“Nihilism” of chronic heart failure therapy in children and why effective therapy is withheld

go back to reference (1987) Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure. Results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS). The aldosterone CONSENSUS Trial Study Group. N Engl J Med 316:1429–1435 (1987) Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure. Results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS). The aldosterone CONSENSUS Trial Study Group. N Engl J Med 316:1429–1435

go back to reference (1999) Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: metoprolol CR/XL Randomized Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet 353:2001–2007 (1999) Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: metoprolol CR/XL Randomized Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet 353:2001–2007

go back to reference (1999) The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): a randomized trial. Lancet 353: 9–13 (1999) The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): a randomized trial. Lancet 353: 9–13

go back to reference Ahmet I, Krawczyk M, Heller P, Moon C, Lakatta EG, Talan MI (2004) Beneficial effects of chronic pharmacological manipulation of beta-adrenoreceptor subtype signaling in rodent dilated ischemic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 110:1083–1090CrossRefPubMed Ahmet I, Krawczyk M, Heller P, Moon C, Lakatta EG, Talan MI (2004) Beneficial effects of chronic pharmacological manipulation of beta-adrenoreceptor subtype signaling in rodent dilated ischemic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 110:1083–1090CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Ahmet I, Krawczyk M, Zhu W, Woo AY, Morrell C, Poosala S, Xiao RP, Lakatta EG, Talan MI (2008) Cardioprotective and survival benefits of long-term combined therapy with beta2 adrenoreceptor (AR) agonist and beta1 AR blocker in dilated cardiomyopathy postmyocardial infarction. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 325:491–499CrossRefPubMed Ahmet I, Krawczyk M, Zhu W, Woo AY, Morrell C, Poosala S, Xiao RP, Lakatta EG, Talan MI (2008) Cardioprotective and survival benefits of long-term combined therapy with beta2 adrenoreceptor (AR) agonist and beta1 AR blocker in dilated cardiomyopathy postmyocardial infarction. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 325:491–499CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Arola A, Tuominen J, Ruuskanen O, Jokinen E (1998) Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy in children: prognostic indicators and outcome. Pediatrics 101:369–376CrossRefPubMed Arola A, Tuominen J, Ruuskanen O, Jokinen E (1998) Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy in children: prognostic indicators and outcome. Pediatrics 101:369–376CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Bergmann O, Bhardwaj RD, Bernard S, Zdunek S, Barnabe-Heider F, Walsh S, Zupicich J, Alkass K, Buchholz BA, Druid H, Jovinge S, Frisen J (2009) Evidence for cardiomyocyte renewal in humans. Science 324:98–102CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Bergmann O, Bhardwaj RD, Bernard S, Zdunek S, Barnabe-Heider F, Walsh S, Zupicich J, Alkass K, Buchholz BA, Druid H, Jovinge S, Frisen J (2009) Evidence for cardiomyocyte renewal in humans. Science 324:98–102CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Bernstein D, Fajardo G, Zhao M (2011) The role of ß-adrenergic receptors in heart failure: differential regulation of cardiotoxicity and cardioprotection. Prog Pediatr Cardiol 31(1):35–38CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Bernstein D, Fajardo G, Zhao M (2011) The role of ß-adrenergic receptors in heart failure: differential regulation of cardiotoxicity and cardioprotection. Prog Pediatr Cardiol 31(1):35–38CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Bhushan S, Kondo K, Predmore BL, Zlatopolsky M, King AL, Pearce C, Huang H, Tao YX, Condit ME, Lefer DJ (2012) Selective beta2-adrenoreceptor stimulation attenuates myocardial cell death and preserves cardiac function after ischemia-reperfusion injury. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 32:1865–1874CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Bhushan S, Kondo K, Predmore BL, Zlatopolsky M, King AL, Pearce C, Huang H, Tao YX, Condit ME, Lefer DJ (2012) Selective beta2-adrenoreceptor stimulation attenuates myocardial cell death and preserves cardiac function after ischemia-reperfusion injury. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 32:1865–1874CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Blair ML, Woolf PD, Felten SY (1997) Sympathetic activation cannot fully account for increased plasma renin levels during water deprivation. Am J Physiol 272:R1197–R1203PubMed Blair ML, Woolf PD, Felten SY (1997) Sympathetic activation cannot fully account for increased plasma renin levels during water deprivation. Am J Physiol 272:R1197–R1203PubMed

