossRefPubMed
43.
go back to reference Amato RJ, Malya R, Rawat A: Phase II study of combination thalidomide/interleukin-2 therapy plus granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Am J Clin Oncol. 2008, 31: 237-43.CrossRefPubMed Amato RJ, Malya R, Rawat A: Phase II study of combination thalidomide/interleukin-2 therapy plus granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Am J Clin Oncol. 2008, 31: 237-43.CrossRefPubMed
44.
go back to reference Amato R, Hernandez-McClain J, Saxena S, Khan M: Lenalidomide Therapy for Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma. American Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2008, 31: 244-249.PubMed Amato R, Hernandez-McClain J, Saxena S, Khan M: Lenalidomide Therapy for Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma. American Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2008, 31: 244-249.PubMed
45.
go back to reference Choueiri TK, Dreicer R, Rini BI: Phase II study of lenalidomide in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer. 2006, 107: 2609-16. 10.1002/cncr.22290.CrossRefPubMed Choueiri TK, Dreicer R, Rini BI: Phase II study of lenalidomide in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer. 2006, 107: 2609-16. 10.1002/cncr.22290.CrossRefPubMed
46.
go back to reference Patel PH, Kondagunta GV, Schwartz L: Phase II trial of lenalidomide in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Invest New Drugs. 2008, 26: 273-6. 10.1007/s10637-007-9107-y.CrossRefPubMed Patel PH, Kondagunta GV, Schwartz L: Phase II trial of lenalidomide in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Invest New Drugs. 2008, 26: 273-6. 10.1007/s10637-007-9107-y.CrossRefPubMed
47.
go back to reference Presta L, Chen H, O'Connor S, Chisholm V: Humanization of an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor monoclonal antibody for the therapy of solid tumors and other disorders. Cancer Research. 1997, 57: 4593-99.PubMed Presta L, Chen H, O'Connor S, Chisholm V: Humanization of an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor monoclonal antibody for the therapy of solid tumors and other disorders. Cancer Research. 1997, 57: 4593-99.PubMed
48.
go back to reference Yang J, Haworth L, Sherry R, Hwu P: A randomized trial of bevacizumab, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibody, for metastatic renal cancer. New England Journal of Medicine. 2003, 349: 427-34. 10.1056/NEJMoa021491.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Yang J, Haworth L, Sherry R, Hwu P: A randomized trial of bevacizumab, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibody, for metastatic renal cancer. New England Journal of Medicine. 2003, 349: 427-34. 10.1056/NEJMoa021491.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
49.
go back to reference Escudier B, Pluzanska A, Koralewski P: Bevacizumab plus interferon alfa-2a for treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a randomised, double-blind phase III trial. Lancet. 2007, 370: 2103-11. 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61904-7.CrossRefPubMed Escudier B, Pluzanska A, Koralewski P: Bevacizumab plus interferon alfa-2a for treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a randomised, double-blind phase III trial. Lancet. 2007, 370: 2103-11. 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61904-7.CrossRefPubMed
50.
go back to reference Jonasch E, Wood C, Matin S, Tamboli P: Presurgical bevacizumab in patients with metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma: A phase II study. Journal of Clinical Oncology Annual ASCO meeting 2008 Chicago Illinois. 2008, 275s- Jonasch E, Wood C, Matin S, Tamboli P: Presurgical bevacizumab in patients with metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma: A phase II study. Journal of Clinical Oncology Annual ASCO meeting 2008 Chicago Illinois. 2008, 275s-
51.
go back to reference Garcia J, Rini B, Mekhail T, Triozzi P: A phase II trial of low dose interleukin-2 and bevacizumab in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology Annual ASCO meeting 2007 Chicago, Illinois. 2007, 18s- Garcia J, Rini B, Mekhail T, Triozzi P: A phase II trial of low dose interleukin-2 and bevacizumab in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology Annual ASCO meeting 2007 Chicago, Illinois. 2007, 18s-
52.