go back to reference Brodde O-E (1991) Beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptors in the human heart: properties, function, and alterations in chronic heart failure. Pharmacol Rev 43:203–242PubMed Brodde O-E (1991) Beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptors in the human heart: properties, function, and alterations in chronic heart failure. Pharmacol Rev 43:203–242PubMed

go back to reference Buchhorn R, Ross RD, Bartmus D, Wessel A, Hulpke-Wette M, Bürsch J (2001) Activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and sympathetic nervous system and their relation to hemodynamic and clinical abnormalities in infants with left-to-right shunts. Int J Cardiol 78(3):225–230, discussion 230–1 Buchhorn R, Ross RD, Bartmus D, Wessel A, Hulpke-Wette M, Bürsch J (2001) Activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and sympathetic nervous system and their relation to hemodynamic and clinical abnormalities in infants with left-to-right shunts. Int J Cardiol 78(3):225–230, discussion 230–1

go back to reference Buchhorn R, Hulpke-Wette M, Hilgers R, Bartmus D, Wessel A, Bürsch J (2001) Propranolol treatment of congestive heart failure in infants with congenital heart disease: the CHF-PRO-INFANT Trial. Congestive heart failure in infants treated with propanol. Int J Cardiol 79(2–3):167–173CrossRefPubMed Buchhorn R, Hulpke-Wette M, Hilgers R, Bartmus D, Wessel A, Bürsch J (2001) Propranolol treatment of congestive heart failure in infants with congenital heart disease: the CHF-PRO-INFANT Trial. Congestive heart failure in infants treated with propanol. Int J Cardiol 79(2–3):167–173CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Digitalis Investigation Group (DIG) (1997) The effect of digoxin in mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure. N Engl J Med 306:525–533 Digitalis Investigation Group (DIG) (1997) The effect of digoxin in mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure. N Engl J Med 306:525–533

go back to reference Elkiran O, Sandikkaya A, Kocak G, Karakurt C, Taskapan C, Yologlu S (2013) Evaluation by N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide concentrations and Ross scoring of the efficacy of digoxin in the treatment of heart failure secondary to congenital heart disease with left-to-right shunts. Pediatr Cardiol 34:1583–1589CrossRefPubMed Elkiran O, Sandikkaya A, Kocak G, Karakurt C, Taskapan C, Yologlu S (2013) Evaluation by N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide concentrations and Ross scoring of the efficacy of digoxin in the treatment of heart failure secondary to congenital heart disease with left-to-right shunts. Pediatr Cardiol 34:1583–1589CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Engle MA, Lewy JE, Lewy, Metcoff J (1978) The use of furosemide in the treatment of edema in infants and children. Pediatrics 62:811–818PubMed Engle MA, Lewy JE, Lewy, Metcoff J (1978) The use of furosemide in the treatment of edema in infants and children. Pediatrics 62:811–818PubMed

go back to reference Fajardo G, Zhao M, Berry G, Wong LJ, Mochly-Rosen D, Bernstein D (2011) Beta2-Adrenergic receptors mediate cardioprotection through crosstalk with mitochondrial cell death pathways. J Mol Cell Cardiol 51:781–789CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Fajardo G, Zhao M, Berry G, Wong LJ, Mochly-Rosen D, Bernstein D (2011) Beta2-Adrenergic receptors mediate cardioprotection through crosstalk with mitochondrial cell death pathways. J Mol Cell Cardiol 51:781–789CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Faris RF, Flather M, Purcell H, Poole-Wilson PA, Coats AJ (2012) Diuretics for heart failure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD003838 Faris RF, Flather M, Purcell H, Poole-Wilson PA, Coats AJ (2012) Diuretics for heart failure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD003838

go back to reference Gheorghiade M, Niazi I, Ouyang J, Czerwiec F, Kambayashi J, Zampino M, Orlandi C (2003) Clinical investigation and reports vasopressin V2-receptor blockade with tolvaptan in patients with chronic heart failure. Results from a double-blind. Randomized Trial Circ 107:2690–2696 Gheorghiade M, Niazi I, Ouyang J, Czerwiec F, Kambayashi J, Zampino M, Orlandi C (2003) Clinical investigation and reports vasopressin V₂-receptor blockade with tolvaptan in patients with chronic heart failure. Results from a double-blind. Randomized Trial Circ 107:2690–2696