go back to reference Cooney M, Garcia J, Dreicer R, Beatty K: A phase I study of bevacizumab in combination with sunitinib in advanced solid tumors. Journal of Clinical Oncology Annual ASCO meeting 2007 Chicago Illinois. 2007, 18s- Cooney M, Garcia J, Dreicer R, Beatty K: A phase I study of bevacizumab in combination with sunitinib in advanced solid tumors. Journal of Clinical Oncology Annual ASCO meeting 2007 Chicago Illinois. 2007, 18s-
53.
go back to reference Merchan J, Lieu G, Fitch T, Picus J: Phase I/II trial of CCI-779 and bevacizumab in stage IV renal cell carcinoma: phase I safety and activity results. Journal of Clinical Oncology Annual ASCO meeting 2007 Chicago Illinois. 2007, 18s- Merchan J, Lieu G, Fitch T, Picus J: Phase I/II trial of CCI-779 and bevacizumab in stage IV renal cell carcinoma: phase I safety and activity results. Journal of Clinical Oncology Annual ASCO meeting 2007 Chicago Illinois. 2007, 18s-
54.
go back to reference Bukowski RM, Kabbinavar FF, Figlin RA: Randomized phase II study of erlotinib combined with bevacizumab compared with bevacizumab alone in metastatic renal cell cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2007, 25: 4536-41. 10.1200/JCO.2007.11.5154.CrossRefPubMed Bukowski RM, Kabbinavar FF, Figlin RA: Randomized phase II study of erlotinib combined with bevacizumab compared with bevacizumab alone in metastatic renal cell cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2007, 25: 4536-41. 10.1200/JCO.2007.11.5154.CrossRefPubMed
55.
go back to reference Hainsworth JD, Sosman JA, Spigel DR: Treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma with a combination of bevacizumab and erlotinib. J Clin Oncol. 2005, 23: 7889-96. 10.1200/JCO.2005.01.8234.CrossRefPubMed Hainsworth JD, Sosman JA, Spigel DR: Treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma with a combination of bevacizumab and erlotinib. J Clin Oncol. 2005, 23: 7889-96. 10.1200/JCO.2005.01.8234.CrossRefPubMed
56.
go back to reference Uemura H, Nakagawa Y, Yoshida K, Saga S: MN/CA IX/G250 as a potential target for immunotherapy of renal cell carcinomas. Journal of Cancer. 1999, 81: 741-46. 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690757.CrossRef Uemura H, Nakagawa Y, Yoshida K, Saga S: MN/CA IX/G250 as a potential target for immunotherapy of renal cell carcinomas. Journal of Cancer. 1999, 81: 741-46. 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690757.CrossRef
57.
go back to reference Bleumer I, Oosterwijk E, Oosterwijk-Wakka J: A Clinical Trial with Chimeric monoclonal Antibody WX-G250 and Low Dose Interleukin-2 Pulsing Scheme for Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma. Journalof Urology. 2006, 175: 57-10.1016/S0022-5347(05)00040-6.CrossRef Bleumer I, Oosterwijk E, Oosterwijk-Wakka J: A Clinical Trial with Chimeric monoclonal Antibody WX-G250 and Low Dose Interleukin-2 Pulsing Scheme for Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma. Journalof Urology. 2006, 175: 57-10.1016/S0022-5347(05)00040-6.CrossRef
58.
go back to reference Huang M, Menefee M, Edgerly H, Kotz M: Ixabepilone (BMS-247550) and metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology Annual ASCO meeting 2008 Chicago, Illinois. 2008, 262s- Huang M, Menefee M, Edgerly H, Kotz M: Ixabepilone (BMS-247550) and metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology Annual ASCO meeting 2008 Chicago, Illinois. 2008, 262s-
59.
go back to reference Mike S, Harrison C, Coles B: Chemotherapy for hormone refractory prostate cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006, 4- Mike S, Harrison C, Coles B: Chemotherapy for hormone refractory prostate cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006, 4-
60.