go back to reference Hirano D, Kakegawa D, Yamada A, Ito A, Miwa S, Ida H (2015) Tolvaptan in a pediatric patient with diuretic-resistant heart and kidney failure. Pediatr Int 57(1):183–185CrossRefPubMed Hirano D, Kakegawa D, Yamada A, Ito A, Miwa S, Ida H (2015) Tolvaptan in a pediatric patient with diuretic-resistant heart and kidney failure. Pediatr Int 57(1):183–185CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Hsu DT, Pearson GD (2009) Heart failure in children. Part I: history, etiology, and pathophysiology. Circ Heart Fail 2:63–70CrossRefPubMed Hsu DT, Pearson GD (2009) Heart failure in children. Part I: history, etiology, and pathophysiology. Circ Heart Fail 2:63–70CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Hsu DT, Pearson GD (2009) Part II: diagnosis, treatment, and future directions. Circ Heart Fail 2:490–498CrossRefPubMed Hsu DT, Pearson GD (2009) Part II: diagnosis, treatment, and future directions. Circ Heart Fail 2:490–498CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Hsu DT, Zak V, Mahony L, Sleeper LA, Atz AM, Levine JC, Barker PC, Ravishankar C, McCrindle BW, Williams RV, Altmann K, Ghanayem NS, Margossian R, Chung WK, Border WL, Pearson GD, Stylianou MP, Mital S (2010) Enalapril in infants with single ventricle. Results of a multicenter randomized trial. Circulation 122:333–340CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Hsu DT, Zak V, Mahony L, Sleeper LA, Atz AM, Levine JC, Barker PC, Ravishankar C, McCrindle BW, Williams RV, Altmann K, Ghanayem NS, Margossian R, Chung WK, Border WL, Pearson GD, Stylianou MP, Mital S (2010) Enalapril in infants with single ventricle. Results of a multicenter randomized trial. Circulation 122:333–340CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Jain S, Vaidyanathan B (2009) Digoxin in management of heart failure in children: should it be continued or relegated to the history books? Ann Pediatr Cardiol 2:149–152CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Jain S, Vaidyanathan B (2009) Digoxin in management of heart failure in children: should it be continued or relegated to the history books? Ann Pediatr Cardiol 2:149–152CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Kantor PF, Lougheed J, Dancea A, McGillion M, Barbosa N, Chan C, Dillenburg R, Atallah J, Buchholz H, Chant-Gambacort C, Conway J, Gardin L, George K, Greenway S, Human DG, Jeewa A, Price JF, Ross RD, Roche SL, Ryerson L, Soni R, Wilson J, Wong K et al (2013) Presentation, diagnosis, and medical management of heart failure in children: Canadian cardiovascular society guidelines. Can J Cardiol 29:1535–1552CrossRefPubMed Kantor PF, Lougheed J, Dancea A, McGillion M, Barbosa N, Chan C, Dillenburg R, Atallah J, Buchholz H, Chant-Gambacort C, Conway J, Gardin L, George K, Greenway S, Human DG, Jeewa A, Price JF, Ross RD, Roche SL, Ryerson L, Soni R, Wilson J, Wong K et al (2013) Presentation, diagnosis, and medical management of heart failure in children: Canadian cardiovascular society guidelines. Can J Cardiol 29:1535–1552CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Latus H, Schranz D, Apitz C (2015) Treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension in children. Nat Rev Cardiol 12(4):244–254CrossRefPubMed Latus H, Schranz D, Apitz C (2015) Treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension in children. Nat Rev Cardiol 12(4):244–254CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Lipshultz SE, Sleeper LA, Towbin JA, Lowe AM, Orav EJ, Cox GF, Lurie PR, McCoy KL, McDonald MA, Messere JE, Colan SD (2003) The incidence of pediatric cardiomyopathy in two regions of the United States. N Engl J Med 348:1647–1655CrossRefPubMed Lipshultz SE, Sleeper LA, Towbin JA, Lowe AM, Orav EJ, Cox GF, Lurie PR, McCoy KL, McDonald MA, Messere JE, Colan SD (2003) The incidence of pediatric cardiomyopathy in two regions of the United States. N Engl J Med 348:1647–1655CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Masutani S, Saiki H, Kurishima C, Ishido H, Tamura M, Senzaki H (2013) Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in children. Hormonal imbalance between aldosterone and brain natriuretic peptide. Circ J 77:2375–2382CrossRefPubMed Masutani S, Saiki H, Kurishima C, Ishido H, Tamura M, Senzaki H (2013) Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in children. Hormonal imbalance between aldosterone and brain natriuretic peptide. Circ J 77:2375–2382CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference McMurray JJV, Adamopoulos S, Anker SD Adamopoulos S, Anker SD, Auricchio A, Böhm M, Dickstein K, Falk V, Filippatos G, Fonseca C, Gomez-Sanchez MA, Jaarsma T, Køber L, Lip GY, Maggioni AP, Parkhomenko A, Pieske BM, Popescu BA, Rønnevik PK, Rutten FH, Schwitter J, Seferovic P, Stepinska J, Trindade PT, Voors AA, Zannad F, Zeiher A, Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2012 of the European Society of Cardiology, Bax JJ, Baumgartner H, Ceconi C, Dean V, Deaton C, Fagard R, Funck-Brentano C, Hasdai D, Hoes A, Kirchhof P, Knuuti J, Kolh P, McDonagh T, Moulin C, Popescu BA, Reiner Z, Sechtem U, Sirnes PA, Tendera M, Torbicki A, Vahanian A, Windecker S, McDonagh T, Sechtem U, Bonet LA, Avraamides P, Ben Lamin HA, Brignole M, Coca A, Cowburn P, Dargie H, Elliott P, Flachskampf FA, Guida GF, Hardman S, Iung B, Merkely B, Mueller C, Nanas JN, Nielsen OW, Orn S, Parissis JT, Ponikowski P (2012) ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012. The Task force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2012 of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 33:1787–1847CrossRefPubMed McMurray JJV, Adamopoulos S, Anker SD Adamopoulos S, Anker SD, Auricchio A, Böhm M, Dickstein K, Falk V, Filippatos G, Fonseca C, Gomez-Sanchez MA, Jaarsma T, Køber L, Lip GY, Maggioni AP, Parkhomenko A, Pieske BM, Popescu BA, Rønnevik PK, Rutten FH, Schwitter J, Seferovic P, Stepinska J, Trindade PT, Voors AA, Zannad F, Zeiher A, Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2012 of the European Society of Cardiology, Bax JJ, Baumgartner H, Ceconi C, Dean V, Deaton C, Fagard R, Funck-Brentano C, Hasdai D, Hoes A, Kirchhof P, Knuuti J, Kolh P, McDonagh T, Moulin C, Popescu BA, Reiner Z, Sechtem U, Sirnes PA, Tendera M, Torbicki A, Vahanian A, Windecker S, McDonagh T, Sechtem U, Bonet LA, Avraamides P, Ben Lamin HA, Brignole M, Coca A, Cowburn P, Dargie H, Elliott P, Flachskampf FA, Guida GF, Hardman S, Iung B, Merkely B, Mueller C, Nanas JN, Nielsen OW, Orn S, Parissis JT, Ponikowski P (2012) ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012. The Task force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2012 of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 33:1787–1847CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference McMurray JJV, Packer M, Desai AS, Gong J, Lefkowitz MP, Rizkala AR, Rouleau JL, Shi VC, Solomon SD, Swedberg K, Zile MR (2014) Angiotensin–neprilysin inhibition versus enalapril in heart failure. N Engl J Med 371:993–1004CrossRefPubMed McMurray JJV, Packer M, Desai AS, Gong J, Lefkowitz MP, Rizkala AR, Rouleau JL, Shi VC, Solomon SD, Swedberg K, Zile MR (2014) Angiotensin–neprilysin inhibition versus enalapril in heart failure. N Engl J Med 371:993–1004CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Milavec-Krizman M, Evenou JP, Wagner H, Berthold R, Stoll AP (1985) Characterization of beta-adrenoceptor subtypes in rat kidney with new highly selective beta 1 blockers and their role in renin release. Biochem Pharmacol 34:3951–3957CrossRefPubMed Milavec-Krizman M, Evenou JP, Wagner H, Berthold R, Stoll AP (1985) Characterization of beta-adrenoceptor subtypes in rat kidney with new highly selective beta 1 blockers and their role in renin release. Biochem Pharmacol 34:3951–3957CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Ming Z, Parent R, Lavallée M (1997) β2-Adrenergic dilation of resistance coronary vessels involves KATP channels and nitric oxide in conscious dogs. Circulation 95:1568–1576CrossRefPubMed Ming Z, Parent R, Lavallée M (1997) β₂-Adrenergic dilation of resistance coronary vessels involves K_ATP channels and nitric oxide in conscious dogs. Circulation 95:1568–1576CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Miyamoto SD, Stauffer BL, Nakano S, Sobus R, Nunley K, Nelson P, Sucharov CC (2014) Beta-adrenergic adaptation in paediatric idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J 35:33–41CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Miyamoto SD, Stauffer BL, Nakano S, Sobus R, Nunley K, Nelson P, Sucharov CC (2014) Beta-adrenergic adaptation in paediatric idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J 35:33–41CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Miyamoto SD, Stauffer BL, Polk J, Medway A, Friedrich M, Haubold K, Peterson V, Nunley K, Nelson P, Sobus R, Stenmark KR, Sucharov CC (2014) Gene expression and β-adrenergic signaling are altered in hypoplastic left heart syndrome. J Heart Lung Transplant 33(8):785–793CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Miyamoto SD, Stauffer BL, Polk J, Medway A, Friedrich M, Haubold K, Peterson V, Nunley K, Nelson P, Sobus R, Stenmark KR, Sucharov CC (2014) Gene expression and β-adrenergic signaling are altered in hypoplastic left heart syndrome. J Heart Lung Transplant 33(8):785–793CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Motonaga KS, Dubin AM (2014) Cardiac resynchronization therapy for pediatric patients with heart failure and congenital heart disease: a reappraisal of results. Circulation 129:1879–1891CrossRefPubMed Motonaga KS, Dubin AM (2014) Cardiac resynchronization therapy for pediatric patients with heart failure and congenital heart disease: a reappraisal of results. Circulation 129:1879–1891CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, Arnett DK, Blaha MJ, Cushman M, de Ferranti S, Després JP, Fullerton HJ, Howard VJ, Huffman MD, Judd SE, Kissela BM, Lackland DT, Lichtman JH, Lisabeth LD, Liu S, Mackey RH, Matchar DB, McGuire DK, Mohler ER 3rd, Moy CS, Muntner P, Mussolino ME, Nasir K, Neumar RW, Nichol G, Palaniappan L, Pandey DK, Reeves MJ, Rodriguez CJ, Sorlie PD, Stein J, Towfighi A, Turan TN, Virani SS, Willey JZ, Woo D, Yeh RW, Turner MB (2015) Heart disease and stroke statistics 2015 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 131:e29–e322CrossRefPubMed Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, Arnett DK, Blaha MJ, Cushman M, de Ferranti S, Després JP, Fullerton HJ, Howard VJ, Huffman MD, Judd SE, Kissela BM, Lackland DT, Lichtman JH, Lisabeth LD, Liu S, Mackey RH, Matchar DB, McGuire DK, Mohler ER 3rd, Moy CS, Muntner P, Mussolino ME, Nasir K, Neumar RW, Nichol G, Palaniappan L, Pandey DK, Reeves MJ, Rodriguez CJ, Sorlie PD, Stein J, Towfighi A, Turan TN, Virani SS, Willey JZ, Woo D, Yeh RW, Turner MB (2015) Heart disease and stroke statistics 2015 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 131:e29–e322CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Murakami T, Horibata Y, Morimoto Y, Tateno S, Kawasoe Y, Niwa K (2013) Syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone associated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor administration. Pediatr Cardiol 34(5):1261–1263CrossRefPubMed Murakami T, Horibata Y, Morimoto Y, Tateno S, Kawasoe Y, Niwa K (2013) Syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone associated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor administration. Pediatr Cardiol 34(5):1261–1263CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Navaratnarajah M, Siedlecka U, Ibrahim M, van Doorn C, Soppa G, Gandhi A, Shah A, Kukadia P, Yacoub MH, Terracciano CM (2014) Impact of combined clenbuterol and metoprolol therapy on reverse remodelling during mechanical unloading. PLoS One 9(9). Published online Sep 30, 2014 Navaratnarajah M, Siedlecka U, Ibrahim M, van Doorn C, Soppa G, Gandhi A, Shah A, Kukadia P, Yacoub MH, Terracciano CM (2014) Impact of combined clenbuterol and metoprolol therapy on reverse remodelling during mechanical unloading. PLoS One 9(9). Published online Sep 30, 2014