go back to reference Tannock I, de Wit R, Berry W: Docetaxel plus prednisone or mitoxantrone plus prednisone for advanced prostate cancer. New England Journal of Medicine. 2004, 351: 1502-1512. 10.1056/NEJMoa040720.CrossRefPubMed Tannock I, de Wit R, Berry W: Docetaxel plus prednisone or mitoxantrone plus prednisone for advanced prostate cancer. New England Journal of Medicine. 2004, 351: 1502-1512. 10.1056/NEJMoa040720.CrossRefPubMed
61.
go back to reference Petrylak D, Tange C, Hussain M: Docetaxel and estramustine compared with mitoxantrone and prednisone for advanced refractory prostate cancer. New England Journal of Medicine. 2004, 351: 1513-20. 10.1056/NEJMoa041318.CrossRefPubMed Petrylak D, Tange C, Hussain M: Docetaxel and estramustine compared with mitoxantrone and prednisone for advanced refractory prostate cancer. New England Journal of Medicine. 2004, 351: 1513-20. 10.1056/NEJMoa041318.CrossRefPubMed
62.
go back to reference Stenberg C, Whelan P, Hetherington J: Phase III trial of satraplatin, an oral platinum plus prednisone vs. prednisone alone in patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Oncology. 2005, 68: 2-9. 10.1159/000084201.CrossRef Stenberg C, Whelan P, Hetherington J: Phase III trial of satraplatin, an oral platinum plus prednisone vs. prednisone alone in patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Oncology. 2005, 68: 2-9. 10.1159/000084201.CrossRef
63.
go back to reference Sternberg C, Petrylak D, Witjes F: Satraplatin demonstrates significant clinical benefits for the treatment of patients with HRPC: results of a randomized phase III trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2007, 25: 5019-10.1200/JCO.2007.11.8711.CrossRef Sternberg C, Petrylak D, Witjes F: Satraplatin demonstrates significant clinical benefits for the treatment of patients with HRPC: results of a randomized phase III trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2007, 25: 5019-10.1200/JCO.2007.11.8711.CrossRef
64.
go back to reference Sartor A, Petrylak D, Witjes J, Berry W: Satraplatin in patients with advanced hormone-refratory prostate cancer: Overall survival results from teh phase III satraplatin and prednisone against refractory cancer (SPARC) trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology Annual ASCO meeting 2008 Chicago, Illinois. 2008, 250s- Sartor A, Petrylak D, Witjes J, Berry W: Satraplatin in patients with advanced hormone-refratory prostate cancer: Overall survival results from teh phase III satraplatin and prednisone against refractory cancer (SPARC) trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology Annual ASCO meeting 2008 Chicago, Illinois. 2008, 250s-
65.
go back to reference Bergers G, Benjamin L: Tumorigenesis and the angiogenic switch. Nat Rev Cancer. 2003, 3: 401-410. 10.1038/nrc1093.CrossRefPubMed Bergers G, Benjamin L: Tumorigenesis and the angiogenic switch. Nat Rev Cancer. 2003, 3: 401-410. 10.1038/nrc1093.CrossRefPubMed
66.
go back to reference Reese D, Harris K, Corry M: A phase II trial of humanized anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibody for the treatment of androgen-independent prostate cancer. Prostate Journal. 2001, 3: 65-70. 10.1046/j.1525-1411.2001.32007.x.CrossRef Reese D, Harris K, Corry M: A phase II trial of humanized anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibody for the treatment of androgen-independent prostate cancer. Prostate Journal. 2001, 3: 65-70. 10.1046/j.1525-1411.2001.32007.x.CrossRef
67.
go back to reference Picus J, Halabi S, Rini B: The use of bevacizumab with docetaxel and estramustine in hormone refractory prostate cancer: initial results of CALGB 90006. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncology. 2003, 22: 1578- Picus J, Halabi S, Rini B: The use of bevacizumab with docetaxel and estramustine in hormone refractory prostate cancer: initial results of CALGB 90006. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncology. 2003, 22: 1578-
68.