go back to reference Nugent AW, Daubeney PE, Chondros P, Carlin JB, Cheung M, Wilkinson LC, Davis AM, Kahler SG, Chow CW, Wilkinson JL, Weintraub RG (2003) The epidemiology of childhood cardiomyopathy in Australia. N Engl J Med 348:1639–1646CrossRefPubMed Nugent AW, Daubeney PE, Chondros P, Carlin JB, Cheung M, Wilkinson LC, Davis AM, Kahler SG, Chow CW, Wilkinson JL, Weintraub RG (2003) The epidemiology of childhood cardiomyopathy in Australia. N Engl J Med 348:1639–1646CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Packer M, Coats AJ, Fowler MB, Katus HA, Krum H, Mohacsi P, Rouleau JL, Tendera M, Castaigne A, Roecker EB, Schultz MK, DeMets DL (2001) Effect of carvedilol on survival in severe chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 344:1651–1658CrossRefPubMed Packer M, Coats AJ, Fowler MB, Katus HA, Krum H, Mohacsi P, Rouleau JL, Tendera M, Castaigne A, Roecker EB, Schultz MK, DeMets DL (2001) Effect of carvedilol on survival in severe chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 344:1651–1658CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, Cody R, Castaigne A, Perez A, Palensky J, Wittes J (1999) The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. N Engl J Med 341:709–717CrossRefPubMed Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, Cody R, Castaigne A, Perez A, Palensky J, Wittes J (1999) The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. N Engl J Med 341:709–717CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Rathore SS, Curtis JP, Wang Y, Bristow MR, Krumholz HM (2003) Association of serum digoxin concentration and outcomes in patients with heart failure. JAMA 289:871–878CrossRefPubMed Rathore SS, Curtis JP, Wang Y, Bristow MR, Krumholz HM (2003) Association of serum digoxin concentration and outcomes in patients with heart failure. JAMA 289:871–878CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Recla S, Steinbrenner B, Schranz D (2013) Medical therapy in dilated cardiomyopathy and pulmonary arterial banding in children. J Heart Lung Transplant 32:1045–1046CrossRefPubMed Recla S, Steinbrenner B, Schranz D (2013) Medical therapy in dilated cardiomyopathy and pulmonary arterial banding in children. J Heart Lung Transplant 32:1045–1046CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Regen RB, Gonzalez A, Zawodniak K, Leonard D, Quigley R, Barnes AP, Koch JD (2013) Tolvaptan increases serum sodium in pediatric patients with heart failure. Pediatr Cardiol 34(6):1463–1468CrossRefPubMed Regen RB, Gonzalez A, Zawodniak K, Leonard D, Quigley R, Barnes AP, Koch JD (2013) Tolvaptan increases serum sodium in pediatric patients with heart failure. Pediatr Cardiol 34(6):1463–1468CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Rinaldi B, Donniacuo M, Sodano L. Effects of the new ultra-long-acting β2-AR agonist indacaterol in chronic treatment alone or in combination with the β1-AR blocker metoprolol on cardiac remodeling. Br J Pharmacol in press Rinaldi B, Donniacuo M, Sodano L. Effects of the new ultra-long-acting β₂-AR agonist indacaterol in chronic treatment alone or in combination with the β₁-AR blocker metoprolol on cardiac remodeling. Br J Pharmacol in press

go back to reference Rodeheffer RJ, Jacobsen SJ, Gersh BJ, Kottke TE, McCann HA, Bailey KR, Ballard DJ (1993) The incidence and prevalence of congestive heart failure in Rochester, Minnesota. Mayo Clin Proc 68:1143–1150CrossRefPubMed Rodeheffer RJ, Jacobsen SJ, Gersh BJ, Kottke TE, McCann HA, Bailey KR, Ballard DJ (1993) The incidence and prevalence of congestive heart failure in Rochester, Minnesota. Mayo Clin Proc 68:1143–1150CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Ross RD, Daniels SR, Schwartz DC, Hannon DW, Shukla R, Kaplan S (1987) Plasma norepinephrine levels in infants and children with congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 59:911–914CrossRefPubMed Ross RD, Daniels SR, Schwartz DC, Hannon DW, Shukla R, Kaplan S (1987) Plasma norepinephrine levels in infants and children with congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 59:911–914CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Rossano JW MD, Shaddy RE (2014) Update on pharmacological heart failure therapies in children. Do adult medications work in children and if not, why not? Circulation 129:607–612CrossRefPubMed Rossano JW MD, Shaddy RE (2014) Update on pharmacological heart failure therapies in children. Do adult medications work in children and if not, why not? Circulation 129:607–612CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Rossano JW. Medical therapy of pediatric heart failure: what have we learned in the last 10 years? | Expert Analysis. JACC; Apr 07, 2015, see more at: http://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/articles/2015/04/06/11/41/medical-therapy-of-pediatric-heart-failure? Rossano JW. Medical therapy of pediatric heart failure: what have we learned in the last 10 years? | Expert Analysis. JACC; Apr 07, 2015, see more at: http://​www.​acc.​org/​latest-in-cardiology/​articles/​2015/​04/​06/​11/​41/​medical-therapy-of-pediatric-heart-failure?