go back to reference Figg W, Dahut W, Duray P: A randomized phase II trial of thalidomide, an angiogenesis inhibitor, in patients with androgen-independent prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2001, 7: 1888-93.PubMed Figg W, Dahut W, Duray P: A randomized phase II trial of thalidomide, an angiogenesis inhibitor, in patients with androgen-independent prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2001, 7: 1888-93.PubMed
69.
go back to reference Dahut W, Gulley J, Arlen P: Randomized phase II trial of docetaxel plus thalidomide in androgen-independent prostate cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2004, 22: 2532-39. 10.1200/JCO.2004.05.074.CrossRefPubMed Dahut W, Gulley J, Arlen P: Randomized phase II trial of docetaxel plus thalidomide in androgen-independent prostate cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2004, 22: 2532-39. 10.1200/JCO.2004.05.074.CrossRefPubMed
70.
go back to reference Ning Y, Arlen P, Gulley J, Stein : Phase II trial of thalidomide, bevacizumab, and docetaxel in patients with metastatic castration-refractory prostate cancer. Journal of clinical Oncology annual ASCO meeting 2008 Chicago, Illinois. 2008, 250s- Ning Y, Arlen P, Gulley J, Stein : Phase II trial of thalidomide, bevacizumab, and docetaxel in patients with metastatic castration-refractory prostate cancer. Journal of clinical Oncology annual ASCO meeting 2008 Chicago, Illinois. 2008, 250s-
71.
go back to reference Chi KN, Ellard SL, Hotte SJ: A phase II study of sorafenib in patients with chemo-naive castration-resistant prostate cancer. Ann Oncol. 2008, 19: 746-51. 10.1093/annonc/mdm554.CrossRefPubMed Chi KN, Ellard SL, Hotte SJ: A phase II study of sorafenib in patients with chemo-naive castration-resistant prostate cancer. Ann Oncol. 2008, 19: 746-51. 10.1093/annonc/mdm554.CrossRefPubMed
72.
go back to reference Dahut WL, Scripture C, Posadas E: A phase II clinical trial of sorafenib in androgen-independent prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2008, 14: 209-14. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-1355.CrossRefPubMed Dahut WL, Scripture C, Posadas E: A phase II clinical trial of sorafenib in androgen-independent prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2008, 14: 209-14. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-1355.CrossRefPubMed
73.
go back to reference Smith MP, Kantoff M, Regan D, Kaufman MD: Michaelson: Phase II study of sunitinib malate in men with advanced prostate cancer, 2008 Genitourinary Cancers Symposium. 2008, Abstract No: 198- Smith MP, Kantoff M, Regan D, Kaufman MD: Michaelson: Phase II study of sunitinib malate in men with advanced prostate cancer, 2008 Genitourinary Cancers Symposium. 2008, Abstract No: 198-
74.
go back to reference Periman POG, Sonpavde DM, Bernold DJ, Weckstein A, Williams F, Zhan KA, Boehm L, Asmar TE: Hutson: Sunitinib malate for metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer following docetaxel-based chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2008, 26 (20 suppl): abstr 5157- Periman POG, Sonpavde DM, Bernold DJ, Weckstein A, Williams F, Zhan KA, Boehm L, Asmar TE: Hutson: Sunitinib malate for metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer following docetaxel-based chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2008, 26 (20 suppl): abstr 5157-
75.
go back to reference Karakunnel JJJL, Gulley PM, Arlen M, Mulquin JJ, Wright IB, Turkbey P, Choyke CM, Ahlers WD, Figg WL: Dahut: Phase II trial of cediranib (AZD2171) in docetaxel-resistant, castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). J Clin Oncol. 2008, 26 (20 suppl): abstr 5136. Karakunnel JJJL, Gulley PM, Arlen M, Mulquin JJ, Wright IB, Turkbey P, Choyke CM, Ahlers WD, Figg WL: Dahut: Phase II trial of cediranib (AZD2171) in docetaxel-resistant, castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). J Clin Oncol. 2008, 26 (20 suppl): abstr 5136.
76.
go back to reference Hussain M, Tangen C, Lara P: Ixabepilone (epothione B analogue BMS-247550) is active in chemotherapy naïve patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer: a Southwest Oncology Group trial S0111. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2005, 23: 8724-29. 10.1200/JCO.2005.02.4448.CrossRefPubMed Hussain M, Tangen C, Lara P: Ixabepilone (epothione B analogue BMS-247550) is active in chemotherapy naïve patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer: a Southwest Oncology Group trial S0111. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2005, 23: 8724-29. 10.1200/JCO.2005.02.4448.CrossRefPubMed
77.
go back to reference Lin A, Rosenberg J, Weinberg V: Clinical outcome of taxane-resistant hormone refractory prostate cancer in patients treated with subsequent chemoteherapy (ixabepilone or mitoxantrone/prednisone). Proc Am Soc Lin Oncol. 2006, 24: 231s- Lin A, Rosenberg J, Weinberg V: Clinical outcome of taxane-resistant hormone refractory prostate cancer in patients treated with subsequent chemoteherapy (ixabepilone or mitoxantrone/prednisone). Proc Am Soc Lin Oncol. 2006, 24: 231s-
78.
go back to reference Harzstark A, Weinberg V, Sharib J, Smith D: Second line combination chemotherapy: A phase I study of ixabepilone, mitoxantrone and prednisone in patients with metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer refractory to docetaxel-based therapy. Journal of Clinical Oncology Annual ASCO meeting 2008 Chicago, Illinois. 2008, 287s- Harzstark A, Weinberg V, Sharib J, Smith D: Second line combination chemotherapy: A phase I study of ixabepilone, mitoxantrone and prednisone in patients with metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer refractory to docetaxel-based therapy. Journal of Clinical Oncology Annual ASCO meeting 2008 Chicago, Illinois. 2008, 287s-
79.
go back to reference Wilding G, Chen Y, Dipaola P, Carducci M: E3803: Updated results on phase II study of weekly schedule of BMS-247550 for patients with castrate refractory prostate cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology Annual ASCO meeting 2008 Chicago Illinois. 2008, 267s- Wilding G, Chen Y, Dipaola P, Carducci M: E3803: Updated results on phase II study of weekly schedule of BMS-247550 for patients with castrate refractory prostate cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology Annual ASCO meeting 2008 Chicago Illinois. 2008, 267s-
80.
go back to reference Chi K, Beardsley E, Venner P, Eigl B: A phase II study of patupilone in patients with metastatic hormone refractory prostate cancer who have progressed after docetaxel. Journal of Clinical Oncology Annual ASCO meeting 2008 Chicago Illinois. 2008, 290s- Chi K, Beardsley E, Venner P, Eigl B: A phase II study of patupilone in patients with metastatic hormone refractory prostate cancer who have progressed after docetaxel. Journal of Clinical Oncology Annual ASCO meeting 2008 Chicago Illinois. 2008, 290s-
81.
go back to reference Graff J, Smith D, Neerukonda L, Alonso M: Phase II study of sagopilone (ZK-EPO) plus prednisone as first-line chemotherapy in patients with metastatic androgen-independent prostate cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology Annual ASCO meeting 2008 Chicago Illinois. 2008, 284s- Graff J, Smith D, Neerukonda L, Alonso M: Phase II study of sagopilone (ZK-EPO) plus prednisone as first-line chemotherapy in patients with metastatic androgen-independent prostate cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology Annual ASCO meeting 2008 Chicago Illinois. 2008, 284s-
82.
go back to reference Bradley D, Daignault S, Ryan C, Dipaola R: Cilengitide in asymptomatic metastatic androgen independent prostate cancer patients: a randomized phase II trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology Annual ASCO meeting 2008 Chicago Illinois. 2008, 285s- Bradley D, Daignault S, Ryan C, Dipaola R: Cilengitide in asymptomatic metastatic androgen independent prostate cancer patients: a randomized phase II trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology Annual ASCO meeting 2008 Chicago Illinois. 2008, 285s-
83.