go back to reference Rupp S, Apitz C, Tholen L, Latus H, Ostermayer SH, Schmidt D, Bauer J, Schranz D et al (2014) Upgraded heart failure therapy leads to an improved outcome of dilated cardiomyopathy in infants and toddlers. Cardiol Young 12:1–6 Rupp S, Apitz C, Tholen L, Latus H, Ostermayer SH, Schmidt D, Bauer J, Schranz D et al (2014) Upgraded heart failure therapy leads to an improved outcome of dilated cardiomyopathy in infants and toddlers. Cardiol Young 12:1–6

go back to reference Schmaltz AA (2015) Chronic congestive heart failure in infancy and childhood. New aspects of diagnosis and treatment. Klin Padiatr 227:3–9CrossRefPubMed Schmaltz AA (2015) Chronic congestive heart failure in infancy and childhood. New aspects of diagnosis and treatment. Klin Padiatr 227:3–9CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Schranz D, Droege A, Broede A, Brodermann G, Schafer E, Oelert H, Brodde OE (1993) Uncoupling of human cardiac adrenoceptors during cardiopulmonary bypass with cardioplegic cardiac arrest. Circulation 87:422–426CrossRefPubMed Schranz D, Droege A, Broede A, Brodermann G, Schafer E, Oelert H, Brodde OE (1993) Uncoupling of human cardiac adrenoceptors during cardiopulmonary bypass with cardioplegic cardiac arrest. Circulation 87:422–426CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Schranz D, Rupp S, Müller M, Schmidt D, Bauer A, Valeske K, Michel-Behnke I, Jux C, Apitz C, Thul J, Hsu D, Akintürk H (2013) Pulmonary artery banding in infants and young children with left ventricular dilated cardiomyopathy: a novel therapeutic strategy before heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 32:475–481CrossRefPubMed Schranz D, Rupp S, Müller M, Schmidt D, Bauer A, Valeske K, Michel-Behnke I, Jux C, Apitz C, Thul J, Hsu D, Akintürk H (2013) Pulmonary artery banding in infants and young children with left ventricular dilated cardiomyopathy: a novel therapeutic strategy before heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 32:475–481CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Schranz D, Bauer A, Reich B, Steinbrenner B, Recla S, Schmidt D, Apitz C, Thul J, Valeske K, Bauer J, Müller M, Jux C, Michel-Behnke I, Akintürk H (2015) Fifteen-year single center experience with the “Giessen Hybrid” approach for hypoplastic left heart and variants: current strategies and outcomes. Pediatr Cardiol 36(2):365–373CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Schranz D, Bauer A, Reich B, Steinbrenner B, Recla S, Schmidt D, Apitz C, Thul J, Valeske K, Bauer J, Müller M, Jux C, Michel-Behnke I, Akintürk H (2015) Fifteen-year single center experience with the “Giessen Hybrid” approach for hypoplastic left heart and variants: current strategies and outcomes. Pediatr Cardiol 36(2):365–373CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Seguchi M, Nakazawa M, Momma K (1999) Further evidence suggesting a limited role of digitalis in infants with circulatory congestion secondary to large ventricular septal defect. Am J Cardiol 83:1408–1411CrossRefPubMed Seguchi M, Nakazawa M, Momma K (1999) Further evidence suggesting a limited role of digitalis in infants with circulatory congestion secondary to large ventricular septal defect. Am J Cardiol 83:1408–1411CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Shaddy RE, Boucek MM, Hsu DT, Boucek RJ, Canter CE, Mahony L, Ross RD, Pahl E, Blume ED, Dodd DA, Rosenthal DN, Burr J, LaSalle B, Holubkov R, Lukas MA, Tani LY (2007) Carvedilol for children and adolescents with heart failure: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 298:1171–1179CrossRefPubMed Shaddy RE, Boucek MM, Hsu DT, Boucek RJ, Canter CE, Mahony L, Ross RD, Pahl E, Blume ED, Dodd DA, Rosenthal DN, Burr J, LaSalle B, Holubkov R, Lukas MA, Tani LY (2007) Carvedilol for children and adolescents with heart failure: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 298:1171–1179CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Shah AD, Arora RR (2005) Tissue angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: are they more effective than serum angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors? Clin Cardiol 28(12):551–555CrossRefPubMed Shah AD, Arora RR (2005) Tissue angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: are they more effective than serum angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors? Clin Cardiol 28(12):551–555CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Thum T, Borlak J (2000) Gene expression in distinct regions of the heart. Lancet 355(9208):979–983CrossRefPubMed Thum T, Borlak J (2000) Gene expression in distinct regions of the heart. Lancet 355(9208):979–983CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Tominaga N, Kida K, Matsumoto N, Akashi YJ, Miyake F, Kimura K, Shibagaki Y (2015) Safety of add-on tolvaptan in patients with furosemide-resistant congestive heart failure complicated by advanced chronic kidney disease: a sub-analysis of a pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics study. Clin Nephrol 84(7):29–38CrossRefPubMed Tominaga N, Kida K, Matsumoto N, Akashi YJ, Miyake F, Kimura K, Shibagaki Y (2015) Safety of add-on tolvaptan in patients with furosemide-resistant congestive heart failure complicated by advanced chronic kidney disease: a sub-analysis of a pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics study. Clin Nephrol 84(7):29–38CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Towbin JA, Lowe AM, Colan SD, Sleeper LA, Orav EJ, Clunie S, Messere J, Cox GF, Lurie PR, Hsu D, Canter C, Wilkinson JD, Lipshultz SE (2006) Incidence, causes, and outcomes of dilated cardiomyopathy in children. JAMA 296:1867–1876CrossRefPubMed Towbin JA, Lowe AM, Colan SD, Sleeper LA, Orav EJ, Clunie S, Messere J, Cox GF, Lurie PR, Hsu D, Canter C, Wilkinson JD, Lipshultz SE (2006) Incidence, causes, and outcomes of dilated cardiomyopathy in children. JAMA 296:1867–1876CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Voelkel N, Schranz D (2015) The right ventricle in health and disease. Springer Voelkel N, Schranz D (2015) The right ventricle in health and disease. Springer

go back to reference Volpe M, Tocci G, Pagannone E (2006) Fewer mega-trials and more clinically oriented studies in hypertension research? The case of blocking the renin- angiotensin-aldosterone system. J Am Soc Nephrol 17:S36–S43CrossRefPubMed Volpe M, Tocci G, Pagannone E (2006) Fewer mega-trials and more clinically oriented studies in hypertension research? The case of blocking the renin- angiotensin-aldosterone system. J Am Soc Nephrol 17:S36–S43CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Xiao RP, Zhu W, Zheng M, Chakir K, Bond R, Lakatta EG, Cheng H (2004) Subtype-specific beta-adrenoceptor signaling pathways in the heart and their potential clinical implications. Trends Pharmacol Sci 25(7):358–365CrossRefPubMed Xiao RP, Zhu W, Zheng M, Chakir K, Bond R, Lakatta EG, Cheng H (2004) Subtype-specific beta-adrenoceptor signaling pathways in the heart and their potential clinical implications. Trends Pharmacol Sci 25(7):358–365CrossRefPubMed