go back to reference De Bono J, Attard G, Reid A, Parker C: Anti-tumor activity of abiraterone acetate, a CYP17 inhibitor of androgen synthesis, in chemotherapy naïve and docetaxel pre-treated castration resistant prostate cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology Annual ASCO meeting 2008 Chicago Illinois. 2008, 251s- De Bono J, Attard G, Reid A, Parker C: Anti-tumor activity of abiraterone acetate, a CYP17 inhibitor of androgen synthesis, in chemotherapy naïve and docetaxel pre-treated castration resistant prostate cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology Annual ASCO meeting 2008 Chicago Illinois. 2008, 251s-
84.
go back to reference Danila D, Rathkopf D, Morris M, Slovin S: Abiraterone acetate and prednisone in patients with progressive metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer after failure of docetaxel-based chemotherapy. Journal of Clinical Oncology Annual ASCO meeting 2008 Chicago Illinois abstract #5019 254s: Abiraterone acetate and prednisone in patients with progressive metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer after failure of docetaxel-based chemotherapy. Journal of Clinical Oncology Annual ASCO meeting 2008 Chicago Illinois. 2008, 254s- Danila D, Rathkopf D, Morris M, Slovin S: Abiraterone acetate and prednisone in patients with progressive metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer after failure of docetaxel-based chemotherapy. Journal of Clinical Oncology Annual ASCO meeting 2008 Chicago Illinois abstract #5019 254s: Abiraterone acetate and prednisone in patients with progressive metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer after failure of docetaxel-based chemotherapy. Journal of Clinical Oncology Annual ASCO meeting 2008 Chicago Illinois. 2008, 254s-
85.
go back to reference Ryan C, Smith m, Rosenberg J, Lin a: Impact of prior ketoconazole therapy on response proportion to abiraterone acetate, a 17-alpha hydroxylase C17, 20-lyase inhibitor in castration resistant prostate cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology Annual ASCO meeting 2008 Chicago Illinois. 2008, 254s- Ryan C, Smith m, Rosenberg J, Lin a: Impact of prior ketoconazole therapy on response proportion to abiraterone acetate, a 17-alpha hydroxylase C17, 20-lyase inhibitor in castration resistant prostate cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology Annual ASCO meeting 2008 Chicago Illinois. 2008, 254s-
86.
go back to reference Maase Von der H, Sengelov L, ROberts J: Long-term survival results of a randomized trial comparing gemcitabine plus cisplatin, with methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, plus cisplatin in patients with bladder cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2005, 23: 4602-08. 10.1200/JCO.2005.07.757.CrossRefPubMed Maase Von der H, Sengelov L, ROberts J: Long-term survival results of a randomized trial comparing gemcitabine plus cisplatin, with methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, plus cisplatin in patients with bladder cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2005, 23: 4602-08. 10.1200/JCO.2005.07.757.CrossRefPubMed
87.
go back to reference Sweeney C, Roth B, Kabbinavar F: Phase II study of pemetrexed for second line treatment of transitional cell carcinoma of teh urothelium. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2006, 24: 3451-57. 10.1200/JCO.2005.03.6699.CrossRefPubMed Sweeney C, Roth B, Kabbinavar F: Phase II study of pemetrexed for second line treatment of transitional cell carcinoma of teh urothelium. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2006, 24: 3451-57. 10.1200/JCO.2005.03.6699.CrossRefPubMed
88.
go back to reference Maase Von der H, Lehmann J, Gravis G: A phase II trial of pemetrexed plus gemcitabine as first-line treatment for locally advanced or metastatic transitional cell carcinomaof the urothelium. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncology. 2005, 23- Maase Von der H, Lehmann J, Gravis G: A phase II trial of pemetrexed plus gemcitabine as first-line treatment for locally advanced or metastatic transitional cell carcinomaof the urothelium. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncology. 2005, 23-
89.
go back to reference Culine S, Theodore C, De Santis M: A phase II study of vinflunine in bladder cancer patients progressing after first-line platinum-containing regimen. British Journal of Cancer. 2006, 94: 1395-1401. 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603118.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Culine S, Theodore C, De Santis M: A phase II study of vinflunine in bladder cancer patients progressing after first-line platinum-containing regimen. British Journal of Cancer. 2006, 94: 1395-1401. 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603118.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
90.
go back to reference Molins J, Maase Von der H, Thodore C, Demkov T: Randomized phase III trial of vinflunine plus best supportive care vs best supportive care alone as 2nd line therapy after a platinum-containing regimen in advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelium. Journal of Clinical Oncology Annual ASCO meeting 2008 Chicago, Illinois. 2008, 257s- Molins J, Maase Von der H, Thodore C, Demkov T: Randomized phase III trial of vinflunine plus best supportive care vs best supportive care alone as 2nd line therapy after a platinum-containing regimen in advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelium. Journal of Clinical Oncology Annual ASCO meeting 2008 Chicago, Illinois. 2008, 257s-
91.
go back to reference Hussain M, MacVicar G, Petrylak D: Trastuzumab, paclitaxel, carboplatin, and gemcitabine in advanced human epidermal growth factor receptor-2neu- positive urothelial carcinoma: results of a multicenter phase II National Cancer Institute trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2007, 25: 2218-24. 10.1200/JCO.2006.08.0994.CrossRefPubMed Hussain M, MacVicar G, Petrylak D: Trastuzumab, paclitaxel, carboplatin, and gemcitabine in advanced human epidermal growth factor receptor-2neu- positive urothelial carcinoma: results of a multicenter phase II National Cancer Institute trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2007, 25: 2218-24. 10.1200/JCO.2006.08.0994.CrossRefPubMed
92.
go back to reference Wulfing C, Machiels J, Richel D: A single arm, multicenter, open label, phase II study of lapatinib as 2L treatment of locally advanced/metastatic transitional cell carcinoma of tehr urothelial tract. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncology. 2005, 23- Wulfing C, Machiels J, Richel D: A single arm, multicenter, open label, phase II study of lapatinib as 2L treatment of locally advanced/metastatic transitional cell carcinoma of tehr urothelial tract. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncology. 2005, 23-
93.
go back to reference Gallagher D, Milowsky M, Gerst S, Iasonos A: Final results of a phase II study of sunitinb in patients with relapsed or refractory urothelial carcinoma. Journal of clinical Oncology annual ASCO meeting 2008 Chicago, Illinois. 2008, 270s- Gallagher D, Milowsky M, Gerst S, Iasonos A: Final results of a phase II study of sunitinb in patients with relapsed or refractory urothelial carcinoma. Journal of clinical Oncology annual ASCO meeting 2008 Chicago, Illinois. 2008, 270s-
94.
go back to reference Dreicer R, Li H, Stein M, DiPaola R: Phase II trial of sorafenib in advanced carcinoma of the urothelium (E 1804): A trial of teh Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. Journal of Clinical Oncology Annual ASCO meeting 2008 Chicago, Illinois. 2008, 270s- Dreicer R, Li H, Stein M, DiPaola R: Phase II trial of sorafenib in advanced carcinoma of the urothelium (E 1804): A trial of teh Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. Journal of Clinical Oncology Annual ASCO meeting 2008 Chicago, Illinois. 2008, 270s-
95.
go back to reference Oliver R, Mead G, Fogarty P: Radiotherapy versus carboplatin for stage I seminoma: Updated analysis of the MRC/EORTC randomised trial (ISRCTN27163214). Journal of Clinical Oncology Annual ASCO meeting 2008 Chicago Illinois. 2008, 1006s- Oliver R, Mead G, Fogarty P: Radiotherapy versus carboplatin for stage I seminoma: Updated analysis of the MRC/EORTC randomised trial (ISRCTN27163214). Journal of Clinical Oncology Annual ASCO meeting 2008 Chicago Illinois. 2008, 1006s-
96.
go back to reference Beyer J, Stenning S, Gerl A, Fossa S, Siegert W: High-dose versus conventional-dose chemotherapy as first-salvage treatment in patients with non-seminomatous germ-cell tumors: a matched-pair analysis. Annals of Oncology. 2002, 13: 599-605. 10.1093/annonc/mdf112.CrossRefPubMed Beyer J, Stenning S, Gerl A, Fossa S, Siegert W: High-dose versus conventional-dose chemotherapy as first-salvage treatment in patients with non-seminomatous germ-cell tumors: a matched-pair analysis. Annals of Oncology. 2002, 13: 599-605. 10.1093/annonc/mdf112.CrossRefPubMed
97.
go back to reference Pico J, Rosti G, Kramar A, Wandt HV: A randomised trial of high-dose chemotherapy in the salvage treatment of patients failing first-line platinum chemotherapy for advanced germ cell tumours. Annals of Oncology. 2005, 16: 1152-59. 10.1093/annonc/mdi228.CrossRefPubMed Pico J, Rosti G, Kramar A, Wandt HV: A randomised trial of high-dose chemotherapy in the salvage treatment of patients failing first-line platinum chemotherapy for advanced germ cell tumours. Annals of Oncology. 2005, 16: 1152-59. 10.1093/annonc/mdi228.CrossRefPubMed
98.
go back to reference Lorch A, Kollmannsberger C, Hartmann J, Metzner B: Single versus sequential high-dose chemotherapy in patients with relapsed or refractory germ cell tumor: a prospective randomized multicenter trial of the German Testicular Cancer Study Group. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2007, 25: 2778-84. 10.1200/JCO.2006.09.2148.CrossRefPubMed Lorch A, Kollmannsberger C, Hartmann J, Metzner B: Single versus sequential high-dose chemotherapy in patients with relapsed or refractory germ cell tumor: a prospective randomized multicenter trial of the German Testicular Cancer Study Group. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2007, 25: 2778-84. 10.1200/JCO.2006.09.2148.CrossRefPubMed
99.
go back to reference Fyfe G, Fisher RI, Rosenberg SA, Sznol M, Parkinson DR, Louie AC: Results of treatment of 255 patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma who received high-dose recombinant interleukin-2 therapy. J Clin Oncol. 1995, 13 (3): 688-696.PubMed Fyfe G, Fisher RI, Rosenberg SA, Sznol M, Parkinson DR, Louie AC: Results of treatment of 255 patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma who received high-dose recombinant interleukin-2 therapy. J Clin Oncol. 1995, 13 (3): 688-696.PubMed
100.
go back to reference Fyfe GA, Fisher RI, Rosenberg SA, Sznol M, Parkinson DR, Louie AC: Long-term response data for 255 patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with high-dose recombinant interleukin-2 therapy. J Clin Oncol. 1996, 14 (8): 2410-2411.PubMed Fyfe GA, Fisher RI, Rosenberg SA, Sznol M, Parkinson DR, Louie AC: Long-term response data for 255 patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with high-dose recombinant interleukin-2 therapy. J Clin Oncol. 1996, 14 (8): 2410-2411.PubMed
101.
go back to reference Rini B RO: AG-013736, a multi-targeted tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitor, demonstrates anti-tumor activity in a phase 2 study of cytokine-refractory, metastatic renal cell cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2005, 23 (abstract #4509): Rini B RO: AG-013736, a multi-targeted tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitor, demonstrates anti-tumor activity in a phase 2 study of cytokine-refractory, metastatic renal cell cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2005, 23 (abstract #4509):
Metadata
Title
Novel therapies in genitourinary cancer: an update
Authors
David Chu
Shenhong Wu
Publication date
01-12-2008
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Journal of Hematology & Oncology / Issue 1/2008
Electronic ISSN: 1756-8722
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-8722-1-11

Other articles of this Issue 1/2008

Journal of Hematology & Oncology 1/2008 Go to the issue
Webinar | 19-02-2024 | 17:30 (CET)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on antibody–drug conjugates in cancer

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are novel agents that have shown promise across multiple tumor types. Explore the current landscape of ADCs in breast and lung cancer with our experts, and gain insights into the mechanism of action, key clinical trials data, existing challenges, and future directions.

Dr. Véronique Diéras
Prof. Fabrice Barlesi
Developed by: Springer Medicine